ALWD Citation Manual : A Professional System of Citation

by Dickerson, Darby; Association of Legal Writing Directors

• ISBN13: 9780735511934
• ISBN10: 0735511934
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-02-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

The single most successful new law school book in Aspen's history! Adopted by more than 80 law schools in just three short months! Students and instructors alike are buzzing with excitement over this new legal citation guide which offers everything that everyone has always wanted: consistency, flexibility, easy to understand, and filled with examples. The ALWD Manual contains ONE system for ALL documents-making no distinction between law review articles and other types of writing Endorsed by the Association of Legal Writing Directors this soon-to-be-standard citation manual-written, designed, and edited by professionals-carefully guides students through the rules for citation in everyday and scholarly legal writing. At a glance internal consistency flexibility more accurate bibliographic information easier to read expanded coverage of state sources more examples Of Special Interest: an introduction explains the importance and purposes of legal citation. an introductory section explains how your word processor might affect citations. an introductory section explains when and how local court citation rules should be used. an appendix contains the actual local court citation rules. Sidebars are used throughout the book to provide additional background information, To help users avoid common problems, and to give additional advice about how to locate and cite various sources. For the most commonly-cited sources, including cases, statutes, treatises, legal and periodicals, each section will start with a 'Fast Formats' page that can be used as a quick guide to double-check citations. Each rule concerning a particular source contains a diagramed example reflecting the different components of the citation. The 'tabulated style' is easier on the eye, and thus easier to read. Readers will find detailed rules on sources used by many first-year students, such as legal encyclopedias and A.L.R. annotations. There is expanded coverage on electronic sources, legislative and administrative materials, practice rules, court documents (appellate records, pleadings, transcripts), and local ordinances. Icons are used to better reflect how citation should be spaced. There is a detailed index. an accompanying Web site posts updates, any necessary clarifications, and a FAQ. Two-color interior helps emphasize points and make other distinctions a one-color book cannot. Other features include a strong cover, laminated initial pages, and section tabs.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xxi
Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
Part 1 Introductory Material	1	(12)
Purpose and Use of Citations	3	(1)
How to Use This Book	4	(4)
Overall Organization	4	(1)
Organization within Each Part of This Book	5	(1)
Finding Tools	6	(1)
Caveats	6	(1)
Footnotes Versus Endnotes	7	(1)
Citing Sources Not Covered in This Book	7	(1)
Sources for Additional Information	8	(1)
Citing This Book	8	(1)
Web Site for Updates and Frequently Asked Questions	8	(1)
Local Citation Rules	8	(1)
How Your Word Processor May Affect Citations	9	(4)
Margin Justification	9	(1)
Default Settings and Quick Correct Features	10	(3)
Part 2 Citation Basics	13	(42)
Typeface for Citations	15	(2)
Typeface Choices	15	(1)
When to Use Ordinary Type in Citations	15	(1)
When to Use Italics in Citations	15	(1)
Typeface for Punctuation in Citations	15	(2)
Abbreviations	17	(4)
Use	17	(1)
Spacing for Abbreviations	17	(2)
Authorities Referred to in Textual Sentences	19	(2)
Spelling and Capitalization	21	(2)
Words in Titles	21	(1)
Other Capitalization and Spelling Rules	21	(2)
Ordinal Numbers	23	(2)
Definitions	23	(1)
Use	23	(1)
Punctuation	23	(2)
Page Numbers	25	(4)
Initial Pages	25	(1)
Pinpoint Pages	25	(2)
Importance of Using Pinpoint References	27	(1)
Citing Consecutive Pages	27	(1)
Using Hyphens, En Dashes, and ``to'' for Spans	28	(1)
Citing Scattered Pages	28	(1)
Sections and Paragraphs	29	(6)
General Rules	29	(1)
Spacing	29	(1)
Inserting the Symbols for Sections and Paragraphs	30	(1)
Unnumbered Paragraphs	30	(1)
Subsections and Subparagraphs	30	(1)
Distinguishing Sections from Subsections	31	(1)
Citing Consecutive Sections or Paragraphs	31	(1)
Citing Scattered Sections or Paragraphs	32	(1)
Citing Consecutive Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph	32	(1)
Citing Scattered Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph	33	(1)
Citing Multiple Subdivisions within Multiple Sections or Paragraphs	33	(1)
Referring to Sections and Paragraphs in Textual Material	34	(1)
Footnotes and Endnotes	35	(2)
Supplements	37	(2)
Citing Material Found Only in a Supplement	37	(1)
Citing Material Found Only in the Main Volume	37	(1)
Citing Material in Both the Main Volume and a Supplement	37	(2)
Graphical Material, Appendices, and Other Subdivisions	39	(4)
Citing Graphical Material	39	(1)
Citing Appendices	39	(1)
Other Subdivisions	40	(3)
Internal Cross-References	43	(4)
Definition	43	(1)
Material That May Be Cross-Referenced	43	(1)
Supra and Infra	43	(1)
Format for Internal Cross-References	44	(3)
The Two Uses of Supra	45	(2)
Introduction to Full and Short Citation Formats	47	(8)
Full Citation Format	47	(1)
Short Citation Format	47	(1)
Id. as a Short Citation	48	(3)
Id. Versus Ibid.	48	(3)
Supra as a Short Citation	51	(4)
Part 3 Citing Specific Print Sources	55	(214)
Fast Formats: Cases	57	(1)
Cases	58	(40)
Full Citation Format	58	(1)
Case Name	58	(8)
Distinguishing Case Names from Party Names	59	(5)
Public Official Named as a Party	64	(2)
Reporter Volume	66	(1)
Reporter Abbreviation	66	(6)
Explanation of Commonly Used Procedural Phrases	67	(1)
Common Reporter Abbreviations	68	(2)
Early Supreme Court Reporters	70	(1)
Locating Parallel Citations	71	(1)
Page Numbers	72	(1)
Court Abbreviation	73	(3)
Date	76	(1)
Subsequent History	77	(4)
Information about Denials of Certiorari	79	(2)
Prior History	81	(1)
Additional Rules Concerning Subsequent and Prior History	81	(2)
Parenthetical Information	83	(2)
Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Other Judicial Officials	85	(1)
Cases Published Only on LEXIS or Westlaw	85	(1)
Cases Not Yet Reported	86	(1)
Table Cases	86	(1)
Cases on the Internet	87	(1)
Neutral Citations	88	(1)
Cases Published Only in a Looseleaf Service	89	(1)
Unreported Cases	89	(2)
Court Rules Prohibiting or Limiting Citation of Unreported Cases in Briefs	90	(1)
Early Federal Circuit Cases	91	(1)
Court Documents, Transcripts, and Records	91	(1)
Short Citation Format	91	(7)
Fast Formats: Constitutions	97	(1)
Constitutions	98	(4)
Which Source to Cite	98	(1)
Full Citation Format for Constitutions Currently in Force	98	(1)
Full Citation Format for Constitutions No Longer in Force	99	(1)
Short Citation Format	100	(2)
Referring to Constitutions in Text	100	(1)
Fast Formats: Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws	101	(1)
Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws	102	(12)
Which Source to Cite	102	(1)
Full Citation Format for Federal Statutes Currently in Force	102	(4)
Date of United States Code	105	(1)
Full Citation Format for Federal Statutes No Longer in Force	106	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Statutes	106	(1)
Short Citation Format for Federal and State Statutes	107	(1)
Referring to Statutes in Text	107	(1)
Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws Currently in Force	108	(2)
Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws No Longer in Force	110	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Session Laws	110	(1)
Short Citation Format for Federal and State Session Laws	111	(1)
Full Citation Format for Federal Slip Laws	111	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Slip Laws	112	(1)
Short Citation Format for Federal and State Slip Laws	112	(2)
Fast Formats: Other Federal Legislative Materials	113	(1)
Other Federal Legislative Materials	114	(21)
Full Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions	114	(3)
Types of Proposed Laws	115	(2)
Short Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions	117	(1)
Enacted Bills and Joint Resolutions	118	(1)
Full Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions	118	(1)
Short Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions	119	(1)
Proposed House and Senate Amendments	119	(1)
Full Citation Format for Congressional Hearings	119	(3)
Short Citation Format for Congressional Hearings	122	(1)
Full Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints	123	(3)
Short Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints	126	(1)
Unnumbered Reports, Documents, and Prints	126	(1)
Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873	127	(2)
Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873	129	(1)
Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873	130	(1)
Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873	130	(1)
Congressional Journals	131	(1)
United States Code Congressional and Administrative News	132	(1)
Declaration of Independence	132	(1)
Other Legislative Materials	133	(2)
Fast Formats: Other State Legislative Materials	134	(1)
Other State Legislative Materials	135	(16)
Full Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	135	(3)
Short Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	138	(1)
State Enacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	139	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings	139	(2)
Short Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings	141	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints	142	(3)
Short Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints	145	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Legislative Debates	145	(3)
Short Citation Format for State Legislative Debates	148	(1)
State Legislative Journals	148	(1)
Other State Legislative Materials	148	(3)
Fast Formats: Rules of Court, Procedure, Evidence, and Ethics	150	(1)
Rules of Court, Procedure, Evidence, and Ethics	151	(4)
Full Citation Format for Rules Currently in Force	151	(2)
Full Citation Format for Rules No Longer in Force	153	(1)
Short Citation Format	153	(2)
Fast Formats: Local Ordinances	154	(1)
Local Ordinances	155	(5)
Full Citation Format for Codified Ordinances	155	(2)
Locating Ordinances on the Internet	156	(1)
Full Citation Format for Uncodified Ordinances	157	(1)
Short Citation Format for Codified and Uncodified Ordinances	158	(2)
Fast Formats: Federal Administrative and Executive Materials	159	(1)
Federal Administrative and Executive Materials	160	(14)
Full Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations	160	(2)
Determining the Date of Current C.F.R. Volumes	161	(1)
Short Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations	162	(1)
Full Citation Format for Federal Register	162	(1)
Short Citation Format for Federal Register	163	(1)
Full Citation Format for Agency Decisions	164	(1)
Short Citation Format for Agency Decisions	165	(1)
Full Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions	166	(1)
Purpose of Attorney General Opinions	166	(1)
Short Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions	167	(1)
Full Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans	168	(2)
Short Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans	170	(1)
Executive Agreements	171	(1)
Other Presidential Documents	171	(1)
Other Administrative and Executive Materials	171	(3)
Citing Tax Materials	172	(1)
Fast Formats: State Administrative and Executive Materials	173	(1)
State Administrative and Executive Materials	174	(5)
Full Citation for State Administrative Codes	174	(1)
Short Citation Format for State Administrative Codes	174	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Administrative Registers	174	(1)
Short Citation Format for State Administrative Registers	175	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Agency Decisions	175	(1)
Short Citation Format for State Agency Decisions	175	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions	175	(1)
Short Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions	176	(1)
State Executive Materials	176	(1)
Other State Administrative and Executive Materials	177	(2)
Fast Formats: Treaties and Conventions	178	(1)
Treaties and Conventions to Which the United States is a Party	179	(7)
Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions Currently in Force	179	(4)
Selected Bound Treaty Sources	182	(1)
Internet Access to International Materials	183	(1)
Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions No Longer in Force	183	(1)
Short Citation Format	183	(3)
Fast Formats: Treatises, Books, and Other Nonperiodic Materials	185	(1)
Treatises, Books, and Other Nonperiodic Materials	186	(14)
Full Citation Format	186	(10)
Short Citation Format for Works Other Than Those in a Collection	196	(1)
Short Citation Format for Works in a Collection	197	(3)
Fast Formats: Legal and Other Periodicals	199	(1)
Legal and Other Periodicals	200	(8)
Full Citation Format	200	(6)
Identifying Student Authors	201	(5)
Short Citation Format	206	(2)
Fast Formats: A.L.R. Annotations	207	(1)
A.L.R. Annotations	208	(4)
Full Citation Format	208	(1)
Abbreviations for A.L.R. Series	209	(1)
Short Citation Format	209	(3)
Fast Formats: Legal Dictionaries	211	(1)
Legal Dictionaries	212	(2)
Full Citation Format	212	(1)
Short Citation Format	212	(2)
Fast Formats: Legal Encyclopedias	213	(1)
Legal Encyclopedias	214	(6)
Full Citation Format	214	(4)
Encyclopedia Abbreviations	215	(3)
Short Citation Format	218	(2)
Fast Formats: Restatements, Model Codes, and Uniform Laws	219	(1)
Restatements, Model Codes, and Uniform Laws	220	(5)
Full Citation Format for Restatements	220	(2)
Subject Matters of Restatements	221	(1)
Short Citation Format for Restatements	222	(1)
Model Codes and Acts	222	(1)
Uniform Laws	222	(3)
Fast Formats: Looseleaf Services and Reporters	224	(1)
Looseleaf Services and Reporters	225	(7)
Full Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services	225	(4)
Abbreviations for Looseleaf Publishers	227	(1)
Understanding Paragraphs in Looseleaf Services	228	(1)
Short Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services	229	(1)
Full Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services	230	(1)
Short Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services	230	(2)
Fast Formats: Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records	231	(1)
Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records	232	(6)
Scope of Rule	232	(1)
Full Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents	232	(2)
Full Citation Format for Transcripts	234	(1)
Short Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents and for Transcripts	235	(1)
Full Citation Format for Appellate Records	236	(1)
Short Citation Format for Appellate Records	236	(2)
Fast Formats: Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	237	(1)
Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	238	(5)
Full Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	238	(2)
Short Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	240	(1)
Published Presentations	241	(2)
Fast Formats: Interviews	242	(1)
Interviews	243	(4)
Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by the Author	243	(1)
Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by Another	244	(1)
Short Citation Format	244	(3)
Fast Formats: Letters and Memoranda	246	(1)
Letters and Memoranda	247	(5)
Full Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda	247	(2)
Short Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda	249	(1)
Published Letters and Memoranda	250	(2)
Fast Formats: Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts	251	(1)
Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts	252	(6)
Full Citation Format	252	(3)
Short Citation Format	255	(3)
Fast Formats: Sound Recordings	257	(1)
Sound Recordings	258	(3)
Full Citation Format for Entire Recordings	258	(1)
Full Citation Format for a Single Work in a Collection	259	(1)
Short Citation Format for Sound Recordings	259	(2)
Fast Formats: Microformed Materials	260	(1)
Microformed Materials	261	(3)
Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Materials Also Available in Print Format	261	(1)
Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Material Not Otherwise Available	261	(1)
Short Citation Format	262	(2)
Fast Formats: Forthcoming Works	263	(1)
Forthcoming Works	264	(3)
Full Citation Format	264	(1)
Short Citation Format	265	(2)
Fast Formats: Unpublished Works	266	(1)
Unpublished Works	267	(2)
Full Citation Format	267	(1)
Short Citation Format	268	(1)
Part 4 Electronic Sources And Neutral Citations	269	(22)
General Information about Online and Electronic Citation Formats	271	(3)
Source Available in Print and Electronic Formats	271	(1)
Source Available Only in Electronic Format	271	(3)
Accessibility of Electronic Sources	272	(1)
Fast Formats: Westlaw and LEXIS	273	(1)
Westlaw and LEXIS	274	(5)
Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier is Available	274	(1)
Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier is Not Available	274	(1)
Short Citation Format for Westlaw and Lexis Citations	275	(1)
Compilation of Materials from Electronic Databases	276	(3)
Fast Formats: World Wide Web Sites	278	(1)
World Wide Web Sites	279	(5)
Full Citation Format	279	(3)
Short Citation Format	282	(1)
Other Online Citations	282	(2)
Fast Formats: Electronic Mail	283	(1)
Electronic Mail	284	(3)
Full Citation Format for Personal E-mail	284	(1)
Full Citation Format for E-mail Sent to a Discussion Group or Listserv	284	(1)
Short Citation Format for E-mail	285	(2)
Fast Formats: CD-ROM Material	286	(1)
CD-ROM Material	287	(2)
Full Citation Format	287	(1)
Short Citation Format	288	(1)
Neutral Citation Formats	289	(2)
Definition and Background	289	(1)
Use	289	(2)
Part 5 Incorporating Citations Into Documents	291	(24)
Citation Placement and Use	293	(8)
Placement Options	293	(5)
Using Your Word Processor to Format Footnotes	297	(1)
Frequency of Citation	298	(1)
Number of Sources to Cite	298	(1)
Guidelines for Determining Which Authorities to Cite in a Legal Memorandum or Court Document	299	(2)
Signals	301	(4)
Purpose of Signals	301	(1)
Use	301	(1)
Categories of Signals	302	(1)
Signals and Explanatory Parentheticals	303	(1)
Capitalizing Signals	303	(1)
Placement and Typeface of Signals	303	(1)
Repeating Signals	304	(1)
Order of Signals and Punctuation between Different Signals	304	(1)
Order of Cited Authorities	305	(6)
Applicability	305	(1)
Punctuation between Citations	305	(1)
General Ordering Rules	305	(2)
Specific Order of Authorities	307	(4)
Explanatory Parentheticals	311	(4)
Using Explanatory Parentheticals	311	(1)
Placement of Explanatory Parentheticals	311	(2)
Using Explanatory Parentheticals Effectively	312	(1)
Formatting Explanatory Parentheticals	313	(2)
Part 6 Quotations	315	(132)
Quotations	317	(8)
Using Quotations	317	(1)
Accuracy	317	(1)
Relation to Text	317	(1)
Short Quotations	317	(3)
Longer Quotations	320	(2)
Epigraphs	322	(1)
Quotations within Quotations	323	(2)
Altering Quoted Material	325	(4)
Altering the Case of a Letter	325	(1)
Adding, Changing, or Deleting One or More Letters	325	(1)
Substituting or Adding Words	325	(1)
Altering Typeface	326	(1)
Mistakes within Original Quoted Material	327	(2)
Omissions within Quoted Material	329	(118)
General Considerations When Omitting Material within a Quotation	329	(1)
Indicating Omissions	329	(1)
When to Use an Ellipsis	329	(3)
How to Uses Ellipses	332	(3)
Appendices
Appendix 1: Primary Sources by Jurisdiction	335	(44)
Appendix 2: Local Court Citation Rules	379	(28)
Appendix 3: General Abbreviations	407	(8)
Appendix 4: Court Abbreviations	415	(4)
Sidebar A4--1: Dissecting a District Court Abbreviation	416	(3)
Appendix 5: Abbreviations for Legal Periodicals	419	(24)
Appendix 6: Legal Memorandum Example	443	(4)
Index	447