African Politics and Society A Mosaic in Transformation

by Schraeder, Peter J.

• ISBN13: 9780534567699
• ISBN10: 053456769X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-21
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Part I: INTRODUCTION. 1. Understanding African Politics and Society. Part II: HISTORICAL CONTEXT. 2. Politics and Economics of the Precolonial Independence Era (Prior to 1884). 3. Political and Economic Impacts of Colonialism (1884-1951). 4. Nationalism and the Emergence of the Contemporary Independence Era (1951-Present). Part III: SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT. 5. Ethnicity and Class. 6. Ideology and the Politics of Development. 7. Politics of the African Novel. Part IV: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN GOVERNANCE. 8. State and Civil Society. 9. Military Coups d'Etat and Military Governance. 10. Democratic Experiments and Multiparty Politics. Part V: FOREIGN RELATIONS. 11. Foreign Policy Making and the Pursuit of Pan-Africanism. 12. Africa in World Politics. Part VI: RIVAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 13. Study of Africa in the Liberal Tradition. 14. Study of Africa in the Critical Tradition. Appendix 1: List of Acronyms. Appendix 2: Country Name Changes in Africa During the Contemporary Independence Era. Appendix 3: Political Leadership in Africa During the Contemporary Independence Era. Index.

Table of Contents

About This Volume	vii
Acknowledgments	xi
Illustrations, Tables, and Boxes	xxi
About the Author	xxv
PART I INTRODUCTION
1 UNDERSTANDING AFRICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY	1	(22)
Africa Is a Rich Mosaic of Diversity	2	(1)
Necessity of a Continental Perspective	3	(2)
To Understand the Present, One Must Understand the Past	5	(1)
A Continent in Transformation	6	(2)
Influential Impact of the International System	8	(3)
Central Importance of the Domestic Dimension	11	(3)
Balancing Afro-Pessimism and Afro-Optimism	14	(1)
Undertaking Further Research	15	(5)
Key Terms	20	(1)
For Further Reading	21	(1)
Notes	22	(1)
PART II HISTORICAL CONTEXT
2 POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF THE PRECOLONIAL INDEPENDENCE ERA (BEFORE 1884)	23	(26)
Segmented Political Systems	24	(5)
Band Organization	24	(2)
Classical Segmented System	26	(2)
Universalistic Segmented System	28	(1)
Ritually Stratified Segmented System	28	(1)
Autonomous Village System	29	(1)
Centralized Political Systems	29	(4)
Pyramidal Monarchy	30	(1)
Associational Monarchy	31	(1)
Centralized Monarchy	32	(1)
Economic Systems and Trade	33	(6)
Diplomacy and Warfare	39	(3)
Women and Gender	42	(3)
Key Terms	45	(1)
For Further Reading	46	(1)
Notes	47	(2)
3 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF COLONIALISM (1884-1951)	49	(31)
Early Contacts with Europe and the Arab World	50	(7)
Imposition of Direct Colonial Rule	57	(5)
Political-Military Impacts of Colonialism	62	(7)
Application of the European Nation-State System to Africa	62	(1)
Division of African Nations among Several States	62	(2)
Incorporation of Several African Nations into One State	64	(2)
Destruction of Traditional Checks-and-Balances	66	(1)
Reinforcement of Patriarchal Forms of Governance	66	(1)
Authoritarian Political Legacy	67	(2)
Socioeconomic Impacts of Colonialism	69	(6)
Creation of Closed Economic Systems	69	(1)
Creation of Export-Oriented Mono-Crop or Mono-Mineral Economies	70	(2)
Promotion of Perverse Infrastructural Development	72	(1)
Strengthening of Gender Bias in National Development	73	(1)
Authoritarian Legacy of the State	74	(1)
Key Terms	75	(1)
For Further Reading	76	(1)
Notes	77	(3)
4 NATIONALISM AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE CONTEMPORARY INDEPENDENCE ERA (1951-PRESENT)	80	(20)
Trends in African Nationalism	81	(5)
Domestic Influences on the Rise of Nationalism	86	(3)
Creation of Administrative Centers and the Rise of Urbanization	86	(1)
Educational Training and Development	87	(1)
Formation and Spread of Voluntary Associations	88	(1)
International Influences on the Rise of Nationalism	89	(5)
Spread of Pan-Africanism	89	(1)
Involvement of African Soldiers in World War I and World War II	90	(1)
Demonstration Effect of Decolonization in Asia	91	(2)
Shifting Structure of the International System	93	(1)
Self-Determination and the Rise of Secessionist Movements	94	(2)
Key Terms	96	(1)
For Further Reading	96	(1)
Notes	97	(3)
PART III SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
5 ETHNICITY AND CLASS	100	(30)
Ethnic Dimension of African Politics and Society	101	(2)
Ethnic Intermediaries and the Creation of Ethnic Compacts	103	(3)
Ethnic Violence and the Breakdown of Ethnic Compacts	106	(4)
Class Dimension of African Politics and Society	110	(2)
Class Divisions in African Society	112	(4)
Class Cooperation and Conflict	116	(4)
Competing Explanations of the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970)	120	(3)
Perceiving Events through an Ethnic Lens	120	(2)
Perceiving Events through a Class Lens	122	(1)
Continuing Debate	123	(1)
Key Terms	124	(1)
For Further Reading	125	(1)
Notes	125	(5)
6 IDEOLOGY AND THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT	130	(25)
Evolution of African Development Ideologies	131	(3)
Ideology and Development Choice	134	(9)
Primary Purpose of Development	135	(1)
Primary Engine of Development	136	(1)
Role of Agriculture in National Development	137	(3)
Perception of the Rural Peasantry	140	(1)
Role of Foreign Powers and Investment	141	(2)
Ideology and Development Performance	143	(6)
Economic Growth	143	(2)
Socioeconomic Equality	145	(1)
Autonomy from Foreign Control	145	(1)
Human Dignity	146	(1)
Political Participation	147	(2)
Toward a Capitalist-Socialist Hybrid?	149	(2)
Key Terms	151	(1)
For Further Reading	151	(1)
Notes	152	(3)
7 POLITICS OF THE AFRICAN NOVEL	155	(21)
Political Dilemmas Faced by the African Novelist	156	(2)
Political Themes of the African Novel during the Early Years	158	(5)
Re-Creation of Africa's Past	158	(1)
Colonial Intrusion	159	(1)
Colonial Injustice	159	(1)
Nationalism and Independence	159	(2)
Disenchantment with Elites	161	(1)
Freedom as Despair	162	(1)
Status of Women in African Society	162	(1)
Emergence of Politically Committed African Novelists	163	(2)
Neglected Popular Elements of Society	163	(1)
Destructive Nature of Societal Divisions	164	(1)
Promoting Gender Equality	164	(1)
Nuruddin Farah and the Politics of Commitment in Somalia	165	(7)
Early Years as Critic of Social Injustice	165	(1)
Qualified Optimism after the 1969 Military Coup d'État	166	(1)
Opposition to the Dictatorship of Siad Barre	167	(4)
Evolving African Identity	171	(1)
Politics of the African Novel in Perspective	172	(1)
Key Terms	172	(1)
For Further Reading	173	(1)
Notes	173	(3)
PART IV CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN GOVERNANCE
8 STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY	176	(25)
Concentration of State Power at the Expense of Civil society	177	(9)
Africanization of the State	178	(1)
Bureaucratic Expansion and the Growth of Parastatals	179	(1)
Dismantling of Institutional Checks-and-Balances	180	(1)
Co-Optation and the Silencing of Civil Society	181	(1)
Expansion of the Coercive Apparatus	182	(1)
Creation of Personal Rule Networks	183	(3)
Crisis of the State and the Resurgence of Civil Society	186	(7)
Deepening Economic Crisis	186	(2)
Growing Inability to Provide Social Goods	188	(1)
Resurgence of Civil Society	189	(2)
Intensification of Domestic Violence and Conflict	191	(2)
In Search of a State-Society Balance	193	(4)
Key Terms	197	(1)
For Further Reading	197	(1)
Notes	198	(3)
9 MILITARY COUPS D'ÉTAT AND MILITARY GOVERNANCE	201	(21)
Trends in Military Coups d'État	202	(3)
Role of the Military in Political Governance	205	(4)
Civilian Supremacy Model	205	(1)
Watchdog Model	206	(1)
Balance Wheel Model	206	(2)
Direct Rile Model	208	(1)
Social Transformation Model	208	(1)
Myths Concerning the Effectiveness of Military Governance	209	(6)
Military Enjoys Greater Legitimacy	209	(1)
Military Rule Is More Efficient	210	(1)
Military Is Best Able to Maintain Stability	211	(1)
Military Constitutes a Better Unifying Structure	212	(2)
Military Is Best Prepared to Promote Development	214	(1)
Demilitarization and Transitions to Civilian Rule	215	(3)
Key Terms	218	(1)
For Further Reading	218	(1)
Notes	219	(3)
10 DEMOCRATIC EXPERIMENTS AND MULTIPARTY POLITICS	222	(22)
Establishment of Single-Party Political Systems	223	(3)
Political Transition and Experimentation with Multiparty Politics	226	(10)
Change via Multiparty Elections	228	(1)
Change via the National Conference	229	(1)
Guided Democratization	230	(1)
Co-Opted Transitions	231	(2)
Authoritarian Reaction	233	(1)
Civil War and Contested Sovereignty	234	(2)
Democratic Consolidation or Decay?	236	(4)
Key Terns	240	(1)
For Further Reading	240	(1)
Notes	241	(3)
PART V FOREIGN RELATIONS
11 FOREIGN POLICY MAKING AND THE PURSUIT OF PAN-AFRICANISM	244	(27)
Understanding the Foreign Policy-Making Context	245	(8)
President and Bureaucracies of the Executive Branch	246	(2)
Role of National Legislatures in Foreign Policy	248	(1)
Foreign Policy Impact of Nongovernmental Actors	249	(4)
Pan-Africanism and the Search for African Unity	253	(8)
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration	261	(5)
Key Terms	266	(1)
For Further Reading	266	(1)
Notes	267	(4)
12 AFRICA IN WORLD POLITICS	271	(30)
Role of Foreign Powers	272	(2)
Great Powers and Africa during the Cold War (1947-1989)	274	(4)
Complementary Interests among the Western Powers	274	(2)
Africa as a Proxy Battlefield for East-West Conflict	276	(2)
Contradictions in the Search for Allies	278	(1)
Cold War to Cold Peace (1989-Present)	278	(7)
Evolving Foreign Policy Interests	279	(1)
Economic Competition among the Great Powers	280	(2)
Rhetoric versus Reality in Support for Democratization	282	(3)
Involvement in the United Nations	285	(3)
Influence of International Financial Institutions	288	(3)
Evolving Equation of Military Intervention	291	(4)
Key Terms	295	(1)
For Further Reading	295	(1)
Notes	296	(5)
PART VI RIVAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
13 STUDY OF AFRICA IN THE LIBERAL TRADITION	301	(21)
Predominance of Modernization Theory (1950's-Early 1960's)	302	(2)
Rise of Modernization Revisionism (Late 1960's)	304	(4)
Concern with stability and the Politics of Order (Late 1960's-Early 1970's)	308	(3)
Demands for Policy Relevance and Public Policy Research (Mid-1970's-1980's)	311	(2)
New Directions (1990's-Present)	313	(5)
Key Terms	318	(1)
For Further Reading	318	(1)
Notes	319	(3)
14 STUDY OF AFRICA IN THE CRITICAL TRADITION	322	(19)
Dependency Theory and the Development of Underdevelopment (Late 1960's-Early 1970's)	323	(2)
Circulationist Revisions of Dependency Theory (1970's)	325	(2)
Marxism's Impact on the Development of Critical Thought (Early 1970's)	327	(3)
Marxism and the Emergence of a Neo-Marxist School of Thought (Late 1970's-1980's)	330	(3)
New Directions (1990's-Present)	333	(4)
Key Terms	337	(1)
For Further Reading	337	(1)
Notes	338	(3)
Appendix 1 List of Acronyms	341	(6)
Appendix 2 Country Name Changes in Africa during the Contemporary Independence Era	347	(2)
Appendix 3 Political Leadership in Africa during the Contemporary Independence Era	349	(10)
Index	359