American Foreign Policy Since World War II

by Hook, Steven W.; Spanier, John W.

• ISBN13: 9781568028187
• ISBN10: 1568028180
• Edition: 16th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-01
• Publisher: Cq Pr

Author Biography

Steven W. Hook is an associate professor at Kent State University John Spanier: is professor emeritus, he joined the faculty of the University of Florida, Gainesville, in 1957 and has lectured at the U.S. State Department's Foreign Service Institute, the Naval War College, military service academies, and several universities

Table of Contents

Maps and Featured Figures	xii
Preface	xiii
The American Approach to Foreign Policy	1	(23)
Learning from Experience	5	(1)
The Volatile State System	6	(5)
The Shifting Balance of Power	7	(2)
The American Concept of Security	9	(2)
The American National Style	11	(8)
The American Sense of Destiny	11	(2)
The Depreciation of Power in International Politics	13	(4)
The Penchant for Crusading	17	(2)
Self-Doubts and Revisionist Histories	19	(5)
From World War to Cold War	24	(26)
American Wartime Illusions	25	(4)
The Russo-Soviet Approach to Foreign Policy	29	(3)
The Russian Background	29	(1)
The Soviet Ingredient	30	(2)
Soviet Expansion after World War II	32	(6)
U.S.-Soviet Differences	34	(2)
The Soviet Push to the South	36	(2)
Toward the Strategy of Containment	38	(8)
George Kennan and the New Grand Strategy	40	(3)
Alternatives to Containment	43	(2)
The Changing of the Guard: Sea Power versus Land Power	45	(1)
Declaring Cold War: The Truman Doctrine	46	(4)
Containment: From Theory to Practice	50	(31)
New Economic and Military Structures	52	(3)
The Bretton Woods System	52	(2)
The National Security Act	54	(1)
Reviving the Western European Allies	55	(9)
The Marshall Plan	57	(1)
Roots of the European Union	58	(2)
Military Rearmament and the NATO Alliance	60	(2)
Recurring Conflicts over Berlin	62	(2)
Confronting Revolution in East Asia	64	(9)
The Chinese Revolution	64	(2)
Hot War in Korea	66	(6)
Conflict in the Taiwan Straits	72	(1)
Domestic Pressures for a Global Crusade	73	(2)
Nuclear Strategy and the ``Balance of Terror''	75	(6)
Developing Countries in the Crossfire	81	(31)
Obstacles to Political and Economic Development	84	(8)
The Population Explosion in Developing Countries	85	(1)
Financial Obstacles to Development	86	(1)
Tensions between Nationalism and State Building	87	(3)
The Revolution of Rising Expectations	90	(2)
Clashing Models of Economic Development	92	(4)
Regional Conflicts in Africa and the Middle East	96	(5)
National Disintegration and Civil War in the Congo	96	(2)
Regional Rivalries: The Arab-Israeli Wars	98	(3)
U.S. Policy toward Latin America	101	(3)
Superpower Confrontation in Cuba	104	(8)
The Bay of Pigs	107	(1)
The Cuban Missile Crisis	108	(4)
Vietnam and the Cost of Containment	112	(26)
Ejection of the French from Vietnam	113	(3)
The ``Domino Theory'' and U.S. Intervention	116	(4)
The Perils of Incrementalism	120	(2)
The Misconduct of Guerrilla Warfare	122	(9)
The Military Battlefield: Vietnam	125	(3)
The Political Battlefield: The United States	128	(3)
Disengagement from Vietnam	131	(3)
Congress versus the ``Imperial Presidency''	134	(4)
The Era of Superpower Detente	138	(24)
Managing the Superpower Rivalry	141	(9)
The Kissinger Philosophy	142	(3)
Exploiting the Sino-Soviet Split	145	(3)
Linking Cooperation to Soviet Restraint	148	(2)
Arms Control as the Centerpiece of Detente	150	(3)
The Erosion of U.S. Alliances	153	(1)
New Military Flashpoints	154	(5)
Chile's Military Takeover	155	(2)
Regional Conflicts in Africa	157	(2)
Disillusionment with Detente	159	(3)
Jimmy Carter and World-Order Politics	162	(24)
Recognizing Global Interdependence	164	(3)
A Focus on North-South Relations	167	(5)
The New International Economic Order	168	(1)
The Foreign Aid ``Regime''	169	(2)
OPEC's Economic Challenge	171	(1)
Carter's Middle East Breakthrough	172	(5)
The Collapse of Carter's Foreign Policy	177	(7)
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan	178	(1)
Revolution and Communist Rule in Nicaragua	179	(2)
America ``Held Hostage'' in Iran	181	(3)
Lessons of World-Order Politics	184	(2)
The Revival of Superpower Confrontation	186	(28)
Reagan's Rhetorical Offensive	188	(2)
Expanding U.S. Military Forces	190	(4)
Opposition to Arms Control	191	(2)
The Strategic Defense Initiative	193	(1)
``Rollback'' in Developing Countries	194	(10)
Evaluating the Reagan Doctrine	199	(3)
Abuses of the Reagan Doctrine: The Iran-contra Scandal	202	(2)
Alliance Politics in the Late Cold War	204	(6)
Poland and the Rise of Solidarity	205	(2)
The Missile Debate in Europe	207	(1)
NATO Threatened from Within	208	(2)
From Confrontation to Conciliation	210	(4)
The End of the Cold War	214	(27)
Bush's Management of the Soviet Collapse	215	(12)
Dismantling Stalin's Empire	217	(6)
Detaching Brezhnev's Outposts	223	(2)
Reducing Arms and Stabilizing the Nuclear Balance	225	(2)
Endgame: The Collapse of the Core	227	(5)
Reasons for the Soviet Collapse	232	(7)
The Contending Arguments in Perspective	233	(5)
Excesses of the Containment Policy	238	(1)
A Final Appraisal	239	(2)
America's ``Unipolar Moment''	241	(27)
Great Expectations after the Cold War	244	(2)
Revived Debates about America's World Role	246	(5)
Clinton's Embrace of ``Geoeconomics''	251	(9)
The Course of America's Economic Troubles	252	(3)
Responses by the Clinton Administration	255	(2)
East Asia's Economic ``Miracle''	257	(3)
Promoting Democracy and Sustainable Development	260	(4)
A Grand Strategy of Democratic ``Enlargement''	260	(2)
Support for Sustainable Development	262	(2)
Domestic Challenges to Clinton's Foreign Policy	264	(4)
Old Tensions in a New Order	268	(27)
Sources of Global Fragmentation	269	(2)
War and Peace in the Middle East	271	(11)
Iraq's Challenge in the Persian Gulf	271	(8)
Obstacles to an Arab-Israeli Peace	279	(3)
The Plight of ``Failed States''	282	(7)
Somalia and Central Africa	284	(3)
Haiti	287	(2)
Nuclear Brinkmanship in South Asia	289	(3)
Lessons from the Regional Crises	292	(3)
The Shifting European Landscape	295	(29)
Western Europe: From Community to Union	297	(3)
Jump-Starting Democracy in Eastern Europe	300	(3)
NATO's Endurance after the Cold War	303	(3)
``Ethnic Cleansing'' in the Balkans	306	(10)
The Dayton Accords	310	(2)
The Kosovo Showdown	312	(4)
U.S.-Russian Relations under Stress	316	(8)
Internal Challenges to Reform	317	(3)
Unrest in the ``Near Abroad''	320	(4)
America under Fire	324	(28)
Strains in the Unipolar Order	326	(6)
The Globalization Backlash	327	(2)
U.S. Opposition to International Agreements	329	(3)
Terror in the Morning Sky	332	(2)
Waging War against Terrorism	334	(13)
The al Qaeda Connection	336	(4)
Elements of Asymmetric Warfare	340	(1)
Intelligence	341	(1)
Diplomacy	342	(1)
Homeland Security	342	(1)
The Afghanistan Campaign	343	(3)
Outbreak of Domestic Terrorism	346	(1)
A Grand Strategy of Primacy and Preemption	347	(5)
A World of Trouble	352	(26)
An Economic Boom Gone Bust	354	(6)
East Asia's Reversal of Fortune	355	(3)
Challenges to the ``Washington Consensus''	358	(2)
Renewed Hostilities against Iraq	360	(10)
Building Support for Action	363	(1)
Diplomatic Ruptures and Allied Resistance	364	(6)
North Korea's Nuclear Breakout	370	(2)
Global Orders and American Power	372	(6)
Appendix A: U.S. Administrations since World War II	378	(1)
Appendix B: Chronology of Significant Events	379	(15)
Select Bibliography	394	(13)
Select Web Sites	407	(2)
Index	409	(22)
Photo Credits	431