Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, And Punishing in an Actuarial Age

by Harcourt, Bernard E.

• ISBN13: 9780226316147
• ISBN10: 0226316149
• Edition: Reprint
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-12-15
• Publisher: Univ of Chicago Pr

Summary

From routine security checks at airports to the use of risk assessment in sentencing, actuarial methods are being used more than ever to determine whom law enforcement officials target and punish. And with the exception of racial profiling on our highways and streets, most people favor these methods because they believe they're a more cost-effective way to fight crime. InAgainst Prediction, Bernard E. Harcourt challenges this growing reliance on actuarial methods. These prediction tools, he demonstrates, may in factincreasethe overall amount of crime in society, depending on the relative responsiveness of the profiled populations to heightened security. They may also aggravate the difficulties that minorities already have obtaining work, education, and a better quality of lifethus perpetuating the pattern of criminal behavior. Ultimately, Harcourt shows how the perceived success of actuarial methods has begun to distort our very conception of just punishment and to obscure alternate visions of social order. In place of the actuarial, he proposes instead a turn to randomization in punishment and policing. The presumption, Harcourt concludes, should beagainst prediction.

Author Biography

Bernard E. Harcourt is professor of law and faculty director of academic affairs at the University of Chicago Law School. He is the author of Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing and Language of the Gun: Youth, Crime, and Public Policy.
 

Table of Contents

Prologue	1	(6)
Actuarial Methods in the Criminal Law	7	(32)
I. The Rise of the Actuarial Paradigm	39	(70)
Ernest W. Burgess and Parole Prediction	47	(30)
The Proliferation of Actuarial Methods in Punishing and Policing	77	(32)
II. The Critique of Actuarial Methods	109	(84)
The Mathematics of Actuarial Prediction: The Illusion of Efficiency	111	(34)
The Ratchet Effect: An Overlooked Social Cost	145	(28)
The Pull of Prediction: Distorting Our Conceptions of Just Punishment	173	(20)
III. Toward a More General Theory of Punishing and Policing	193	(48)
A Case Study on Racial Profiling	195	(20)
Shades of Gray	215	(22)
The Virtues of Randomization	237	(4)
Acknowledgments	241	(4)
Appendix A: Retracing the Parole-Prediction Debate and Literature	245	(16)
Appendix B: Mathematical Proofs Regarding the Economic Model of Racial Profiling	261	(6)
Notes	267	(44)
References	311	(20)
Index	331