American Government and Politics Today The Essentials 2006-2007 Edition

by Bardes, Barbara A.; Shelley, Mack C.; Schmidt, Steffen W.

• ISBN13: 9780534647339
• ISBN10: 0534647332
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-06-09
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The best-selling book published for American Government, AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS TODAY: THE ESSENTIALS helps students experience the excitement that comes from active, informed citizenship in a concisely organized package. Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt's text is renowned nationwide for its balanced, unbiased, comprehensive, and up-to-date coverage of constitutional, governmental, political, social, and economic structures and processes. The overriding theme is the importance of informed active citizenship. The pedagogy underscores this theme by soliciting critical thinking about political issues and encouraging students to become involved the political process. With keen awareness of its audience, AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS TODAY: THE ESSENTIALS incorporates current examples, the Internet, and other media to stimulate learning and excitement about American government. This truly interactive text gives students more than reading material-it gives them tools to become good citizens.

Table of Contents

Part One The American System
The Democratic Republic	1	(28)
What If ... National Laws Were Put to a Popular Vote?	2	(1)
Politics and Government	3	(1)
Why Is Government Necessary?	3	(2)
The Need for Security	3	(1)
Limiting Government Power	4	(1)
Authority and Legitimacy	5	(1)
Democracy and Other Forms of Government	5	(4)
Types of Government	5	(1)
Direct Democracy as a Model	6	(1)
The Dangers of Direct Democracy	7	(1)
A Democratic Republic	7	(2)
What Kind of Democracy Do We Have?	9	(1)
Democracy for Everyone	9	(1)
Democracy for the Few	9	(1)
Democracy for Groups	10	(1)
Fundamental Values	10	(4)
Political Socialization	10	(1)
Liberty versus Order	11	(1)
Equality versus Liberty	12	(2)
Political Ideologies	14	(5)
Liberalism versus Conservatism	15	(1)
The Traditional Political Spectrum	16	(1)
``Classical'' Liberalism	16	(1)
Problems with the Traditional Political Spectrum	17	(1)
A Four-Cornered Ideological Grid	17	(1)
Totalitarian Ideologies	18	(1)
Totalitarianism in the Islamic World	18	(1)
The Changing Face of America	19	(4)
The Aging of America	19	(1)
Our Growing Population	20	(1)
Ethnic Change	21	(1)
Who Are the Hispanics?	21	(1)
Other Trends	22	(1)
American Politics: Why Is It Important Today?	23	(2)
Making a Difference: Seeing Democracy in Action	25	(1)
Key Terms	26	(1)
Chapter Summary	26	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	26	(1)
E-Mocracy: Connecting to American Government and Politics	27	(2)
The Constitution	29	(50)
What If ... An Immigrant Could Become President?	30	(1)
The Colonial Background	31	(2)
Separatists, the Mayflower, and the Compact	31	(1)
More Colonies, More Government	32	(1)
British Restrictions and Colonial Grievances	33	(1)
The Colonial Response: The Continental Congresses	33	(1)
The First Continental Congress	33	(1)
The Second Continental Congress	33	(1)
Declaring Independence	34	(2)
The Resolution of Independence	34	(1)
July 4, 1776---The Declaration of Independence	34	(2)
The Rise of Republicanism	36	(1)
The Articles of Confederation: Our First Form of Government	36	(3)
Accomplishments under the Articles	37	(1)
Weaknesses of the Articles	38	(1)
Shays' Rebellion and the Need for Revision of the Articles	38	(1)
Drafting the Constitution	39	(7)
Who Were the Delegates?	39	(1)
The Working Environment	39	(1)
Factions among the Delegates	40	(1)
Politicking and Compromises	40	(4)
Working toward Final Agreement	44	(2)
The Final Document	46	(1)
The Difficult Road to Ratification	46	(4)
The Federalists Push for Ratification	47	(1)
The March to the Finish	48	(1)
Did the Majority of Americans Support the Constitution?	49	(1)
The Bill of Rights	50	(1)
A ``Bill of Limits''	50	(1)
No Explicit Limits on State Government Powers	50	(1)
Altering the Constitution: The Formal Amendment Process	51	(3)
Many Amendments Proposed, Few Accepted	52	(1)
Limits on Ratification	53	(1)
The National Convention Provision	54	(1)
Informal Methods of Constitutional Change	54	(2)
Congressional Legislation	55	(1)
Presidential Actions	55	(1)
Judicial Review	55	(1)
Interpretation, Custom, and Usage	56	(1)
The Constitution: Why Is It Important Today?	56	(2)
Making a Difference: How Can You Affect the Constitution?	58	(1)
Key Terms	58	(1)
Chapter Summary	59	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	59	(1)
E-Mocracy: The Internet and Our Constitution	60	(1)
Appendix to Chapter 2	61	(18)
Federalism	79	(32)
What If ... Education Were a National Responsibility?	80	(1)
Three Systems of Government	81	(1)
A Unitary System	82	(1)
A Confederal System	82	(1)
A Federal System	82	(1)
Why Federalism?	82	(3)
A Practical Solution	83	(1)
Other Arguments for Federalism	83	(1)
Arguments against Federalism	84	(1)
The Constitutional Basis for American Federalism	85	(3)
Powers of the National Government	85	(1)
Powers of the State Governments	86	(1)
Concurrent Powers	86	(1)
Prohibited Powers	86	(1)
The Supremacy Clause	87	(1)
Vertical Checks and Balances	87	(1)
Interstate Relations	88	(1)
Defining Constitutional Powers---The Early Years	88	(3)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	90	(1)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	91	(1)
States' Rights and the Resort to Civil War	91	(2)
The Shift Back to States' Rights	91	(1)
War and the Growth of the National Government	92	(1)
The Continuing Dispute over the Division of Power	93	(7)
Dual Federalism and the Retreat of National Authority	93	(3)
The New Deal and Cooperative Federalism	96	(1)
Methods of Implementing Cooperative Federalism	97	(3)
The Politics of Federalism	100	(2)
What Has National Authority Accomplished?	100	(2)
Federalism Becomes a Republican Issue	102	(1)
Federalism and the Supreme Court Today	102	(3)
Reining in the Commerce Power	103	(1)
State Sovereignty and the Eleventh Amendment	104	(1)
Tenth Amendment Issues	104	(1)
Federalism: Why Is It Important Today?	105	(1)
Making a Difference: Writing Letters to the Editor	106	(1)
Key Terms	106	(1)
Chapter Summary	107	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	108	(1)
E-Mocracy: Your Federal, State, and Local Governments Are Available at a Click of Your Mouse	109	(2)
Part Two Civil Rights and Liberties
Civil Liberties	111	(38)
What If ... You Had to Carry a National Identification Card?	112	(1)
The Bill of Rights	113	(1)
Extending the Bill of Rights to State Governments	113	(1)
Incorporation of the Fourteenth Amendment	114	(1)
Freedom of Religion	114	(8)
The Separation of Church and State---The Establishment Clause	115	(6)
The Free Exercise Clause	121	(1)
Freedom of Expression	122	(8)
No Prior Restraint	122	(2)
The Protection of Symbolic Speech	124	(1)
The Protection of Commercial Speech	124	(1)
Permitted Restrictions on Expression	125	(1)
Unprotected Speech: Obscenity	126	(2)
Unprotected Speech: Slander	128	(1)
Campus Speech	128	(1)
Hate Speech on the Internet	129	(1)
Freedom of the Press	130	(2)
Defamation in Writing	130	(1)
A Free Press versus a Fair Trial: Gag Orders	130	(1)
Films, Radio, and TV	131	(1)
The Right to Assemble and to Petition the Government	132	(1)
Street Gangs	132	(1)
Online Assembly	132	(1)
More Liberties under Scrutiny: Matters of Privacy	133	(4)
Privacy Rights in an Information Age	133	(1)
Privacy Rights and Abortion	134	(1)
Privacy Rights and the ``Right to Die''	135	(1)
Privacy Rights versus Security Issues	136	(1)
The Great Balancing Act: The Rights of the Accused versus the Rights of Society	137	(4)
Rights of the Accused	137	(1)
Extending the Rights of the Accused	138	(2)
The Exclusionary Rule	140	(1)
The Death Penalty	141	(2)
Cruel and Unusual Punishment?	141	(1)
The Death Penalty Today	142	(1)
Time Limits for Death Row Appeals	143	(1)
Civil Liberties: Why Are They Important Today?	143	(1)
Making a Difference: Your Civil Liberties: Searches and Seizures	144	(1)
Key Terms	145	(1)
Chapter Summary	145	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	146	(1)
E-Mocracy: Understanding Your Civil Liberties	146	(3)
Civil Rights	149	(40)
What If ... One State's Same-Sex Marriages Had to Be Recognized Nationwide?	150	(1)
African Americans and the Consequences of Slavery in the United States	151	(6)
Ending Servitude	152	(1)
The Civil Rights Acts of 1865 to 1875	152	(1)
The Ineffectiveness of the Civil Rights Laws	153	(2)
The End of the Separate-but-Equal Doctrine	155	(1)
Reactions to School Integration	155	(1)
An Integrationist Attempt at a Cure: Busing	156	(1)
The Civil Rights Movement	157	(2)
King's Philosophy of Nonviolence	158	(1)
Another Approach---Black Power	159	(1)
The Climax of the Civil Rights Movement	159	(4)
Civil Rights Legislation	159	(2)
Consequences of Civil Rights Legislation	161	(2)
Women's Struggle for Equal Rights	163	(5)
Early Women's Political Movements	163	(1)
Women's Suffrage Associations	164	(1)
The Modern Women's Movement	164	(3)
Women in Politics Today	167	(1)
Gender-Based Discrimination in the Workplace	168	(2)
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964	168	(1)
Sexual Harassment	168	(1)
Wage Discrimination	169	(1)
Civil Rights: Extending Equal Protection	170	(1)
Affirmative Action	170	(2)
The Bakke Case	170	(1)
Further Limits on Affirmative Action	171	(1)
State Ballot Initiatives	171	(1)
Special Protection for Older Americans	172	(1)
Age Discrimination in Employment	172	(1)
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967	172	(1)
Securing Rights for Persons with Disabilities	173	(1)
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	173	(1)
Limiting the Scope and Applicability of the ADA	173	(1)
The Rights and Status of Gay Males and Lesbians	174	(3)
Growth in the Gay Male and Lesbian Rights Movement	174	(1)
State and Local Laws Targeting Gay Men and Lesbians	174	(1)
The Gay Community and Politics	175	(1)
Gay Men and Lesbians in the Military	175	(1)
Same-Sex Marriages	176	(1)
Child Custody and Adoption	177	(1)
The Rights and Status of Juveniles	177	(5)
Voting Rights and the Young	178	(1)
The Rights of Children in Civil and Criminal Proceedings	179	(3)
Civil Rights: Why Are They Important Today?	182	(2)
Making a Difference: Dealing with Discrimination	184	(1)
Key Terms	184	(1)
Chapter Summary	185	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	186	(1)
E-Mocracy: Civil Rights Information Online	187	(2)
Part Three People and Politics
Public Opinion and Political Socialization	189	(30)
What If ... Exit Polls Were Regulated?	190	(2)
Defining Public Opinion	192	(1)
How Public Opinion Is Formed: Political Socialization	193	(3)
Models of Political Socialization	193	(1)
The Family and the Social Environment	193	(2)
The Impact of the Media	195	(1)
The Influence of Political Events	196	(1)
Political Preferences and Voting Behavior	196	(6)
Demographic Influences	196	(5)
Election-Specific Factors	201	(1)
Measuring Public Opinion	202	(4)
The History of Opinion Polls	202	(1)
Sampling Techniques	203	(1)
Problems with Polls	204	(2)
Technology and Opinion Polls	206	(2)
The Advent of Telephone Polling	206	(1)
Enter Internet Polling	207	(1)
Public Opinion and the Political Process	208	(4)
Political Culture and Public Opinion	209	(1)
Public Opinion about Government	209	(2)
Public Opinion and Policymaking	211	(1)
Public Opinion: Why Is It Important Today?	212	(2)
Making a Difference: Be a Critical Consumer of Opinion Polls	214	(1)
Key Terms	214	(1)
Chapter Summary	215	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	215	(1)
E-Mocracy: Online Polling and Poll Data	216	(3)
Interest Groups	219	(30)
What If ... Retired Government Employees Could Not Work for Interest Groups?	220	(1)
Interest Groups: A Natural Phenomenon	221	(3)
Interest Groups and Social Movements	223	(1)
Why So Many?	223	(1)
Why Do Americans Join Interest Groups?	224	(3)
Solidary Incentives	225	(1)
Material Incentives	225	(1)
Purposive Incentives	226	(1)
Types of Interest Groups	227	(8)
Economic Interest Groups	227	(5)
Environmental Groups	232	(1)
Public-Interest Groups	233	(1)
Other Interest Groups	234	(1)
Foreign Governments	235	(1)
What Makes an Interest Group Powerful?	235	(2)
Size and Resources	235	(1)
Leadership	236	(1)
Cohesiveness	237	(1)
Interest Group Strategies	237	(5)
Direct Techniques	238	(2)
Indirect Techniques	240	(2)
Regulating Lobbyists	242	(1)
The Results of the 1946 Act	242	(1)
The Reforms of 1995	242	(1)
Interest Groups and Representative Democracy	243	(1)
Interest Groups: Elitist or Pluralist?	243	(1)
Interest Group Influence	243	(1)
Interest Groups: Why Are They Important Today?	244	(1)
Making a Difference: The Gun Control Issue	245	(1)
Key Terms	245	(1)
Chapter Summary	246	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	246	(1)
E-Mocracy: Interest Groups and the Internet	247	(2)
Political Parties	249	(36)
What If ... We Had a Multiparty Political System?	250	(1)
What Is a Political Party?	251	(1)
A History of Political Parties in the United States	252	(7)
The Formative Years: Federalists and Anti-Federalists	253	(1)
The Era of Good Feelings	253	(1)
National Two-Party Rule: Democrats and Whigs	254	(1)
The Civil War Crisis	254	(1)
The Post-Civil War Period	254	(2)
The Progressive Interlude	256	(1)
The New Deal Era	256	(1)
An Era of Divided Government	257	(2)
The Two Major U.S. Parties Today	259	(3)
The Parties' Core Constituents	259	(1)
Economic Beliefs	259	(2)
Cultural Politics	261	(1)
The 2004 Election: Economics and National Security	262	(1)
The Three Faces of a Party	262	(7)
Party Organization	263	(1)
The National Party Organization	263	(3)
The State Party Organization	266	(1)
Local Party Machinery: The Grassroots	266	(2)
The Party-in-Government	268	(1)
Why Has the Two-Party System Endured?	269	(2)
The Historical Foundations of the Two-Party System	269	(1)
Political Socialization and Practical Considerations	270	(1)
The Winner-Take-All Electoral System	270	(1)
State and Federal Laws Favoring the Two Parties	271	(1)
The Role of Minor Parties in U.S. Politics	271	(6)
Ideological Third Parties	272	(1)
Splinter Parties	273	(1)
The Impact of Minor Parties	274	(3)
Mechanisms of Political Change	277	(3)
Realignment	277	(1)
Dealignment	278	(1)
Tipping	279	(1)
On to the Future	280	(1)
Political Parties: Why Are They Important Today?	280	(1)
Making a Difference: Electing Convention Delegates	281	(1)
Key Terms	282	(1)
Chapter Summary	282	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	283	(1)
E-Mocracy: Political Parties and the Internet	284	(1)
Campaigns, Elections, and the Media	285	(50)
What If ... We Had Public Financing for All Political Campaigns?	286	(1)
Who Wants to Be a Candidate?	287	(4)
Why They Run	287	(2)
The Nomination Process	289	(1)
Who Is Eligible?	289	(1)
Who Runs?	290	(1)
The Twenty-First-Century Campaign	291	(3)
The Changing Campaign	291	(1)
The Professional Campaign	292	(1)
The Strategy of Winning	292	(2)
Financing the Campaign	294	(7)
Regulating Campaign Financing	294	(1)
The Federal Election Campaign Act	295	(1)
PACs and Political Campaigns	296	(1)
Campaign Financing beyond the Limits	297	(2)
The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002	299	(2)
Running for President: The Longest Campaign	301	(6)
Reforming the Primaries	301	(1)
Types of Primaries	302	(1)
Front-Loading the Primaries	303	(1)
On to the National Convention	304	(1)
The Electoral College	305	(2)
How Are Elections Conducted?	307	(3)
Office-Block and Party-Column Ballots	307	(1)
Voting by Mail	308	(1)
Vote Fraud	309	(1)
Turning Out to Vote	310	(4)
The Effect of Low Voter Turnout	311	(1)
Is Voter Turnout Declining?	312	(1)
Factors Influencing Who Votes	313	(1)
Why People Do Not Vote	313	(1)
Legal Restrictions on Voting	314	(2)
Historical Restrictions	314	(1)
Current Eligibility and Registration Requirements	315	(1)
The Media and Politics	316	(3)
Entertainment	317	(1)
Reporting the News	317	(1)
Identifying Public Problems	318	(1)
Socializing New Generations	318	(1)
Providing a Political Forum	318	(1)
Making Profits	318	(1)
The Primacy of Television	319	(2)
The Increase in News-Type Programming	320	(1)
Television's Influence on the Political Process	320	(1)
The Media and Political Campaigns	321	(6)
Advertising	321	(2)
Management of News Coverage	323	(1)
Going for the Knockout Punch---Presidential Debates	324	(1)
Political Campaigns and the Internet	325	(1)
The Media's Impact on the Voters	325	(2)
Government Regulation of the Media	327	(3)
Controlling Ownership of the Media	327	(1)
Government Control of Content	328	(2)
The Public's Right to Media Access	330	(1)
Campaigns, Elections, and the Media: Why Are They Important Today?	330	(1)
Making a Difference: Being a Critical Consumer of the News	331	(1)
Key Terms	331	(1)
Chapter Summary	332	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	333	(1)
E-Mocracy: Campaigns, the Media, and the Internet	334	(1)
Part Four Political Institutions
The Congress	335	(36)
What If ... Members of Congress Were Required to Report Annually to Their Constituents?	336	(1)
Why Was Congress Created?	337	(1)
The Functions of Congress	338	(3)
The Lawmaking Function	338	(1)
The Representation Function	338	(1)
Service to Constituents	339	(1)
The Oversight Function	340	(1)
The Public-Education Function	340	(1)
The Conflict-Resolution Function	340	(1)
The Powers of Congress	341	(1)
Enumerated Powers	341	(1)
The Necessary and Proper Clause	342	(1)
House-Senate Differences	342	(2)
Size and Rules	343	(1)
Debate and Filibustering	343	(1)
Prestige	344	(1)
Congresspersons and the Citizenry: A Comparison	344	(1)
Congressional Elections	345	(3)
Candidates for Congressional Elections	346	(1)
The Power of Incumbency	347	(1)
Congressional Apportionment	348	(4)
Gerrymandering	349	(1)
Redistricting after the 2000 Census	349	(1)
``Minority-Majority'' Districts	350	(1)
Constitutional Challenges	350	(2)
Changing Directions	352	(1)
Perks and Privileges	352	(2)
Permanent Professional Staffs	352	(1)
Privileges and Immunities under the Law	353	(1)
Congressional Caucuses: Another Source of Support	353	(1)
The Committee Structure	354	(3)
The Power of Committees	354	(1)
Types of Congressional Committees	355	(1)
The Selection of Committee Members	356	(1)
The Formal Leadership	357	(3)
Leadership in the House	357	(2)
Leadership in the Senate	359	(1)
How Members of Congress Decide	360	(1)
The Conservative Coalition	361	(1)
``Crossing Over''	361	(1)
How a Bill Becomes Law	361	(2)
How Much Will the Government Spend?	363	(3)
Preparing the Budget	364	(1)
Congress Faces the Budget	364	(2)
Budget Resolutions	366	(1)
The Congress: Why Is It Important Today?	366	(1)
Making a Difference: Learning about Your Representatives	367	(1)
Key Terms	368	(1)
Chapter Summary	368	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	369	(1)
E-Mocracy: Elections and the Web	370	(1)
The President	371	(34)
What If ... There Were No Executive Privilege?	372	(1)
Who Can Become President?	373	(1)
The Process of Becoming President	374	(2)
The Many Roles of the President	376	(11)
Head of State	376	(1)
Chief Executive	377	(2)
Commander in Chief	379	(2)
Chief Diplomat	381	(2)
Chief Legislator	383	(3)
Other Presidential Powers	386	(1)
The President as Party Chief and Superpolitician	387	(2)
The President as Chief of Party	387	(1)
Constituencies and Public Approval	387	(2)
Special Uses of Presidential Power	389	(3)
Emergency Powers	391	(1)
Executive Orders	391	(1)
Executive Privilege	391	(1)
Abuses of Executive Power and Impeachment	392	(2)
The Executive Organization	394	(3)
The Cabinet	394	(1)
The Executive Office of the President	395	(2)
The Vice Presidency	397	(3)
The Vice President's Job	397	(1)
Presidential Succession	398	(1)
The Twenty-Fifth Amendment	399	(1)
When the Vice Presidency Becomes Vacant	400	(1)
The Presidency: Why Is It Important Today?	400	(1)
Making a Difference: Communicating with the White House	401	(1)
Key Terms	402	(1)
Chapter Summary	402	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	403	(1)
E-Mocracy: The Presidency and the Internet	404	(1)
The Bureaucracy	405	(28)
What If ... The Public Graded Federal Bureaucracies?	406	(1)
The Nature of Bureaucracy	407	(2)
Public and Private Bureaucracies	407	(1)
Models of Bureaucracy	408	(1)
Bureaucracies Compared	408	(1)
The Size of the Bureaucracy	409	(1)
The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy	410	(8)
Cabinet Departments	412	(3)
Independent Executive Agencies	415	(1)
Independent Regulatory Agencies	415	(2)
Government Corporations	417	(1)
Staffing the Bureaucracy	418	(3)
Political Appointees	418	(1)
History of the Federal Civil Service	419	(2)
Modern Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform	421	(4)
Sunshine Laws before and after 9/11	421	(1)
Sunset Laws	422	(1)
Privatization	423	(1)
Incentives for Efficiency and Productivity	423	(1)
Helping Out the Whistleblowers	424	(1)
Bureaucrats as Politicians and Policymakers	425	(3)
The Rulemaking Environment	426	(1)
Negotiated Rulemaking	426	(1)
Bureaucrats Are Policymakers	427	(1)
Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy	428	(1)
The Bureaucracy: Why Is It Important Today?	429	(1)
Making a Difference: What the Government Knows about You	430	(1)
Key Terms	430	(1)
Chapter Summary	431	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	431	(1)
E-Mocracy: E-Government	432	(1)
The Courts	433	(30)
What If ... Supreme Court Justices Had to Campaign?	434	(1)
The Common Law Tradition	435	(1)
Sources of American Law	436	(1)
Constitutions	436	(1)
Statutes and Administrative Regulations	436	(1)
Case Law	437	(1)
The Federal Court System	437	(6)
Basic Judicial Requirements	437	(1)
Types of Federal Courts	438	(2)
Specialized Federal Courts and the War on Terrorism	440	(1)
Parties to Lawsuits	441	(2)
Procedural Rules	443	(1)
The Supreme Court at Work	443	(3)
Which Cases Reach the Supreme Court?	444	(1)
Deciding Cases	445	(1)
Decisions and Opinions	445	(1)
The Selection of Federal Judges	446	(4)
Judicial Appointments	446	(3)
Partisanship and Judicial Appointments	449	(1)
The Senate's Role	449	(1)
Policymaking and the Courts	450	(5)
Judicial Review	451	(1)
Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint	451	(1)
Strict versus Broad Construction	452	(1)
Ideology and the Today's Supreme Court	452	(3)
What Checks Our Courts?	455	(3)
Executive Checks	455	(1)
Legislative Checks	456	(1)
Public Opinion	456	(1)
Judicial Traditions and Doctrines	457	(1)
The Judiciary: Why Is It Important Today?	458	(1)
Making a Difference: Changing the Legal System	459	(1)
Key Terms	459	(1)
Chapter Summary	460	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	460	(2)
E-Mocracy: Courts on the Web	462	(1)
Part Five Public Policy
Domestic and Economic Policy	463	(38)
What If ... The National Parks Were Privatized?	464	(1)
The Policymaking Process	465	(3)
Agenda Building	465	(2)
Policy Formulation	467	(1)
Policy Adoption	467	(1)
Policy Implementation	467	(1)
Policy Evaluation	468	(1)
Health Care	468	(4)
The Rising Cost of Health Care	468	(2)
Medicare	470	(1)
The Uninsured	471	(1)
Poverty and Welfare	472	(1)
The Low-Income Population	472	(1)
The Antipoverty Budget	473	(1)
Basic Welfare	473	(2)
Welfare Controversies	474	(1)
Other Forms of Government Assistance	474	(1)
Homelessness---Still a Problem	474	(1)
Crime in the Twenty-First Century	475	(7)
Crime in American History	475	(1)
Crimes Committed by Juveniles	476	(1)
The Cost of Crime to American Society	477	(1)
The Prison Population Bomb	478	(2)
Federal Drug Policy	480	(1)
Confronting Terrorism	481	(1)
Environmental Policy	482	(3)
Cleaning Up the Air and Water	483	(1)
Global Warming	484	(1)
The Politics of Economic Decision Making	485	(4)
Fiscal Policy	485	(1)
Deficit Spending and the Public Debt	486	(2)
Monetary Policy	488	(1)
The Politics of Taxation	489	(2)
Federal Income Tax Rates	489	(1)
Loopholes and Lowered Taxes	490	(1)
The Social Security Problem	491	(1)
Social Security Is Not a Pension Fund	491	(1)
Workers per Retiree	491	(1)
What Will It Take to Salvage Social Security?	492	(1)
World Trade	492	(4)
Imports and Exports	493	(1)
Free Trade Areas and Common Markets	493	(2)
The World Trade Organization	495	(1)
Economic Policy: Why Is It Important Today?	496	(1)
Making a Difference: Learning about Social Security	497	(1)
Key Terms	497	(1)
Chapter Summary	498	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	499	(1)
E-Mocracy: E-Commerce and Domestic Policy	500	(1)
Foreign and Defense Policy	501
What If ... North Korea Exploded a Nuclear Bomb?	502	(1)
Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy	503	(1)
National Security Policy	503	(1)
Diplomacy	504	(1)
Morality versus Reality in Foreign Policy	504	(1)
Moral Idealism	504	(1)
Political Realism	504	(1)
American Foreign Policy---A Mixture of Both	505	(1)
Challenges in World Politics	505	(3)
The Emergence of Terrorism	505	(2)
The War on Terrorism	507	(1)
Wars in Iraq	508	(8)
Nuclear Weapons	511	(1)
The New Power: China	512	(1)
Regional Conflicts	513	(3)
Who Makes Foreign Policy?	516	(4)
Constitutional Powers of the President	516	(1)
Informal Techniques of Presidential Leadership	517	(1)
Other Sources of Foreign Policymaking	518	(2)
Congress Balances the Presidency	520	(1)
Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy	521	(1)
Elite and Mass Opinion	521	(1)
The Military-Industrial Complex	521	(1)
The Major Foreign Policy Themes	522	(5)
The Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements	522	(1)
The Era of Internationalism	523	(1)
Superpower Relations	524	(3)
Foreign Policy: Why Is It Important Today?	527	(2)
Making a Difference: Working for Human Rights	529	(1)
Key Terms	529	(1)
Chapter Summary	530	(1)
Selected Print and Media Resources	531	(1)
E-Mocracy: Attacking Government Computer Systems	532
Appendix A The Declaration of Independence	1	(2)
Appendix B How to Read Case Citations and Find Court Decisions	3	(1)
Appendix C Federalist Papers No. 10, No. 51, and No. 78	4	(8)
Appendix D Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court since 1900	12	(3)
Appendix E Party Control of Congress since 1900	15	(1)
Appendix F Presidents of the United States	16	(2)
Appendix G Spanish Equivalents for Important Terms in American Government	18
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1