Air Pollution Control Engineering

by Wang, Lawrence K.; Pereira, Norman C.; Hung, Yung-Tse; Li, Kathleen Hung

• ISBN13: 9781588291615
• ISBN10: 1588291618
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-07-30
• Publisher: Humana Pr Inc

Summary

A panel of respected air pollution control educators and practicing professionals critically survey the both principles and practices underlying control processes, and illustrate these with a host of detailed design examples for practicing engineers. The authors discuss the performance, potential, and limitations of the major control processes-including fabric filtration, cyclones, electrostatic precipitation, wet and dry scrubbing, and condensation-as a basis for intelligent planning of abatement systems,. Additional chapters critically examine flare processes, thermal oxidation, catalytic oxidation, gas-phase activated carbon adsorption, and gas-phase biofiltration. The contributors detail the Best Available Technologies (BAT) for air pollution control and provide cost data, examples, theoretical explanations, and engineering methods for the design, installation, and operation of air pollution process equipment. Methods of practical design calculation are illustrated by numerous numerical calculations.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Contributors	xi
1 Air Quality and Pollution Control
Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li	1	(58)
1. Introduction	1	(2)
2. Characteristics of Air Pollutants	3	(3)
3. Standards	6	(4)
3.1. Ambient Air Quality Standards	6	(2)
3.2. Emission Standards	8	(2)
4. Sources	10	(1)
5. Effects	10	(3)
6. Measurements	13	(15)
6.1. Ambient Sampling	14	(3)
6.2. Source Sampling	17	(1)
6.3. Sample Locations	18	(1)
6.4. Gas Flow Rates	19	(3)
6.5. Relative Humidity	22	(2)
6.6. Sample Train	24	(3)
6.7. Determination of Size Distribution	27	(1)
7. Gas Stream Calculations	28	(7)
7.1. General	28	(1)
7.2. Emission Stream Flow Rate and Temperature Calculations	29	(1)
7.3. Moisture Content, Dew Point Content, and Sulfur Trioxide Calculations	30	(2)
7.4. Particulate Matter Loading	32	(1)
7.5. Heat Content Calculations	33	(1)
7.6. Dilution Air Calculations	33	(2)
8. Gas Stream Conditioning	35	(2)
8.1. General	35	(1)
8.2. Mechanical Collectors	35	(1)
8.3. Gas Coolers	36	(1)
8.4. Gas Preheaters	36	(1)
9. Air Quality Management	37	(408)
9.1. Recent Focus	37	(1)
9.2. Ozone	38	(4)
9.3. Air Toxics	42	(1)
9.4. Greenhouse Gases Reduction and Industrial Ecology Approach	43	(2)
9.5. Environmental Laws	45	(5)
10. Control	50	(2)
11. Conclusions	52	(1)
12. Examples	52	(1)
12.1. Example 1	52	(1)
12.2. Example 2	53	(1)
Nomenclature	53	(2)
References	55	(4)
2 Fabric Filtration
Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen	59	(1)
1. Introduction	59	(1)
2. Principle and Theory	60	(1)
3. Application	64	(33)
3.1. General	64	(1)
3.2. Gas Cleaning	64	(2)
3.3. Efficiency	66	(2)
4. Engineering Design	68	(1)
4.1. Pretreatment of an Emission Stream	68	(1)
4.2. Air-to-Cloth Ratio	68	(3)
4.3. Fabric Cleaning Design	71	(2)
4.4. Baghouse Configuration	73	(1)
4.5. Construction Materials	73	(1)
4.6. Design Range of Effectiveness	74	(1)
5. Operation	74	(1)
5.1. General Considerations	74	(1)
5.2. Collection Efficiency	74	(1)
5.3. System Pressure Drop	75	(1)
5.4. Power Requirements	75	(1)
5.5. Filter Bag Replacement	76	(1)
6. Management	76	(1)
6.1. Evaluation of Permit Application	76	(1)
6.2. Economics	77	(2)
6.3. New Technology Awareness	79	(1)
7. Design Examples and Questions	80	(12)
Nomenclature	92	(1)
References	93	(2)
Appendix 1: HAP Emission Stream Data Form	95	(1)
Appendix 2: Metric Conversions	95	(2)
3 Cyclones
José Renato Coury, Reinaldo Pisani Jr., and Yung-Tse Hung	97	(1)
1. Introduction	97	(1)
2. Cyclones for Industrial Applications	98	(55)
2.1. General Description	98	(3)
2.2. Correlations for Cyclone Efficiency	101	(4)
2.3. Correlations for Cyclone Pressure Drop	105	(1)
2.4. Other Relations of Interest	106	(1)
2.5. Application Examples	107	(11)
3. Costs of Cyclone and Auxiliary Equipment	118	(1)
3.1. Cyclone Purchase Cost	118	(1)
3.2. Fan Purchase Cost	119	(1)
3.3. Ductwork Purchase Cost	120	(1)
3.4. Stack Purchase Cost	120	(1)
3.5. Damper Purchase Cost	121	(1)
3.6. Calculation of Present and Future Costs	121	(1)
3.7. Cost Estimation Examples	122	(3)
4. Cyclones for Airborne Particulate Sampling	125	(1)
4.1. Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere	125	(2)
4.2. General Correlation for Four Commercial Cyclones	127	(1)
4.3. A Semiempirical Approach	128	(7)
4.4. The "Cyclone Family" Approach	135	(1)
4.5. PM2 Samplers	136	(4)
4.6. Examples	140	(7)
Nomenclature	147	(3)
References	150	(3)
4 Electrostatic Precipitation
Chung-Shin J. Yuan and Thomas T. Shen	153	(1)
1. Introduction	153	(1)
2. Principles of Operation	154	(43)
2.1. Corona Discharge	157	(1)
2.2. Electrical Field Characteristics	158	(4)
2.3. Particle Charging	162	(3)
2.4. Particle Collection	165	(6)
3. Design Methodology and Considerations	171	(1)
3.1. Precipitator Size	173	(1)
3.2. Particulate Resistivity	176	(1)
3.3. Internal Configuration	179	(1)
3.4. Electrode Systems	181	(1)
3.5. Power Requirements	181	(1)
3.6. Gas Flow Systems	184	(1)
3.7. Precipitator Housing	184	(1)
3.8. Flue Gas Conditioning	185	(1)
3.9. Removal of Collected Particles	185	(2)
3.10. Instrumentation	187	(1)
4. Applications	187	(1)
4.1. Electric Power Industry	187	(1)
4.2. Pulp and Paper Industry	188	(1)
4.3. Metallurgical Industry	188	(1)
4.4. Cement Industry	188	(1)
4.5. Chemical Industry	188	(1)
4.6. Municipal Solid-Waste Incinerators	189	(1)
4.7. Petroleum Industry	189	(1)
4.8. Others	189	(1)
5. Problems and Corrections	189	(1)
5.1. Fundamental Problems	189	(3)
5.2. Mechanical Problems	192	(1)
5.3. Operational Problems	192	(1)
5.4. Chemical Problems	192	(1)
6. Expected Future Developments	193	(1)
Nomenclature	193	(2)
References	195	(2)
5 Wet and Dry Scrubbing
Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, James E. Eldridge, and Kathleen Hung Li	197	(1)
1. Introduction	197	(110)
1.1. General Process Descriptions	197	(1)
1.2. Wet Scrubbing or Wet Absorption	198	(1)
1.3. Dry Scrubbing or Dry Absorption	199	(1)
2. Wet Scrubbers	199	(1)
2.1. Wet Absorbents or Solvents	199	(1)
2.2. Wet Scrubbing Systems	200	(3)
2.3. Wet Scrubber Applications	203	(1)
2.4. Packed Tower (Wet Scrubber) Design	204	(11)
2.5. Venturi Wet Scrubber Design	215	(7)
3. Dry Scrubbers	222	(1)
3.1. Dry Absorbents	222	(1)
3.2. Dry Scrubbing Systems	222	(3)
3.3. Dry Scrubbing Applications	225	(1)
3.4. Dry Scrubber Design	226	(1)
4. Practical Examples	227	(69)
Nomenclature	296	(2)
References	298	(4)
Appendix: Listing of Compounds Currently Considered Hazardous	302	(5)
6 Condensation
Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen	307	(1)
1. Introduction	307	(22)
1.1. Process Description	307	(1)
1.2. Types of Condensing Systems	308	(1)
1.3. Range of Effectiveness	309	(1)
2. Pretreatment, Posttreatment, and Engineering Considerations	309	(1)
2.1. Pretreatment of Emission Stream	309	(2)
2.2. Prevention of VOC Emission from Condensers	311	(1)
2.3. Proper Maintenance	311	(1)
2.4. Condenser System Design Variables	311	(1)
3. Engineering Design	311	(1)
3.1. General Design Information	311	(1)
3.2. Estimating Condensation Temperature	312	(1)
3.3. Condenser Heat Load	313	(1)
3.4. Condenser Size	314	(1)
3.5. Coolant Selection and Coolant Flow Rate	315	(1)
3.6. Refrigeration Capacity	316	(1)
3.7. Recovered Product	316	(1)
4. Management	316	(1)
4.1. Permit Review and Application	316	(1)
4.2. Capital and Annual Costs of Condensers	316	(4)
5. Environmental Applications	320	(1)
6. Design Examples	321	(5)
Nomenclature	326	(1)
References	327	(1)
Appendix: Average Specific Heats of Vapors	328	(1)
7 Flare Process
Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen	329	(1)
1. Introduction	329	(1)
2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations	331	(16)
2.1. Supplementary Fuel Requirements	331	(1)
2.2. Flare Gas Flow Rate and Heat Content	331	(2)
2.3. Flare Gas Exit Velocity and Destruction Efficiency	333	(1)
2.4. Steam Requirements	334	(1)
3. Engineering Design	334	(1)
3.1. Design of the Flame Angle	334	(1)
3.2. Design of Flare Height	334	(1)
3.3. Power Requirements of a Fan	334	(1)
4. Management	335	(1)
4.1. Data Required for Permit Application	335	(1)
4.2. Evaluation of Permit Application	335	(1)
4.3. Cost Estimation	336	(4)
5. Design Examples	340	(3)
Nomenclature	343	(1)
References	344	(3)
8 Thermal Oxidation
Lawrence K. Wang, Wei Lin, and Yung-Tse Hung	347	(1)
1. Introduction	347	(22)
1.1. Process Description	347	(2)
1.2. Range of Effectiveness	349	(1)
1.3. Applicability to Remediation Technologies	349	(2)
2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations	351	(1)
2.1. Air Dilution	351	(1)
2.2. Design Variables	352	(3)
3. Supplementary Fuel Requirements	355	(1)
4. Engineering Design and Operation	356	(1)
4.1. Flue Gas Flow Rate	356	(1)
4.2. Combustion Chamber Volume	356	(1)
4.3. System Pressure Drop	356	(1)
5. Management	357	(1)
5.1. Evaluation of Permit Application	357	(1)
5.2. Operations and Manpower Requirements	358	(2)
5.3. Decision for Rebuilding, Purchasing New or Used Incinerators	360	(1)
5.4. Environmental Liabilities	360	(1)
6. Design Examples	360	(5)
Nomenclature	365	(1)
References	366	(3)
9 Catalytic Oxidation
Lawrence K. Wang, Wei Lin, and Yung-Tse Hung	369	(1)
1. Introduction	369	(26)
1.1. Process Description	369	(3)
1.2. Range of Effectiveness	372	(3)
1.3. Applicability to Remediation Technologies	375	(1)
2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations	375	(1)
2.1. Air Dilution Requirements	375	(1)
2.2. Design Variables	376	(3)
3. Supplementary Fuel Requirements	379	(3)
4. Engineering Design and Operation	382	(1)
4.1. Flue Gas Flow Rates	382	(1)
4.2. Catalyst Bed Requirement	382	(1)
4.3. System Pressure Drop	383	(1)
5. Management	384	(1)
5.1. Evaluation of Permit Application	384	(1)
5.2. Operation and Manpower Requirements	384	(1)
5.3. Decision for Rebuilding, Purchasing New or Used Incinerators	385	(1)
5.4. Environmental Liabilities abd Risk-Based Corrective Action	385	(1)
6. Design Examples	386	(6)
Nomenclature	392	(1)
References	393	(2)
10 Gas-Phase Activated Carbon Adsorption
Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li	395	(1)
1. Introduction and Definitions	395	(26)
1.1. Adsorption	395	(1)
1.2. Adsorbents	396	(1)
1.3. Carbon Adsorption and Desorption	396	(1)
2. Adsorption Theory	397	(2)
3. Carbon Adsorption Pretreament	399	(1)
3.1. Cooling	399	(1)
3.2. Dehumidification	400	(1)
3.3. High VOC Reduction	400	(1)
4. Design and Operation	400	(1)
4.1. Design Data Gathering	400	(2)
4.2. Type of Carbon Adsorption Systems	402	(1)
4.3. Design of Fixed Regenerative Bed Carbon Adsorption Systems	402	(3)
4.4. Design of Canister Carbon Adsorption Systems	405	(1)
4.5. Calculation of Pressure Drops	406	(1)
4.6. Summary of Application	406	(3)
4.7. Regeneration and Air Pollution Control of Carbon Adsorption System	409	(1)
4.8. Granular Activated Carbon Versus Activated Carbon Fiber	410	(1)
4.9. Carbon Suppliers, Equipment Suppliers, and Service Providers	411	(1)
5. Design Examples	411	(7)
Nomenclature	418	(1)
References	419	(2)
11 Gas-Phase Biofiltration
Gregory T. Kleinheinz and Phillip C. Wright	421	(1)
1. Introduction	421	(1)
2. Types of Biological Air Treatment System	422	(23)
2.1. General Descriptions	422	(2)
2.2. Novel or Emerging Designs	424	(2)
3. Operational Considerations	426	(1)
3.1. General Operational Considerations	426	(2)
3.2. Biofilter Media	428	(2)
3.3. Microbiological Considerations	430	(1)
3.4. Chemical Considerations	431	(2)
3.5. Comparison to Competing Technologies	433	(1)
4. Design Considerations/Parameters	433	(1)
4.1. Predesign	433	(2)
4.2. Packing	435	(1)
5. Case Studies	435	(1)
5.1. High-Concentration 2-Propanol and Acetone	435	(1)
5.2. General Odor Control at a Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Facility	436	(4)
6. Process Control and Monitoring	440	(1)
7. Limitations of the Technology	440	(1)
8. Conclusions	441	(2)
Nomenclature	443	(1)
References	444	(1)
12 Emerging Air Pollution Control Technologies
Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li	445	(50)
1. Introduction	445	(1)
2. Process Modification	446	(1)
3. Vehicle Air Pollution and Its Control	446	(7)
3.1. Background	446	(1)
3.2. Standards	447	(1)
3.3. Sources of Loss	447	(1)
3.4. Control Technologies and Alternate Power Plants	448	(5)
4. Mechanical Particulate Collectors	453	(13)
4.1. General	453	(1)
4.2. Gravitational Collectors	454	(1)
4.3. Other Methods	455	(10)
4.4. Use of Chemicals	465	(1)
4.5. Simultaneous Particle-Gas Removal Interactions	465	(1)
5. Entrainment Separation	466	(1)
6. Internal Combustion Engines	467	(4)
6.1. Process Description	467	(2)
6.2. Applications to Air Emission Control	469	(2)
7. Membrane Process	471	(4)
7.1. Process Description	471	(3)
7.2. Application to Air Emission Control	474	(1)
8. Ultraviolet Photolysis	475	(2)
8.1. Process Description	475	(1)
8.2. Application to Air Emission Control	476	(1)
9. High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters	477	(3)
9.1. Process Description	477	(2)
9.2. Application to Air Emission Control	479	(1)
10. Technical and Economical Feasibility of Selected Emerging Technologies for Air Pollution Control	480	(1)
10.1. General Discussion	480	(1)
10.2.Evaluation of ICEs, Membrane Process, UV Process, and High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters	480	(1)
10.3.Evaluation of Fuel-Cell-Powered Vehicles for Air Emission Reduction	481	(8)
Nomenclature	489	(2)
References	491	(4)
Index	495