Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development

by Schore; Allan N.

• ISBN13: 9780805834598
• ISBN10: 0805834591
• eBook ISBN(s): 9781317395904
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 1999-04-01
• Publisher: Psychology Pres

Summary

The main purpose of this monograph is to bring together in one place the lastest observations, data, and concepts from the developmental branches of psychoanalysis and neurobiology. For researchers and students in both disciplines.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	xvii
Foreword	xxi
James S. Grostein
Preface	xxix
Acknowledgments	xxxiii
PART I: BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW
Introduction	3	(6)
General Principles of Growth of the Developing Brain	9	(12)
The Growth of the Brain Occurs in Critical Periods and is Influenced by the social Environment	10	(3)
The Infant Brain Develops in Stages and Becomes Hierarchically Organized	13	(3)
Genetic Systems that Program Brain Development are Activated and Influenced by the Postnatal Environment	16	(2)
The Social Environment Changes Over the Stages of Infancy and Induces the Reorganization of Brain Structures	18	(3)
Recent Advances in the Multidisciplinary Study of Emotional Development	21	(13)
The Emergence of Socioemotional Functions in Sequential Stages	22	(2)
Contemporary Revisions of Psychoanalytic Theories of Development	24	(3)
The Relationship Between the Maturation of Cortical and Limbic Structures and the Emergence of Discrete Affects Over Stages of Infancy	27	(4)
The Dyadic Origin of the Adaptive Capacity to Self-Regulate Affect	31	(3)
Structure-Function Relationships of the Orbitofrontal Cortex	34	(28)
Functions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex	35	(7)
Subcortical Catecholaminergic Innervation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex	42	(10)
Orbitofrontal Innervation of Subcortical Catecholaminergic Nuclei	52	(3)
Orbitofrontal Hierarchical Dominance of Dual Limbic Circuits	55	(1)
Orbitofrontal Development in Human Infancy	56	(6)
Overview	62	(9)
PART II: EARLY INFANCY
Visual Experiences and Socioemotional Development	71	(21)
The Mother's Face as a Primary Source of Visual Stimulation	72	(3)
Caregiver-Infant Gaze Transactions as an Interactive Medium for Imprinting Processes	75	(3)
Visually Mediated merger Experiences and the Induction of a Dyadic Symbiotic State	78	(4)
Mirroring Gaze Transactions and the Dyadic Amplification of Positive Affect	82	(3)
The Interactive Psychobiological Regulation of Positive Affect	85	(4)
The Development of Positive Affect Over the First Year	89	(2)
Summary	91	(1)
The Practicing Period	92	(7)
Affective Characteristics	93	(1)
Developmental Neurobiology	94	(1)
Ontogenetic Adaptations	95	(1)
Epigenesis	96	(2)
Summary	98	(1)
The Psychobiology of Affective Reunions	99	(15)
The Psychobiological Function of Reunion Episodes	100	(3)
Reunion Transactions as Synchronized Bioenergetic Transmissions	103	(5)
The Origin of the Appraisal of Emotionally Meaningful and Motivationally Significant Environmental Events	108	(4)
Summary	112	(2)
Early Imprinting	114	(21)
Proposal: The Onset of a Critical Period for the Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Occurs at the End of the First Year	115	(2)
Proposal: Mesocortical Dopamine Acts as a Trophic Stimulus for Prefrontal Development	117	(9)
The Developmental Biochemistry of the Orbitofrontal Subplate Zone	126	(5)
The Expansion of the Ventral Tegmental Limbic Circuit and the Emergence of Orbitofrontal Function	131	(3)
Summary	134	(1)
Imprinting Neuroendocrinology	135	(11)
Maternal Simulation of Opioid Peptides and the Imprinting of the Orbitofrontal Cortex	136	(3)
Orbitofrontal Control of Corticotropin Releasing Factor as a Mechanism of Regulation of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Activities	139	(3)
Opiate-Dopaminergic Interactions and the Emergence of Orbitofrontal Function	142	(2)
The Development Neurochemistry of Practicing Period Reunions	144	(1)
Summary	145	(1)
Socioaffective Influencs on Orbitofrontal Morphological Development	146	(22)
Vascular Morphogenesis	147	(12)
Dendritic Morphogenesis	159	(5)
Cholinergic Axonal Morphogenesis	164	(3)
Summary	167	(1)
The Emotionally Expressive Face	168	(8)
The Visuolimbic Pathway and Maternal Facial Recognition	169	(3)
Orbitofrontal-Temporal Cortical Connections and the Generations and Retrieval of Images of the Familiar Face	172	(3)
Summary	175	(1)
The Neurochemical Circuitry of Imprinted Interactive Representations	176	(11)
The Orbitofrontal Generation of Affect Regulating Internal Representations	177	(3)
The Neurochemical Circuitry of a Neuronal Model of the Face of Attachment Object	180	(6)
Summary	186	(1)
The Regulatory Function of Early Internal Working Models	187	(12)
The Hierarchical Processing of Facially Expressed Socioaffective Information Along the Ventral Tegmental Limbic Circuit	188	(4)
The Affect Regulating Functions of Inceptive Right Hemisphere Internal Working Models	192	(3)
Summary	195	(4)
PART III: LATE INFANCY
The Onset of Socialization Procedures and the Emergence of Shame	199	(14)
The Socioaffective Environment Changes in the Second Year	200	(1)
The Emergence of Shame in the Late Practicing Period	201	(4)
Shame and Dyadic Visuoaffective Processes	205	(4)
The Internalized Interactive Representation of Incipient Shame Transactions as an Ontogenetic Adaptation	209	(3)
Summary	212	(1)
Late Orbitofrontal Development	213	(18)
Shame Stress Deactivates the Ventral Tegmental and Activates the Lateral Tegmental Limbic Circuits	214	(1)
Medullary Noradrenaline and Adrenal Corticosteriods Induce the Expansion of the Lateral Tegmental Limbic Circuit in the Orbitofrontal Cortex	215	(4)
Descending Projections From Noradrenergic Innervated Orbitofrontal Sites Mediate the Onset of an Inhibitory State	219	(4)
The Final Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Regulation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis	223	(3)
The Offset of a Critical Period for the Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Occurs in the Middle of the Second Year	226	(1)
Orbital Prefrontal Contributions to the Diminution of Oral Activity and the Onset of Bladder and Bowel Regulation	227	(3)
Summary	230	(1)
Orbitofrontal Versus Dorsolateral Prefrontal Ontogeny	231	(9)
The Critical Period of Maternal Attachment Offsets and Paternal Attachment Onsets in the Middle of the Second Year	232	(2)
The Offset of the Orbital and the Onset of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Critical Periods Occur in the Middle of the Second Year	234	(2)
The Executive Functions of the Right and Left Hemispheres are respectively Mediated by the Orbitofrontal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices	236	(1)
The Two Prefrontal Systems are Responsible for the Hemispheric Lateralization of Emotions	237	(1)
Summary	238	(2)
The Dyadic Origin of Internal Shame Regulation	240	(9)
The Dyadic Regulation of Socializing Shame Transactions in the Practicing Critical Period	241	(2)
The Psychobiology of Shame Recovery	243	(2)
The Internalization of Interactive Repair Transactions	245	(3)
Summary	248	(1)
Socialization and Experience-Dependent Parcellation	249	(11)
The Parcellation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex	250	(1)
Shame Socialization and the Rewiring of Orbitofrontal Limbic Circuitry	251	(2)
The Primary Caregiver Functions as an Agent of Natural Selection that Influences the Stabilization or Elimination of Permanent Orbitofrontal-Limbic Connections	253	(5)
Implications for Developmental Theory	258	(1)
Summary	259	(1)
The Origins of Infantile Sexuality and Psychological Gender	260	(9)
The Effects of Gonadal Steroids on Developing Orbitofrontal Circuitry	261	(3)
Orbitofrontal Involvement in Infantile Sexuality and Psychological Gender	264	(3)
Summary	267	(2)
The Onset of Dual Component Orbitofrontal Mature Structure and Adaptive Function	269	(16)
The Maturation of Dual Catecholaminergic Circuits at the End of the Critical Period of Orbitofrontal Growth	270	(3)
The Onset of Mature Orbitofrontal Function in the Second Half of the Second Year	273	(4)
The Emergence of Enduring Temperamental Features of Personality	277	(3)
The Dyadic Genesis of Unconscious Affect and Cultural Emotional Biases	280	(2)
Summary	282	(3)
PART IV: APPLICATIONS TO AFFECT REGULATORY PHENOMENA
A Psychoneurobiological Model of the Dual Circuit Processing of Socioemotional Information	285	(17)
Posterior Cortical-Orbitofrontal Transmissions and Appraisal Processing	287	(2)
Orbitofrontal Cortical-Subcortical Transmissions and Amplification Processes	289	(2)
The Cortical Top-Down Induction of Subcortical Central States	291	(3)
Ascending Subcortical-Cortical Events and the Bottom-Up Control of Orbitofrontal and Other Cortical Areas	294	(6)
Summary	300	(2)
Cross-Modal Transfer and Abstract Representations	302	(9)
Maternal Sensory Stimulation and the Development of Posterior Sensory Association Cortices	303	(4)
Orbitofrontal-Posterior Cortical Connections and Cross-Modal Transfer	307	(2)
Summary	309	(2)
The Development of Increasingly Complex Interactive Representations	311	(9)
Interactive Representations as Psychobiological Regulators	312	(3)
The Encoding of Expectations in Right Hemispheric Dynamics Interactive Representations	315	(4)
Summary	319	(1)
Orbitofrontal Influences on the Autonomic Nervous System	320	(17)
The Contributions of subcortical and Cortical Activities to Facial Expressions of Emotion	321	(2)
Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Autonomic Modes	323	(4)
The Unique Contribution of Parasympathetic Conservation-Withdrawal to Emotional Functions	327	(3)
The Functional Implications of Dual Component Orbitofrontal Interactions with Hypothalamic Nuclei	330	(6)
Summary	336	(1)
The Regulation of Infantile Rage Reactions	337	(11)
Structure-Function Relationships of Regulated and Unregulated Rage	338	(1)
Developmental Shame Experiences and the Modulation of Narcissistic Rage	339	(2)
Negativism and the Development of Autonomy	341	(2)
Orbitofrontal Representations and the Automodulation of Rage	343	(3)
Summary	346	(2)
Affect Regulation and Early Moral Development	348	(7)
The Role of the Affect of Shame in the Early Development of the Superego	349	(1)
The Emergence of Empathy and Altruistic Behavior	350	(2)
Neurobiological Contributions to Moral Behavior	352	(1)
Summary	353	(2)
The Emergence of Self-Regulation	355	(18)
The Ontogeny of Self-Regulation	356	(2)
The Dyadic Determination of the Autonomic Set Point	358	(2)
The Adaptive Role of Shame in Affect Regulation	360	(2)
The Dual Component Regulation of Self-Esteem	362	(3)
The Adaptive Capacity to Self-Initiate Psychobiological State Transitions in Response to Socioenvironmental Alternations	365	(3)
Summary	368	(5)
PART V: CLINICAL ISSUES
The Neurobiology of Insecure Attachments	373	(13)
The Interactive Histories of Secure and Insecure Attachments	374	(4)
The Hidden Misattuned Affect Transactions of insecure-Avoidant Attachment	378	(4)
The Psychobiology of Insecure-Resistant Attachments	382	(2)
Summary	384	(2)
The Clinical Psychiatry of Affect Dysregulation	386	(29)
Insecure Attachment, Affect Dysregulation, and Developmental Psychopathology	388	(2)
Psychopathology is Operationally Defined as a Limitation of Adaptive Stress-Regulating Capacities	390	(5)
Recovery Deficits of Internal Reparative Mechanisms are Functional Indicators of impaired Affect Regulatory Systems	395	(10)
The Neurochemistry of Affect Dysregulating Depressive Disorders	405	(4)
The Neurochemistry of Dysregulated Manic States	409	(3)
Summary	412	(3)
The Developmental Psychopathology of Personality Disorders	415	(16)
Borderline Personality Disorders	416	(7)
Narcissistic Personality Disorders	423	(6)
Summary	429	(2)
Vulnerability to Psychosomatic Disease	431	(12)
The Development of Psychosocial-Neuroendocrine-Immune Communications	432	(4)
Maternal Psychobiological Regulation and the Development of Adequate and Inadequate Immunocompetence	436	(3)
Early Psychobiological Dysregulation, Impaired Orbitofrontal Development, and the Vulnerability to Psychosomatic Disease	439	(3)
Summary	442	(1)
Psychotherapy of Developmental Disorders	443	(34)
Unconscious Object Relations as a Focus of the Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Developmental Disorders	445	(3)
Right Hemisphere-to-Right Hemisphere Affective Communications Mediate Psychotherapeutic Transferential Transactions	448	(6)
The Essential Role of Shame Dynamics in the Treatment of Developmental Disorders	454	(8)
Developmental Affect Theory and the Mechanisms of Psychotherapeutic Change	462	(4)
The Neurobiological Characterization of Psychotherapeutically Induced Psychic Structural Changes	466	(3)
Nonlinear Dynamic (Chaos) Theory as a Model for the Investigation of ``Hidden'' Nonverbal Processes of Psychotherapy	469	(3)
Summary	472	(5)
PART VI: INTEGRATIONS
Right Hemispheric Language and Self-Regulation	477	(13)
Inhibition, Delay, and Self-Regulation	478	(1)
The Dialogic Origin of Early Speech	479	(3)
The Regulatory Functions of Right Hemispheric Single Word Speech	482	(3)
Shame and the Emergence of the ``Bad Self''	485	(2)
The Self-Regulatory Functions of Evocative Memory	487	(2)
Summary	489	(1)
The Dialogical Self and the Emergence of Consciousness	490	(9)
The Ontogeny of the Dialogical Self and the Psychosocial Origin of Consciousness	491	(3)
Emergent Properties of the Dialogical Self	494	(3)
Summary	497	(2)
Further Directions of Multidisciplinary Study	499	(33)
The Development of Brain Mitochondria and the Regulation of Organismic Bioenergetics	502	(11)
Reparative Mechanisms and Stress Proteins	513	(5)
Mitochondrial-Nuclear Genome Interactions in Postnatal Brain Development	518	(4)
The Cell Biology of Brain Monoamine-Microvascular Systems	522	(4)
The Ontogeny of Monoaminergic Systems and the Hierarchical Development of Discrete Psychobiological States	526	(4)
Summary	530	(2)
A Proposed Rapprochement Between Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology	532	(11)
References	543	(106)
Subject Index	649