American Corrections (with InfoTrac)

by Clear, Todd R.; Cole, George F.; Reisig, Michael D.

• ISBN13: 9780534646523
• ISBN10: 0534646522
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-08
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part I: THE CORRECTIONAL CONTEXT. 1. The Corrections System. 2. The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice. 3. The History of Corrections in America. 4. The Punishment of Offenders. 5. The Law of Corrections. 6. The Correctional Client. Part II: CORRECTIONAL PRACTICES. 7. Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration. 8. Probation. 9. Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections. 10. Incarceration. 11. The Prison Experience. 12. Incarceration of Women. 13. Institutional Management. 14. Institutional Programs. 15. Release from Incarceration. 16. Making It: Supervision in the Community. 17. Corrections for Juvenile Offenders. Part III: CORRECTIONAL ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES. 18. Incarceration Trends. 19. Race, Ethnicity, and Corrections. 20. The Death Penalty. 21. Surveillance and Control in the Community. 22. Community Justice. Epilogue: American Corrections Today and Tomorrow. Glossary. Index.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART 1: THE CORRECTIONAL CONTEXT
The Corrections System	2	(22)
Focus: The Great Experiment in Social Control	5	(1)
The Purpose of Corrections	6	(1)
A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections	7	(3)
Goals	7	(1)
Interconnectedness	8	(1)
Environment	8	(1)
Feedback	8	(1)
Complexity	9	(1)
The Corrections System Today	10	(2)
Focus: The Big Four in Corrections	12	(2)
Key Issues in Corrections	14	(5)
Managing the Correctional Organization	14	(4)
Working with Offenders	18	(1)
Focus: Correctional Interconnectedness in Alabama	19	(2)
Connecting Corrections and Social Relations	21	(1)
Summary	21	(3)
The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice	24	(12)
From the Middle Ages to the American Revolution	26	(3)
Galley Slavery	27	(1)
Imprisonment	27	(1)
Transportation	28	(1)
Focus: Teens Banished to Islands after Robbery	29	(2)
Corporal Punishment and Death	30	(1)
On the Eve of Reform	31	(1)
The Age of Reason and Correctional Reform	31	(4)
Cesare Beccaria and the Classical School	32	(1)
Jeremy Bentham and the ``Hedonic Calculus''	33	(1)
John Howard and the Birth of the Penitentiary	34	(1)
What Really Motivated Correctional Reform?	35	(1)
Summary	35	(1)
The History of Corrections in America	36	(26)
The Colonial Period	40	(1)
The Arrival of the Penitentiary	41	(5)
The Pennsylvania System	42	(1)
The New York (Auburn) System	43	(1)
Debating the Systems	44	(2)
Development of Prisons in the South and West	46	(1)
Southern Penology	46	(1)
Western Penology	47	(1)
Do the Right Thing	47	(1)
Focus: The Lease System in Post--Civil War Alabama	48	(1)
The Reformatory Movement	48	(3)
Cincinnati, 1870	49	(1)
Elmira Reformatory	50	(1)
Lasting Reforms	51	(1)
The Rise of the Progressives	51	(3)
Individualized Treatment and the Positivist School	52	(1)
Progressive Reforms	52	(2)
The Rise of the Medical Model	54	(2)
From Medical Model to Community Model	56	(1)
The Crime Control Model: The Pendulum Swings Again	57	(2)
The Decline of Rehabilitation	57	(1)
The Emergence of Crime Control	57	(2)
Where Are We Today?	59	(1)
Summary	59	(3)
The Punishment of Offenders	62	(34)
The Purpose of Corrections	64	(6)
Retribution (Deserved Punishment)	65	(1)
Deterrence	65	(1)
Incapacitation	66	(1)
Rehabilitation	67	(1)
New Approaches to Punishment	68	(1)
Criminal Sanctions: A Mixed Bag?	69	(1)
Forms of the Criminal Sanction	70	(9)
Incarceration	71	(6)
Intermediate Sanctions	77	(1)
Probation	77	(1)
Death	78	(1)
Forms and Goals of Sanctions	78	(1)
The Sentencing Process	79	(3)
The Administrative Context	81	(1)
Focus: A Trial Judge at Work: Judge Robert Satter	82	(4)
Attitudes and Values of Judges	84	(1)
The Presentence Report	85	(1)
Sentencing Guidelines	85	(1)
Do the Right Thing	86	(3)
The Future of Sentencing Guidelines	88	(1)
Unjust Punishment	89	(2)
Sentencing Disparities	89	(1)
Wrongful Convictions	90	(1)
Focus: Politics and Sentencing: The Case of Crack Cocaine	91	(1)
Summary	91	(5)
The Law of Corrections	96	(30)
The Foundations of Correctional Law	99	(2)
Constitutions	99	(1)
Statutes	100	(1)
Case Law	100	(1)
Regulations	101	(1)
Correctional Law and the U.S. Supreme Court	101	(3)
The End of the Hands-off Policy	102	(1)
Access to the Courts	102	(1)
The Prisoners' Rights Movement	103	(1)
Focus: From a Lonely Prison Cell, an Inmate Wins an Important Victory	104	(1)
Constitutional Rights of Prisoners	105	(5)
The First Amendment	105	(3)
The Fourth Amendment	108	(1)
The Eighth Amendment	109	(1)
Focus: The Impact of Ruiz v. Estelle	110	(6)
The Fourteenth Amendment	112	(1)
A Change of Judicial Direction	113	(3)
Impact of the Prisoners' Rights Movement	116	(1)
Alternatives to Litigation	116	(2)
Inmate Grievance Procedures	117	(1)
The Ombudsman	118	(1)
Mediation	118	(1)
Legal Assistance	118	(1)
Law and Community Corrections	118	(2)
Constitutional Rights of Probationers and Parolees	119	(1)
Revocation of Probation and Parole	119	(1)
Law and Correctional Personnel	120	(2)
Civil Service Laws	120	(1)
Liability of Correctional Personnel	121	(1)
Summary	122	(4)
The Correctional Client	126	(34)
Selection for the Corrections System	128	(3)
Types of Offenders and Their Problems	131	(1)
The Situational Offender	131	(1)
Focus: Susan's Story	132	(2)
The Career Criminal	133	(1)
Focus: Archie's Story	134	(2)
The Sex Offender	134	(2)
Focus: Nevin's Story	136	(2)
The Substance Abuser	137	(1)
Focus: Mary Lou's Story	138	(3)
Focus: Bill's Story	141	(2)
The Mentally Ill Offender	142	(1)
Focus: Johnnie's Story	143	(3)
The Mentally Handicapped Offender	145	(1)
Focus: Donald's Story	146	(2)
The Offender with HIV/AIDS	147	(1)
Focus: Mike's Story	148	(3)
The Elderly Offender	150	(1)
Focus: Grant's Story	151	(1)
The Long-Term Offender	151	(1)
Focus: Michael's Story	152	(1)
Classifying Offenders: Key Issues	153	(2)
Overlap and Ambiguity in Offender Classifications	153	(1)
Offense Classifications and Correctional Programming	153	(1)
Behavioral Probabilities	154	(1)
Sociopolitical Pressures	154	(1)
Distinctions in Classification Criteria	155	(1)
Summary	155	(5)
PART 2: CORRECTIONAL PRACTICES
Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration	160	(26)
The Contemporary Jail: Entrance to the System	162	(1)
Origins and Evolution	162	(4)
Population Characteristics	163	(1)
Administration	163	(2)
The Influence of Local Politics	165	(1)
Careers in Corrections: Correctional Officer---Local Jails	166	(1)
Regional Jails	166	(1)
Pretrial Detention	167	(1)
Do the Right Thing	168	(2)
Special Problems of Detainees	168	(2)
Focus: Rite of Passage	170	(4)
Release from Detention	174	(1)
The Bail Problem and Alternatives	174	(2)
Release on Recognizance	175	(1)
Preventive Detention	175	(1)
Pretrial Diversion	176	(1)
The Sentenced Jail Inmate	176	(1)
Issues in Jail Management	177	(5)
Legal Liability	178	(1)
Jail Standards	178	(1)
Personnel Matters	178	(1)
Jail Crowding	179	(1)
The Jail Facility	180	(2)
The Future of the Jail	182	(1)
Summary	183	(3)
Probation	186	(30)
The History and Development of Probation	189	(3)
Benefit of Clergy	189	(1)
Judicial Reprieve	189	(1)
Recognizance	189	(1)
The Modernization of Probation	190	(2)
The Organization of Probation Today	192	(2)
Should Probation Be Centralized or Decentralized?	192	(1)
Who Should Administer Probation?	193	(1)
Careers in Corrections: Probation Officer---Federal	194	(1)
Should Probation Be Combined with Parole?	194	(1)
The Dual Functions of Probation: Investigation and Supervision	195	(1)
The Investigative Function	196	(2)
Purpose	196	(1)
Contents	197	(1)
Focus: Sample Presentence Report	198	(2)
Recommendations	199	(1)
Disclosure	199
Private PSIs	190	(10)
The Supervision Function	200	(2)
The Officer	200	(2)
Careers in Corrections: Probation Officer---State, County	202	(2)
The Offender	202	(1)
The Bureaucracy	203	(1)
The Effectiveness of Supervision	204	(3)
Case Management Systems	205	(1)
Specialized Supervision Programs	206	(1)
Focus: Dealing with the Drug Offender	207	(1)
Performance-Based Supervision	207	(1)
Focus: The Broken Windows Model	208	(1)
Is Probation Effective Regardless?	208	(1)
Revocation and Termination of Probation	209	(1)
Do the Right Thing	210	(2)
Probation in the Coming Decade	212	(1)
Summary	213	(3)
Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections	216	(24)
The Case for Intermediate Sanctions	218	(1)
Unnecessary Imprisonment	218	(1)
Limitations of Probation	219	(1)
Improvements in Justice	219	(1)
Continuum of Sanctions	219	(1)
Problems with Intermediate Sanctions	220	(3)
Selecting Agencies	222	(1)
Selecting Offenders	222	(1)
Widening the Net	222	(1)
Varieties of Intermediate Sanctions	223	(5)
Sanctions Administered Primarily by the Judiciary	223	(2)
Sanctions Administered in the Community	225	(3)
Focus: Jail Moves into Probationer's Home	228	(2)
Sanctions Administered in Institutions and the Community	229	(1)
Making Intermediate Sanctions Work	230	(2)
Sentencing Issues	230	(1)
Selection of Offenders	231	(1)
Surveillance and Control	232	(1)
The New Correctional Professional	232	(1)
Focus: Center for Alternative Sentencing and Employment Services	233	(1)
Community Corrections Legislation	233	(1)
Careers in Corrections: Addiction Treatment Specialist	234	(3)
Reducing Reliance on Prison	234	(2)
Evaluation of Community Corrections Legislation	236	(1)
The Future of Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections	237	(1)
Summary	237	(3)
Incarceration	240	(26)
Focus: Realization	242	(1)
Links to the Past	242	(2)
The Goals of Incarceration	244	(1)
Focus: The New Chain Gangs	245	(1)
Organization for Incarceration	246	(4)
Federal Bureau of Prisons	246	(3)
State Prison Systems	249	(1)
The Design and Classification of Prisons	250	(4)
Today's Designs	250	(2)
The Location of Prisons	252	(1)
The Classification of Prisons	253	(1)
Focus: Maximum Takes on a New Meaning at This Prison	254	(4)
Private Prisons	255	(3)
Who Is in Prison?	258	(3)
Elderly Prisoners	258	(2)
Prisoners with HIV/AIDS	260	(1)
Do the Right Thing	261	(2)
Mentally Ill Prisoners	262	(1)
Long-Term Prisoners	262	(1)
Summary	263	(3)
The Prison Experience	266	(24)
Focus: Going In: The Chain	268	(1)
Prison Society	268	(3)
Norms and Values	270	(1)
Focus: Survival Tips for Beginners	271	(3)
Prison Subculture: Derivation or Importation?	272	(1)
Adaptive Roles	273	(1)
Focus: How Ya Gonna Do Your Time?	274	(2)
The Prison Economy	276	(2)
Focus: Carnalito, the Hustler	278	(1)
Violence in Prison	279	(1)
Violence and Inmate Characteristics	279	(1)
Focus: On Prison Rape	280	(6)
Prisoner--Prisoner Violence	281	(2)
Prisoner--Officer Violence	283	(1)
Officer--Prisoner Violence	283	(2)
Decreasing Prison Violence	285	(1)
Summary	286	(4)
Incarceration of Women	290	(24)
Women: Forgotten Offenders	292	(2)
Historical Perspective	294	(3)
The Incarceration of Women in the United States	294	(2)
The Reformatory Movement	296	(1)
The Post--World War II Years	297	(1)
Women in Prison	297	(1)
Focus: Excerpts from a Prison Journal	298	(6)
Characteristics of Women in Prison	299	(2)
The Subculture of Women's Prisons	301	(2)
Male versus Female Subcultures	303	(1)
Issues in the Incarceration of Women	304	(4)
Sexual Misconduct	305	(1)
Educational and Vocational Programs	306	(1)
Medical Services	306	(1)
Mothers and Their Children	307	(1)
Focus: Maria's Story	308	(2)
Release to the Community	310	(1)
Summary	310	(4)
Institutional Management	314	(30)
Formal Organization	316	(3)
The Organizational Structure	317	(2)
Careers in Corrections: Correctional Officer---State	319	(2)
The Impact of the Structure	321	(1)
Governing Prisons	321	(1)
Focus: Rules of General Conduct, Michigan Department of Corrections	322	(6)
The Defects of Total Power	323	(1)
Rewards and Punishments	324	(1)
Gaining Cooperation: Exchange Relationships	325	(1)
Inmate Leadership	326	(1)
Disciplining Prisoners	326	(2)
Focus: A Model Prison	328	(2)
Leadership: The Crucial Element of Governance	328	(2)
Correctional Officers: The Linchpin of Management	330	(2)
Who Becomes a Correctional Officer?	330	(2)
Focus: A Day on the Job---in Prison	332	(3)
Role Characteristics	334	(1)
Careers in Corrections: Correctional Officer---Federal Bureau of Prisons	335	(4)
Job Assignments	336	(1)
Problems with the Officer's Role	337	(1)
Job Stress and Burnout	337	(1)
Boundary Violations	338	(1)
Do the Right Thing	339	(2)
Use of Force	340	(1)
Collective Bargaining	340	(1)
Summary	341	(3)
Institutional Programs	344	(32)
Managing Time	346	(2)
Constraints of Security	346	(1)
The Principle of Least Eligibility	347	(1)
Classification	348	(2)
The Classification Process	348	(2)
Careers in Corrections: Correctional Treatment Specialist	350	(1)
Objective Classification Systems	350	(1)
Do the Right Thing	351	(1)
Rehabilitative Programs	352	(4)
Psychological Programs	352	(2)
Behavior Therapy	354	(1)
Social Therapy	354	(1)
Educational and Vocational Programs	355	(1)
Focus: Educational Programs in Federal Prisons	356	(5)
Substance Abuse Programs	357	(1)
Sex Offender Programs	358	(1)
Religious Programs	359	(1)
The Rediscovery of Correctional Rehabilitation	360	(1)
Prison Medical Services	361	(2)
Prison Industry	363	(4)
The Contract Labor, Piece Price, and Lease Systems	364	(1)
The Public Account System	364	(1)
The State-Use System	364	(1)
The Public Works and Ways System	365	(1)
Prison Industry Today	365	(2)
Focus: Prison Blues	367	(2)
Focus: Telemarketing from Prison	369	(1)
Prison Maintenance Programs	370	(1)
Prison Recreational Programs	371	(1)
Prison Programming Reconsidered	371	(1)
Summary	372	(4)
Release from Incarceration	376	(22)
Release from One Part of the System to Another	378	(1)
Origins of Parole	379	(1)
Focus: Kansas v. Hendricks	380	(1)
Release Mechanisms	381	(2)
Discretionary Release	382	(1)
Mandatory Release	382	(1)
Other Conditional Release	382	(1)
Expiration Release	382	(1)
Focus: A Roomful of Strangers	383	(1)
The Organization of Releasing Authorities	384	(1)
Consolidated versus Autonomous	384	(1)
Field Services	384	(1)
Full Time versus Part Time	384	(1)
Appointment	385	(1)
The Decision to Release	385	(3)
Discretionary Release	385	(3)
Do the Right Thing	388	(4)
Structuring Parole Decisions	389	(1)
The Impact of Release Mechanisms	390	(2)
Release to the Community	392	(3)
Summary	395	(3)
Making It: Supervision in the Community	398	(30)
Overview of the Postrelease Function	400	(5)
Community Supervision	401	(1)
Revocation	401	(4)
Focus: California: Leading the Nation in the Revocation of Ex-prisoners	405	(1)
The Structure of Community Supervision	405	(3)
Agents of Community Supervision	406	(2)
Careers in Corrections: Parole Officer	408	(3)
The Community Supervision Bureaucracy	408	(3)
Residential Programs	411	(2)
The Offender's Experience of Postrelease Life	413	(1)
The Strangeness of Reentry	413	(1)
Supervision and Surveillance	413	(1)
Focus: It's Time I Shed My Ex-convict Status	414	(5)
The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs	415	(1)
Barriers to Success	415	(4)
The Parolee as ``Dangerous''	419	(2)
Do the Right Thing	421	(1)
The Elements of Successful Reentry	422	(1)
Focus: No ``Perverts'' Allowed	423	(1)
Postrelease Supervision	423	(2)
How Effective Is It?	424	(1)
What Are Its Prospects?	424	(1)
Summary	425	(3)
Corrections for Juveniles	428	(30)
The Problem of Youth Crime	430	(1)
History of Juvenile Corrections	430	(5)
Juvenile Corrections: English Antecedents	430	(1)
Juvenile Corrections in the United States	431	(4)
Why Treat Juveniles and Adults Differently?	435	(1)
Differences between Adults and Juveniles in Perspective	436	(1)
The Problem of Serious Delinquency	436	(1)
Sanctioning Juvenile Offenders	437	(8)
Overview of the Juvenile Justice System	438	(2)
Disposition of Juvenile Offenders	440	(5)
Careers in Corrections: Probation Officer---Juveniles	445	(4)
Do the Right Thing	449	(1)
The Special Problem of Gangs	450	(1)
Focus: Operation Ceasefire and Operation Nite Lite	451	(1)
The Future of Juvenile Justice	452	(1)
Summary	452	(6)
PART 3: CORRECTIONAL ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES
Incarceration Trends	458	(20)
Explaining Prison Population Trends	460	(7)
Increased Arrests and More Likely Incarceration	462	(1)
Tougher Sentencing	463	(1)
Prison Construction	463	(1)
The War on Drugs	464	(1)
State Politics	465	(1)
Public Policy Trends	466	(1)
Dealing with Overcrowded Prisons	467	(2)
The Null Strategy	468	(1)
The Construction Strategy	468	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	468	(1)
Prison Population Reduction	469	(1)
The Impact of Prison Crowding	469	(1)
Focus: Connecticut: Trying to Build Its Way Out	470	(2)
Does Incarceration Pay?	472	(2)
Summary	474	(4)
Race, Ethnicity, and Corrections	478	(16)
The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity	480	(1)
Visions of Race and Punishment	481	(4)
The View of Differential Criminality	481	(3)
The View of a Racist Criminal Justice System	484	(1)
Focus: Mumia Abu-Jamal Faces Execution: Did He Receive a Fair Trial?	485	(3)
The View of a Racist Society	487	(1)
Focus: Police, Minorities, and the War on Drugs	488	(1)
Which Is It: Race or Racism?	489	(1)
The Significance of Race and Punishment	490	(1)
Summary	491	(3)
The Death Penalty	494	(22)
The Debate over Capital Punishment	496	(1)
The Death Penalty in America	497	(3)
Death Row Population	498	(1)
Public Opinion	499	(1)
The Death Penalty and the Constitution	500	(6)
Key U.S. Supreme Court Decisions	500	(2)
Continuing Legal Issues	502	(4)
Who Is on Death Row?	506	(4)
Who Are They?	506	(1)
Where Was the Crime Committed?	507	(1)
Who Was the Prosecutor?	507	(1)
Was Race a Factor?	508	(2)
Focus: Death-Watch Logs	510	(1)
A Continuing Debate?	511	(1)
Summary	512	(4)
Surveillance and Control in the Community	516	(12)
The Goals of Surveillance	518	(1)
The Techniques of Surveillance and Control	519	(2)
Drug Controls	519	(1)
Electronic Controls	520	(1)
Focus: Update on Electronic Monitoring: ``The Bag'' Beats ``The Tag''	521	(2)
Human Surveillance	522	(1)
Programmatic Controls	522	(1)
Control: A Double-Edged Sword	523	(1)
Social Control and Personal Liberty	523	(1)
The Politics of Surveillance and Community Protection	524	(1)
The Limits of Control	524	(2)
Technology	525	(1)
Human Responses	525	(1)
Moral and Ethical Limits	525	(1)
Toward Acceptable Community Control	526	(1)
Summary	526	(2)
Community Justice	528	(17)
Definition of Community Justice	530	(3)
A Philosophy of Justice	530	(1)
A Strategy of Justice	531	(1)
Programs	532	(1)
How Community Justice Differs from Criminal Justice	533	(2)
Neighborhoods	533	(1)
Problem Solving	533	(1)
Restoration	533	(1)
Justice Reinvestment	534	(1)
Overview of Differences	534	(1)
Focus: Restorative Justice in Vermont	535	(1)
Arguments for Community Justice	536	(3)
Crime and Crime Problems Are Local	536	(1)
Crime Fighting Improves the Quality of Life	537	(1)
Proactive Rather Than Reactive Strategies Are Needed	538	(1)
Problems of Community Justice	539	(2)
Impingement on Individual Rights	539	(1)
Social Inequality	540	(1)
Increasing Criminal Justice Costs	541	(1)
The Future of Community Justice	541	(1)
Summary	542	(3)
EPILOGUE American Corrections Today and Tomorrow	545	(7)
Five Correctional Dilemmas	546	(4)
Mission	546	(1)
Methods	547	(1)
Structure	548	(1)
Personnel	549	(1)
Costs	550	(1)
Changing Corrections: A Final View	550	(2)
Glossary	552	(5)
Index	557	(14)
Photo Credits	571