American Government With 2004 Election Update: Power And Purpose

by Lowi, Theodore J.; Ginsberg, Benjamin; Shepsle, Kenneth A.

• ISBN13: 9780393927283
• ISBN10: 0393927288
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-01
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Summary

In the Eighth Edition, American Government: Power and Purpose maintains the analytical rigor, focused pedagogy, and judicious use of relevant history that have distinguished it as the authoritative text for American government courses. Retaining the analytical framework that first appeared in the Seventh Edition, the Eighth Edition emphasizes five core "Principles of Politics":

1. All political behavior has a purpose
2. All politics is collective action
3. Institutions matter
4. Political outcomes are the products of individuals' preferences and institutional procedures
5. History matters

By drawing on these principles throughout the text, the authors expose students to repeated applications of core ideas in their discussion of political concepts and history. The result is a refined, accessible portrait of America's government institutions and political life that encourages students to think critically and analytically.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART 1 FOUNDATIONS	1	(156)
Five Principles of Politics	2	(32)
What Is Government, and Why Is It Necessary?	8	(5)
Forms of Government	8	(1)
Foundations of Government	8	(2)
Why Is Government Necessary?	10	(2)
Influencing the Government: Politics	12	(1)
Why Do Governments Do What They Do?	13	(15)
Principle 1: All Political Behavior Has a Purpose	14	(1)
Principle 2: All Politics Is Collective Action	15	(4)
Principle 3: Institutions Matter	19	(4)
Principle 4: Political Outcomes Are the Products of Individual Preferences and Institutional Procedures	23	(2)
Principle 5: History Matters	25	(3)
The Paradoxes of American Democracy	28	(2)
Delegating Authority in a Representative Democracy	29	(1)
The Trade-off between Freedom and Order	29	(1)
Instability of Majority Rule	30	(1)
Summary	30	(1)
For Further Reading	31	(3)
Constructing a Government: The Founding and the Constitution	34	(42)
The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts	37	(4)
British Taxes and Colonial Interests	37	(2)
Political Strife and the Radicalizing of the Colonists	39	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	40	(1)
The Articles of Confederation	40	(1)
The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution	41	(8)
International Standing and Balance of Power	41	(1)
The Annapolis Convention	42	(1)
Shays's Rebellion	43	(1)
The Constitutional Convention	43	(6)
The Constitution	49	(8)
The Legislative Branch	50	(1)
The Executive Branch	51	(1)
The Judicial Branch	52	(1)
National Unity and Power	53	(1)
Amending the Constitution	54	(1)
Ratifying the Constitution	54	(1)
Constitutional Limits on the National Government's Power	54	(3)
The Fight for Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists	57	(7)
Representation	60	(1)
The Threats Posed by the Majority	61	(1)
Governmental Power	62	(2)
Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment	64	(6)
Amendments: Many Are Called, Few Are Chosen	64	(2)
The Twenty-seven Amendments	66	(4)
Reflections on the Founding: Principles or Interests?	70	(2)
Summary	72	(1)
For Further Reading	73	(3)
The Constitutional Framework: Federalism and the Separation of Powers	76	(38)
Federalism and the Separation of Powers as Political Institutions	78	(2)
Who Does What? The Changing Federal Framework	80	(20)
Federalism in the Constitution	80	(4)
The Slow Growth of the National Government's Power	84	(4)
Cooperative Federalism and Grants-in-Aid	88	(2)
Regulated Federalism and National Standards	90	(4)
New Federalism and the National-State Tug-of-War	94	(6)
The Separation of Powers	100	(7)
Checks and Balances	101	(1)
Legislative Supremacy	101	(2)
The Role of the Supreme Court	103	(4)
Altering the Balance of Power: What Are the Consequences?	107	(1)
Summary	108	(2)
For Further Reading	110	(4)
The Constitutional Framework and the Individual: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights	114	(43)
Civil Liberties: Nationalizing the Bill of Rights	117	(11)
Dual Citizenship	118	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	119	(4)
The Constitutional Revolution in Civil Liberties	123	(3)
Rehnquist: A De-nationalizing Trend?	126	(2)
Civil Rights	128	(22)
Plessy v. Ferguson: ``Separate but Equal''	128	(1)
Racial Discrimination after World War II	129	(2)
Civil Rights after Brown v. Board of Education	131	(6)
The Rise of the Politics of Rights	137	(5)
Affirmative Action	142	(8)
Summary	150	(2)
For Further Reading	152	(5)
PART 2 INSTITUTIONS	157	(206)
Congress: The First Branch	158	(62)
Representation	161	(14)
House and Senate: Differences in Representation	163	(2)
The Electoral System	165	(10)
The Organization of Congress	175	(19)
Cooperation in Congress	176	(1)
Other Underlying Problems	177	(2)
Party Leadership in the House and the Senate	179	(5)
The Committee System: The Core of Congress	184	(9)
The Staff System: Staffers and Agencies	193	(1)
Informal Organization: The Caucuses	194	(1)
Rules of Lawmaking: How a Bill Becomes a Law	194	(8)
Committee Deliberation	194	(1)
Debate	195	(1)
Conference Committee: Reconciling House and Senate Versions of a Bill	196	(1)
Presidential Action	197	(1)
The Distributive Tendency in Congress	197	(5)
How Congress Decides	202	(8)
Constituency	202	(1)
Interest Groups	202	(1)
Party Discipline	203	(6)
Weighing Diverse Influences	209	(1)
Beyond Legislation: Additional Congressional Powers	210	(2)
Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers	210	(1)
Impeachment	211	(1)
Power and Representation	212	(2)
Summary	214	(2)
For Further Reading	216	(4)
The President: From Chief Clerk to Chief Executive	220	(52)
The Constitutional Basis of the Presidency	223	(15)
The President as Head of State	225	(2)
The Domestic Presidency: The President as Head of Government	227	(11)
The Rise of Presidential Government	238	(7)
The Legislative Epoch, 1800--1933	239	(3)
The New Deal and the Presidency	242	(3)
Presidential Government	245	(17)
What Are the Formal Resources of Presidential Power?	246	(8)
What Are the Informal Resources of Presidential Power?	254	(8)
Is a Parliamentary System Better?	262	(5)
Governmental Arrangements	264	(1)
The Government Formation Process	265	(2)
Summary	267	(2)
For Further Reading	269	(3)
The Executive Branch: Bureaucracy in a Democracy	272	(40)
Why Bureaucracy?	275	(7)
Bureaucratic Organization Enhances Efficiency	276	(1)
Bureaucracies Allow Governments to Operate	277	(1)
Bureaucrats Fulfill Important Roles	278	(4)
How Is the Executive Branch Organized?	282	(8)
Clientele Agencies Serve Particular Interests	285	(1)
Agencies for Maintenance of the Union Keep the Government Going	285	(2)
Regulatory Agencies Guide Individual Conduct	287	(1)
Agencies of Redistribution Implement Fiscal/Monetary and Welfare Policies	288	(2)
Who Controls the Bureaucracy?	290	(9)
The President as Chief Executive Can Direct Agencies	290	(2)
Congress Promotes Responsible Bureaucracy	292	(3)
Control of the Bureaucracy Is a Principal-Agent Problem	295	(4)
How Can Bureaucracy Be Reduced?	299	(8)
Termination	302	(1)
Devolution	303	(3)
Privatization	306	(1)
Summary	307	(1)
For Further Reading	308	(4)
The Federal Courts: Least Dangerous Branch or Imperial Judiciary?	312	(51)
The Judicial Process	315	(2)
The Organization of the Court System	317	(8)
Types of Courts	317	(2)
Federal Jurisdiction	319	(1)
The Lower Federal Courts	320	(1)
The Appellate Courts	320	(1)
The Supreme Court	321	(1)
How Judges Are Appointed	321	(4)
How Do Courts Work as Political Institutions?	325	(3)
Dispute Resolution	325	(1)
Coordination	326	(1)
Rule Interpretation	327	(1)
The Power of Judicial Review	328	(7)
Judicial Review of Acts of Congress	328	(2)
Judicial Review of State Actions	330	(1)
Judicial Review of Federal Agency Actions	331	(2)
Judicial Review and Lawmaking	333	(2)
The Supreme Court in Action	335	(10)
How Cases Reach the Supreme Court	335	(4)
Controlling the Flow of Cases	339	(1)
The Case Pattern	340	(2)
The Supreme Court's Procedures	342	(3)
Judicial Decision Making	345	(7)
The Supreme Court Justices	345	(4)
Other Institutions of Government	349	(3)
Judicial Power and Politics	352	(4)
Traditional Limitations on the Federal Courts	352	(1)
Two Judicial Revolutions	353	(3)
Summary	356	(2)
For Further Reading	358	(5)
PART 3 POLITICS	363	(210)
Public Opinion	364	(48)
What Are the Origins of Public Opinion?	367	(12)
Common Fundamental Values	367	(3)
Political Socialization	370	(7)
Political Ideology	377	(2)
How Are Political Opinions Formed?	379	(11)
Knowledge and Information	381	(3)
Government and Political Leaders	384	(4)
Private Groups	388	(1)
The Media and Public Opinion	389	(1)
How Is Public Opinion Measured?	390	(14)
Directly from People	391	(2)
Surveys	393	(5)
Limits to Assessing Public Opinion with Polls	398	(5)
Public Opinion, Political Knowledge, and the Importance of Ignorance	403	(1)
How Does Public Opinion Influence Government Policy?	404	(3)
Summary	407	(1)
For Further Reading	408	(4)
Elections	412	(50)
How Does Government Regulate the Electoral Process?	416	(16)
Electoral Composition	417	(4)
Translating Voters' Choices into Electoral Outcomes	421	(5)
Insulating Decision-Making Processes	426	(5)
Direct Democracy: The Referendum and Recall	431	(1)
How Do Voters Decide?	432	(4)
Partisan Loyalty	432	(1)
Issues	433	(2)
Candidate Characteristics	435	(1)
The 2004 Elections	436	(5)
Democratic Opportunities	439	(1)
Republican Strategies	440	(1)
The End Game	440	(1)
Campaign Finance	441	(7)
Sources of Campaign Funds	442	(5)
Campaign Finance Reform	447	(1)
Implications for Democracy	447	(1)
Do Elections Matter?	448	(9)
Why Is There a Decline in Voter Turnout?	449	(6)
Why Do Elections Matter as Political Institutions?	455	(2)
Summary	457	(1)
For Further Reading	458	(4)
Political Parties	462	(42)
Why Do Political Parties Form?	464	(3)
To Facilitate Collective Action in the Electoral Process	465	(1)
To Resolve Collective Choice in the Policy-Making Process	466	(1)
To Deal with the Problem of Ambition	467	(1)
What Functions Do Parties Perform?	467	(9)
Recruiting Candidates	467	(1)
Nominations	468	(2)
Getting Out the Vote	470	(1)
Facilitating Mass Electoral Choice	471	(1)
Influencing National Government	472	(4)
Party Systems	476	(14)
The First Party System: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans	477	(2)
The Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs	479	(2)
The Third Party System, 1860--1896: Republicans and Democrats	481	(2)
The Fourth Party System, 1896--1932	483	(1)
The Fifth Party System: The New Deal Coalition, 1932--1968	484	(1)
The Sixth Party System?	485	(1)
American Third Parties	486	(4)
How Strong Are Political Parties Today?	490	(8)
High-Tech Politics and the Rise of Candidate-Centered and Capital-Intensive Politics	490	(3)
Contemporary Party Organizations	493	(4)
The Contemporary Party as Service Provider to Candidates	497	(1)
Parties and Democracy	497	(1)
Summary	498	(2)
For Further Reading	500	(4)
Groups and Interests	504	(38)
What Are the Characteristics of Interest Groups?	507	(7)
Interest Groups Enhance Democracy . . .	507	(1)
. . . but Also Represent the Evils of Faction	507	(1)
Organized Interests Are Predominantly Economic	508	(1)
All Groups Require Money and Leadership, and Most Need Members	509	(1)
Group Membership Has an Upper-Class Bias	510	(1)
Groups Form in Response to Changes in the Political Environment	511	(3)
How and Why Do Interest Groups Form?	514	(8)
Interest Groups Facilitate Cooperation	515	(4)
Selective Benefits: A Solution to the Collective Action Problem	519	(2)
Political Entrepreneurs Organize and Maintain Groups	521	(1)
How Do Interest Groups Influence Policy?	522	(14)
Direct Lobbying	524	(4)
Using the Courts	528	(1)
Mobilizing Public Opinion	529	(2)
Using Electoral Politics	531	(5)
Groups and Interests: The Dilemma of Reform	536	(1)
Summary	537	(2)
For Further Reading	539	(3)
The Media	542	(31)
The Media Industry and Government	545	(8)
Types of Media	545	(3)
Regulation of the Broadcast and Electronic Media	548	(1)
Freedom of the Press	549	(1)
Organization and Ownership of the Media	550	(2)
Nationalization of the News	552	(1)
What Affects News Coverage?	553	(8)
Journalists	553	(2)
Politicians	555	(4)
Consumers	559	(2)
What Are the Sources of Media Power in American Politics?	561	(5)
Agenda Setting	562	(1)
Framing	562	(1)
Priming	563	(1)
The Rise of Adversarial Journalism	564	(2)
Media Power and Responsibility	566	(1)
Summary	567	(2)
For Further Reading	569	(4)
PART 4 GOVERNANCE	573
Government in Action: Public Policy and the Economy	574	(36)
How Does Government Make a Market Economy Possible?	577	(6)
Establishing Law and Order	578	(1)
Defining Rules of Property	578	(1)
Enforcing Contracts	578	(1)
Governing Rules of Exchange	579	(1)
Setting Market Standards	579	(1)
Providing Public Goods	579	(1)
Creating a Labor Force	580	(1)
Ameliorating Externalities	580	(1)
Promoting Competition	580	(1)
The Bases of Government Involvement	580	(3)
What Are the Goals, Tools, and Politics of Economic Policy?	583	(23)
Public Order and Private Property	584	(1)
Business Development	585	(8)
Maintaining a Stable and Strong Economy	593	(13)
Summary	606	(1)
For Further Reading	607	(3)
Government and Society	610	(32)
The History of the Social Welfare System	612	(2)
What Are the Foundations of the Social Welfare System	614	(10)
Social Security	614	(4)
Medicare	618	(1)
Public Assistance Programs	619	(5)
Analyzing the Welfare System	624	(5)
Arguments Against It	624	(3)
Arguments for It	627	(2)
How Can Government Create Opportunity?	629	(6)
Education Policies	629	(3)
Health Policies	632	(3)
Who Is Poor? What Can Government Do?	635	(2)
Summary	637	(1)
For Further Reading	637	(5)
Foreign Policy and Democracy	642
Who Makes and Shapes Foreign Policy	646	(7)
The President	646	(1)
The Bureaucracy	647	(1)
Congress	648	(2)
Interest Groups	650	(2)
The Media	652	(1)
Putting It Together	652	(1)
What Are the Values in American Foreign Policy?	653	(4)
Legacies of the Traditional System	655	(1)
The Great Leap to World Power	655	(2)
What Are the Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy?	657	(16)
Diplomacy	657	(2)
The United Nations	659	(5)
The International Monetary Structure	664	(2)
Economic Aid	666	(1)
Collective Security	667	(3)
Military Deterrence	670	(3)
Roles Nations Play	673	(9)
Choosing a Role	673	(2)
Roles for America Today	675	(7)
Summary	682	(2)
For Further Reading	684
APPENDIX	1	(43)
The Declaration of Independence	3	(4)
The Articles of Confederation	7	(6)
The Constitution of the United States of America	13	(12)
Amendments to the Constitution	25	(10)
Federalist Papers	35	(9)
No. 10	35	(5)
No. 51	40	(4)
Glossary of Terms	44	(17)
Index	61