American Legal History Cases and Materials

by Hall, Kermit L.; Finkelman, Paul; Ely, James W.

• ISBN13: 9780195162240
• ISBN10: 0195162242
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-10-28
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Revised and expanded in this third edition, American Legal History now features a new coauthor, James Ely, who is a specialist in the history of property rights. This highly acclaimed text provides a comprehensive selection of the most important documents in the field, which integrates thehistory of public and private law from America's colonial origins to the present. Devoting special attention to the interaction of social and legal change, it shows how legal ideas developed in tandem with specific historical events and reveals a rich legal culture unique to America. The book alsodeals with state and federal courts and looks at the relationship between the development of American society, politics, and economy, and how it relates to the evolution of American law. Introductions and instructive headnotes accompany each document, tying legal developments to broader historicalthemes and providing a social and political context essential to an understanding of the history of law in America. American Legal History, Third Edition, offers fresh material throughout and increased coverage of cases on such topics as slave law, politics, and terrorism. The authors have incorporated more cases dealing with minority rights, including Native American and Asian American rights, women's rights,and gender and gay rights. Two new chapters have been added to this edition: one on law and economics in modern America, including a discussion of the new federalism, and the other on law, politics, and terrorism, including a full discussion of the USA PATRIOT Act. The "since 1945" portion includesup-to-date material and current cases. The section on English background and colonial America has been expanded. In addition, there is new material on the most recent developments in American constitutional and legal history. Setting the legal challenges of the twenty-first century in a broadcontext, American Legal History, Third Edition, is an essential text for students and teachers of constitutional and legal history, the judicial process, and the effects of society on law.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Law in the Morning of America: The Beginnings of American Law, to 1760	1	(77)
The English Heritage and Magna Charta	3	(3)
Magna Charta (1215)	3	(2)
Note: Due Process and the Law of the Land	5	(1)
Note: The Reformation and Tudor England	5	(1)
The Virginia Colony	6	(6)
Dale's Laws (1611)	7	(5)
The Beginnings of Constitutionalism in America	12	(15)
The Mayflower Compact (1620)	13	(1)
John Winthrop, ``A Model of Christian Charity'' (1629)	14	(1)
Note: Roger Williams and Religious Liberty	15	(1)
Roger Williams, ``The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience'' (1644)	16	(1)
Roger Williams to the Town of Providence (1655)	17	(1)
The Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (1648)	18	(8)
The Rhode Island Patent (1643)	26	(1)
Note: England's Civil War	27	(1)
The Post-Restoration Colonial Governments	27	(5)
The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)	28	(2)
William Penn, First Frame of Government (1682)	30	(1)
The New-York Charter of Libertyes (1683)	31	(1)
The Glorious Revolution	32	(5)
Note: The Case of the Seven Bishops (1688)	33	(1)
The English Bill of Rights (1689)	34	(1)
John Locke, ``Second Treatise of Civil Government'' (1690)	35	(2)
The Sources of Law in America	37	(4)
Note: Reception of the Common Law	38	(1)
William Blackstone on Reception (1765)	39	(1)
Giddings v. Brown (1657)	40	(1)
Law and Colonial Society	41	(37)
Morality and Colonial Law	41	(1)
``A Horrible Case of Beastiality,'' Plymouth Colony (1642)	42	(2)
Marriage, Women, and the Family	44	(1)
William Blackstone on Women in the Eyes of the Law (1765)	44	(1)
Note: Women and the Law in the Colonial Era	45	(1)
An Act Concerning Feme-Sole Traders (1718)	46	(1)
Widows of New York and Taxes	46	(1)
Children, Apprenticeship, Education	47	(1)
Virginia Apprenticeship Statute (1646)	47	(1)
Children's Education in Plymouth (1685)	48	(1)
White Indentured Servitude	48	(1)
In re Wm. Wootton and John Bradye (1640)	49	(1)
South Carolina Servant Regulations (1761)	49	(1)
Slavery	50	(1)
In re John Punch (1640)	51	(1)
In re Emanuel (1640)	51	(1)
Re Mulatto (1656)	52	(1)
Re Edward Mozingo (1672)	52	(1)
Moore v. Light (1673)	52	(1)
Against Runnaway Servants, Act XVI (1657--1658)	52	(1)
How Long Servants Without Indentures Shall Serve, Act XVIII (1657--1658)	53	(1)
An Act for the Dutch and All Other Strangers for Tradeing to This Place, Act XVI (1659--1660)	53	(1)
Run-aways, Act CII (1661--1662)	53	(1)
Negro Womens Children to Serve According to the Condition of the Mother, Act XII (1662)	54	(1)
An Act Declaring that Baptisme of Slaves Doth Not Exempt Them from Bondage, Act II (1667)	54	(1)
An Act About the Casuall Killing of Slaves, Act I (1669)	54	(1)
An Act for Preventing Negro Insurrections, Act X (1680)	54	(1)
The Germantown Protest Against Slavery (1688)	55	(1)
South Carolina Slave Code (1740)	56	(3)
The New York ``Negro Plot'' (1741)	59	(2)
Colonial Welfare Systems	61	(1)
An Act for the Relief of the Poor (1742)	61	(1)
Note: Colonial Workfare	62	(1)
Class Legislation and Sumptuary Laws	63	(1)
Note: Class and Status in Early America	63	(1)
Democracy and Deference	64	(1)
The Incident of the Roxbury Carters (1705)	64	(1)
Law and the Colonial Economy	65	(1)
The Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (1648)	65	(1)
The Laws of South Carolina (1734)	66	(1)
Early Criminal Law	66	(1)
The Salem Witch Trials (1692)	67	(2)
Increase Mather, ``Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men'' (1692)	69	(4)
Cotton Mather, The Wonders of the Invisible World (1693)	73	(2)
Politics and Criminal Law: Toward a New America	75	(1)
The Zenger Trial (1735)	75	(3)
Law in a Republican Revolution, 1760--1815	78	(67)
The American Revolution	80	(11)
Jonathan Mayhew, ``Unlimited Submission and Non-resistance to the Higher Powers'' (1750)	81	(1)
Note: Litigation and the Coming of the Revolution	81	(1)
James Otis, ``The Rights of the British Colonies'' (1764)	82	(2)
William Blackstone on the Imperial Constitution (1765)	84	(1)
The Declaratory Act (1766)	85	(1)
The Declaration and Resolves of the Continental Congress (1774)	86	(1)
Tom Paine, Common Sense (1776)	87	(1)
The Declaration of Independence (1776)	88	(3)
Republican State Constitutionalism	91	(16)
The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776)	92	(1)
The People the Best Governors (1776)	93	(1)
Note: The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776	94	(1)
Slavery and the New Nation	95	(1)
Somerset v. Stewart (1772)	95	(2)
The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act (1780)	97	(1)
Massachusetts Constitution of 1780	98	(1)
Commonwealth v. Jennison (1783)	98	(1)
Virginia Manumission Act (1782)	99	(1)
North Carolina Statute on Slave Murder (1791)	99	(1)
Thomas Jefferson on Slavery, Notes on the State of Virginia (1784)	100	(2)
Religion	102	(1)
The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786)	103	(1)
New Hampshire Constitution (1784)	104	(1)
Religion and Law Reform	105	(1)
Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (1784)	105	(2)
Republican National Constitutionalism	107	(17)
The Articles of Confederation (1781)	108	(1)
The Philadelphia Convention (1787)	109	(6)
Debating the Constitution	115	(1)
Antifederalist Critiques of the Constitution: Elbridge Gerry's Report on the Constitution as Printed in Massachusetts Centinel (1787)	116	(1)
Federalist, Number 10 (1787)	117	(3)
Federalist, Number 78 (1788)	120	(3)
The Northwest Ordinance (1787)	123	(1)
The New Republic	124	(11)
The Bill of Rights	125	(1)
James Madison, ``Property'' (1792)	126	(1)
Hamilton Versus Madison on Presidential Power (1793)	127	(2)
George Washington, Farewell Address (1796)	129	(1)
The Sedition Act (1798)	130	(1)
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798--1799)	131	(3)
Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address (1801)	134	(1)
Courts and Judges in the New Nation	135	(10)
The Judiciary Act (1789)	136	(1)
Jefferson Versus Hamilton on the Bank of the United States (1791)	137	(2)
Calder v. Bull (1798)	139	(1)
Marbury v. Madison (1803)	140	(5)
The Active State and the Mixed Economy, 1812--1860	145	(70)
The Golden Age of American Law	145	(3)
Commerce, Legislative Promotion, and Law in the New Republic	148	(19)
The New York Steamboat Monopoly and the Federal Commerce Power	148	(1)
Livingston v. Van Ingen (1812)	149	(3)
Note: The Mix of Economics, Politics, and Law	152	(1)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	152	(3)
Note: The Effect of Gibbons	155	(1)
The Second Bank of the United States	155	(1)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	156	(4)
Note: A Court Opinion as Political Theory	160	(1)
Andrew Jackson, Veto Message (1832)	161	(1)
Note: Jacksonian Economics	162	(1)
Note: A Federal Common Law	163	(1)
Note: Canals, Internal Improvements, and the States	163	(1)
State Constitutions and the Active State	164	(1)
Ohio Constitution (1851)	165	(1)
Mississippi Constitution (1817)	166	(1)
Mississippi Constitution (1832)	166	(1)
Substantive Law and Economic Growth	167	(48)
The Advent of the Corporation	168	(1)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)	169	(3)
Note: The Politics of the Dartmouth College Case	172	(1)
Charles River Bridge Company v. Warren Bridge Company (1837)	173	(3)
Note: The Limited Liability of Stockholders	176	(1)
Labor in an Industrializing Society	177	(1)
Note: The Traditional Theory of Labor Conspiracy	177	(1)
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)	178	(3)
Note: The Fellow Servant Rule	181	(1)
Farwell v. The Boston and Worcester Railroad Co. (1842)	181	(3)
Note: Chief Justice Shaw and Labor	184	(1)
Note: Fellow Servants and Slaves	184	(1)
Property	184	(1)
Van Ness v. Pacard (1829)	185	(1)
Note: Eminent Domain	186	(1)
Parham v. The Justices of Decatur County (1851)	186	(1)
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)	187	(2)
Joseph Angell, A Treatise on the Law of Watercourses (1854)	189	(2)
Note: Water Rights in the East	191	(1)
Cary v. Daniels (1844)	191	(2)
Note: Water Rights in the West	193	(1)
Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (1931)	193	(1)
Irwin v. Phillips, et al. (1855)	194	(2)
Note: Law and Westward Migration	196	(1)
The Growth of Contract Law in the Nineteenth Century	196	(1)
Seixas and Seixas v. Woods (1804)	197	(1)
McFarland v. Newman (1839)	198	(1)
Icar v. Suares (1835)	199	(1)
Seymour v. Delancey, et al. (1824)	200	(2)
Note: Contracts and the Emerging Speculative Economy	202	(1)
Note: Contracts and the Federal Constitution	202	(1)
The Evolution of Modern Tort Law	203	(1)
Spencer v. Campbell (1845)	204	(2)
Brown v. Kendall (1850)	206	(1)
Note: The Emergence of Negligence	207	(1)
Note: Toward the Future	208	(1)
Ryan v. New York Central Railroad Co. (1866)	208	(2)
Fent et al. v. Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railway Co. (1871)	210	(3)
An Act to Establish the Responsibility of Railroad Corporations, Companies and Persons Owning or Operating Railroads, for Damages by Fires Communicated by Locomotive Engines (1887)	213	(1)
Note: Wrongful Death and Tort Law	214	(1)
Slavery, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Segregation	215	(68)
Slavery and State Law	218	(11)
Race and the Law of Negro Slavery	218	(1)
Thomas R. R. Cobb, An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery (1858)	218	(2)
The Power of the Master over the Slave	220	(1)
State v. Mann (1829)	220	(2)
Note: Harriet Beecher Stowe on Southern Judges	222	(1)
Souther v. Commonwealth (1851)	222	(1)
State v. Hoover (1839)	223	(2)
Mitchell v. Wells (1859)	225	(4)
Note: The Somerset Precedent in America	229	(1)
Slavery and the Constitution	229	(13)
The Problem of Fugitive Slaves	230	(1)
Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)	230	(3)
Note: Prigg and the Use of History	233	(1)
Note: Prigg and Its Aftermath	233	(1)
Note: Northern States'-Rights Arguments	234	(1)
Slavery, the Territories, and Interstate Comity	234	(1)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	235	(4)
Note: The Reaction to Dred Scott	239	(1)
Abraham Lincoln, ``House Divided'' Speech (1858)	240	(2)
Note: The Next Dred Scott Decision	242	(1)
Secession and Constitutional Theory	242	(7)
South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832)	243	(1)
President Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification (1832)	244	(5)
Nullification and Secession	249	(6)
Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina (1860)	250	(2)
Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address (1861)	252	(3)
The Civil War and Emancipation	255	(3)
Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation (1863)	256	(1)
Note: The Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation	257	(1)
Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address (1865)	257	(1)
Reconstruction and Its Aftermath: Political Change, Black Freedom, and the Nadir of Black Rights	258	(25)
Political Change	259	(1)
Articles of Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868)	260	(2)
Note: The Courts and the Politics of Reconstruction	262	(1)
Black Freedom	262	(1)
Mississippi Black Codes (1865)	263	(2)
An Act to Protect All Persons in the United States in Their Civil Rights, and Furnish Means of Their Vindication (1866)	265	(1)
Note: The Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth Amendment	266	(1)
Note: Andrew Johnson's Veto of the 1866 Civil Rights Act	266	(1)
Note: The Freedmen's Bureau	266	(1)
Note: The Civil Rights Act of 1875	267	(1)
The End of Civil Rights	267	(1)
The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)	267	(4)
Note: The Slaughterhouse Legacy	271	(1)
Note: Civil Rights Cases (1883)	271	(2)
Race and Segregation in Nineteenth-Century Law and Society	273	(1)
Roberts v. The City of Boston (1850)	274	(3)
Note: Free Blacks and the Law	277	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	278	(3)
Note: Separate But Equal in the North	281	(1)
Segregation on the Eve of a New Century (1898)	282	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Law and Society, 1800--1900	283	(68)
Race	285	(27)
Native Americans	286	(1)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)	287	(2)
Note: The Federal Government and Native Americans	289	(1)
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)	290	(3)
Asians	293	(1)
Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)	294	(2)
Note: The Chinese and Jim Crow	296	(1)
Note: Chinese Exclusion	296	(1)
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)	296	(6)
Note: Gentleman's Agreement (1907)	302	(1)
Oregon v. Charley Lee Quong, Ah Lee, and Lee Jong (1879)	303	(4)
Latinos and Hispanics	307	(2)
California ex rel. M. M. Kimberly v. Pablo de la Guerra (1870)	309	(3)
Gender and Domestic Relations	312	(20)
The Rights of Women	312	(1)
``The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments'' (1848)	312	(2)
The New York Married Women's Property Acts (1848)	314	(1)
Note: Married Women and the Law	315	(1)
Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)	316	(1)
Minor v. Happersett (1875)	317	(2)
Note: The Case of United States v. Susan B. Anthony (1873)	319	(2)
Marriage and Divorce	321	(1)
Joel P. Bishop, ``The Nature of Marriage and How Defined'' (1881)	322	(1)
Wightman v. Coates (1833)	323	(2)
Reynolds v. United States (1879)	325	(2)
Note: Divorce	327	(1)
Waldron v. Waldron (1890)	328	(2)
Birth Control and Abortion	330	(1)
State v. Slagle (1880)	330	(1)
Note: Abortion and the Quickening Doctrine	331	(1)
People v. Sanger (1918)	331	(1)
Crime and Criminal Justice	332	(19)
Crime and Punishment	333	(1)
Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments (1764)	333	(1)
Charles Loring Brace, ``The Causes of Crime'' (1880)	334	(3)
Note: The Police and the Prison	337	(1)
The Excuse of Crime	337	(1)
State v. Felter (1868)	338	(3)
Note: Insanity Tests	341	(1)
Bill Bell v. The State (1885)	341	(3)
Note: The South and Self-Defense	344	(1)
Late-Nineteenth-Century Crime and Morality	344	(1)
People v. Plath (1885)	344	(3)
The Federal Government, Crime, and Morality	347	(1)
Ex parte Jackson (1877)	347	(2)
Note: Morality and Free Speech	349	(2)
Lawyers and the Rise of the Regulatory State, 1850--1920	351	(60)
The Lawyer in American Society	351	(4)
Alexis de Tocqueville on Lawyers and Judges (1835)	351	(4)
Legal Education	355	(2)
Christopher C. Langdell, A Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts (1871)	355	(2)
Note: Critics of Langdellian Assumptions	357	(1)
Legal Theory in the Late Nineteenth Century	357	(6)
Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations which Rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union (1868)	357	(2)
Note: Social Tension in the 1890s	359	(1)
Christopher G. Tiedemann, A Treatise on the Limitations of Police Power in the United States (1886)	360	(1)
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (1881)	360	(1)
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., ``The Path of the Law'' (1897)	361	(2)
The Growth of Economic Regulation	363	(6)
Property Rights and Police Power	366	(1)
David J. Brewer, ``Protection to Private Property from Public Attack'' (1891)	366	(3)
State Regulation and the Public Interest	369	(7)
States and Labor Law	369	(1)
New Jersey Child Labor Act (1851)	370	(1)
Illinois Criminal Syndicalism Act (1887)	370	(1)
New York Worker's Compensation Act (1910)	371	(1)
Workers' Compensation and the Question of Causation	372	(1)
Ives v. South Buffalo Railway Co. (1911)	372	(2)
Eminent Domain	374	(1)
Colorado Constitution (1876)	374	(1)
Note: The Evolution of Takings Jurisprudence	375	(1)
Federal Regulation and the Public Interest	376	(9)
The Interstate Commerce Commission	377	(1)
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)	377	(2)
Note: Judicial Reaction to the Interstate Commerce Commission	379	(1)
Trust-Busting: The Statutory Basis	379	(1)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)	379	(1)
Federal Commerce Power	380	(1)
United States v. E. C. Knight & Co. (1895)	380	(1)
Note: Anti-Trust Law in the Progressive Era	381	(1)
Populist Platform Adopted at St. Louis (1892)	382	(1)
Taxation of Income	383	(1)
Joseph H. Choate, Arguments for Appellant in the Income Tax Cases (Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co.) (1895)	384	(1)
Judicial Reaction to the Regulatory State	385	(26)
The Origins of Substantive Due Process	385	(1)
Wynehamer v. The People (1856)	385	(2)
Bond Repudiation and Judicial Review	387	(1)
The Bradley Dissent in Slaughterhouse	387	(1)
The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)	387	(2)
Reaffirmation of the Police Power	389	(1)
Munn v. Illinois (1877)	389	(3)
Note: Federal Judicial Review of State Rate Regulations	392	(1)
Substantive Due Process in the State Courts	393	(1)
In re Jacobs (1885)	393	(2)
Note: Substantive Due Process and Corporations	395	(1)
Note: The Labor Injunction	395	(1)
Federal Police Power and Labor	395	(1)
In re Debs (1895)	395	(3)
Note: Labor and the Law	398	(1)
Liberty of Contract	398	(1)
Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897)	398	(1)
Liberty of Contract and Workplace Regulation	399	(1)
Holden v. Hardy (1898)	399	(2)
Lochner v. New York (1905)	401	(3)
Muller v. Oregon (1908)	404	(2)
Toward a Federal Police Power	406	(1)
Champion v. Ames (1903)	406	(2)
Note: The Growth of Federal Police Power	408	(1)
Note: Child Labor	409	(2)
Total War, Civil Liberties, and Civil Rights	411	(48)
Individual Rights in a Changing Culture	411	(6)
Louis D. Brandeis and Samuel D. Warren, ``The Right to Privacy'' (1890)	413	(4)
World War I and Civil Liberties	417	(8)
The Suppression of Dissent During World War I	419	(1)
Paul Murphy, World War I and the Origins of Civil Liberties in the United States (1979)	419	(1)
Censorship During World War I	420	(1)
Schenck v. United States (1919)	421	(1)
Note: Debs v. United States (1919)	422	(1)
Abrams et al. v. United States (1919)	422	(3)
Note: The Abrams Dissent	425	(1)
Radicals and Civil Liberties	425	(4)
Note: Civil Liberties and Fourteenth Amendment Incorporation	426	(1)
Whitney v. California (1927)	427	(2)
World War II and Legal Developments	429	(14)
The Flag Salute Cases	429	(1)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)	430	(4)
The Japanese Internment	434	(1)
Note: Executive Order-No. 9066	435	(1)
Hirabayashi v. United States (1943)	435	(2)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)	437	(5)
Note: Ex parte Endo (1944)	442	(1)
Note: The Internment Cases a Generation Later	443	(1)
Civil Liberties and Criminal Justice in Crisis Times	443	(6)
The Emergence of Criminal Due Process	444	(1)
Weeks v. United States (1914)	444	(2)
Olmstead v. United States (1928)	446	(2)
Note: Prohibition and the Law	448	(1)
Crime in the Cities	449	(1)
Roscoe Pound and Felix Frankfurter, Criminal Justice in Cleveland (1922)	449	(1)
Civil Rights and Racial Justice	450	(9)
Race and the Franchise	451	(1)
Race and Education	452	(1)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)	453	(1)
Note: Beyond Gaines	454	(1)
Racial Justice and Criminal Law	455	(1)
James Harmon Chadbourn, ``Lynching and the Administration of Justice'' (1933)	455	(3)
Note: Lynching and Federal Law	458	(1)
Note: Black Rights, Southern Justice, and the Supreme Court	458	(1)
The Rise of Legal Liberalism, Economic Reform, and the New Deal, 1900--1945	459	(34)
Sociological Jurisprudence, The American Law Institute, and Legal Realism	461	(11)
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., ``Law and the Court'' (1913)	461	(2)
Note: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and Judging	463	(1)
Louis D. Brandeis, ``Brief for the Defendant in Error,'' Muller v. Oregon (1907)	464	(3)
The American Law Institute	467	(1)
Elihu Root, ``Report of the Committee,'' American Law Institute (1923)	467	(2)
Note: The American Law Institute and the Restatements	469	(1)
Legal Realism	469	(1)
Jerome Frank, Law and the Modern Mind (1936)	469	(2)
Note: Legal Realism	471	(1)
The New Deal and the Rise of Legal Liberalism	472	(20)
The State and Federal Legislative Response	473	(1)
The Supreme Court and the New Deal	474	(2)
Schechter v. United States (1935)	476	(3)
United States v. Butler (1936)	479	(4)
FDR'S Court-Packing Plan	483	(1)
Franklin Roosevelt, ``Fireside Chat on the `Court-Packing' Bill'' (1937)	483	(2)
Note: The Fate of FDR's Court-Packing Plan	485	(1)
The Retreat From Economic Substantive Due Process	486	(1)
West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937)	486	(3)
Note: The Decline of Substantive Due Process	489	(1)
Ordered Liberty, Preferred Positions, and Selective Incorporation	489	(1)
Palko v. Connecticut (1937)	489	(2)
Note: Carolene Products and Preferred Positions	491	(1)
Footnote 4: United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938)	491	(1)
The Limits of Federal Judicial Power	492	(1)
Note: The Fate of Erie	492	(1)
Rights, Liberty, and Science in Modern America	493	(78)
Civil Rights	495	(40)
Race	495	(1)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)	495	(3)
``Southern Declaration on Integration'' (1956)	498	(1)
Note: Race and the Constitution	499	(2)
Martin Luther King, Jr., ``Letter from Birmingham City Jail'' (1963)	501	(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1964	502	(1)
Affirmative Action	502	(1)
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)	503	(6)
Note: The Future of Affirmative Action in Education	509	(1)
City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company (1989)	510	(4)
Note: The Aftermath of Croson	514	(1)
Gender	515	(1)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)	515	(2)
Note: The Debate in Griswold	517	(1)
Roe v. Wade (1973)	517	(4)
Note: The Future of Roe	521	(1)
Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County (1987)	521	(3)
Note: Affirmative Action and Sexual Harassment	524	(1)
Sexual Orientation	524	(1)
Romer v. Evans (1996)	525	(5)
Same-Sex Marriages	530	(1)
Baker v. State (1999)	530	(2)
Vermont Civil Union Act (2000)	532	(2)
Defense of Marriage Act	534	(1)
Civil Liberties	535	(13)
Dennis et al. v. United States (1951)	535	(3)
Note: Free Speech and Internal Security	538	(1)
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)	539	(2)
Offensive Speech	541	(1)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)	542	(3)
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990)	545	(3)
Note: Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993	548	(1)
Criminal Justice	548	(6)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	549	(3)
Note: The Supreme Court and Criminal Justice	552	(1)
Note: Surge in Incarceration	553	(1)
Science and Law	554	(17)
Definition of Death	554	(1)
In re Quinlan (1976)	554	(3)
Note: Right to Die	557	(1)
Surrogate Parenting	558	(1)
In re Baby M (1988)	558	(2)
The Challenge of DNA	560	(1)
Science and Environmental Law	561	(1)
TVA v. Hill (1978)	561	(4)
Note: The Fate of Hill	565	(1)
Cyberspace	565	(1)
Intel v. Hamidi (2003)	566	(5)
Law and the Economy in Modern America	571	(57)
Regulatory State	573	(8)
Deregulation	573	(1)
The Staggers Act (1980)	573	(1)
The Contours of Environmental Regulation	574	(1)
Howard Latin, ``Ideal Versus Real Regulatory Efficiency: Implementation of Uniform Standards and `Fine-Tuning' Regulatory Reforms'' (1985)	575	(1)
Bruce A. Ackerman and Richard B. Stewart, ``Reforming Environmental Law'' (1985)	576	(3)
William J. Clinton, Executive Order 12866 (1993)	579	(2)
Anti-Trust Policy	581	(1)
Economic Activity	581	(36)
Contract	581	(1)
Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Company (1965)	582	(2)
Torts	584	(1)
Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. (1962)	584	(2)
Fassoulas v. Ramey (1984)	586	(1)
Note: Legislative Reform of the Tort System	587	(1)
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore (1996)	588	(5)
Note: Beyond Gore	593	(1)
Note: Tobacco Litigation	594	(1)
Property	594	(1)
Lionshead Lake, Inc. v. Wayne Tp. (1952)	595	(3)
Note: Zoning	598	(1)
Eminent Domain	598	(1)
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984)	599	(4)
Note: Eminent Domain Beyond Midkiff	603	(1)
Regulatory Takings	604	(1)
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)	604	(5)
Residential Leases	609	(1)
Javins v. First National Realty Corporation (1970)	610	(6)
Entitlements and ``New Property''	616	(1)
New Federalism	617	(11)
United States v. Lopez (1995)	617	(6)
Note: New Directions in Commerce Clause Jurisprudence	623	(1)
Printz v. United States (1997)	623	(5)
Law, Politics, and Terror	628	(48)
The Modern Presidency and Separation of Powers	629	(6)
New York Times Company v. United States; United States v. Washington Post Company (1971)	629	(2)
Note: The Modern Presidency	631	(1)
United States v. Nixon (1974)	632	(2)
Note: The Resignation of Richard Nixon	634	(1)
The Impeachment of Bill Clinton	635	(9)
House Committee on the Judiciary, Resolutions of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors (1998)	635	(9)
Note: The Senate Vote on President Clinton	644	(1)
Political Questions, The Presidential Election of 2000, and the Supreme Court	644	(11)
Bush v. Gore (2000)	644	(8)
Note: The Supreme Court and the Political Process	652	(1)
President-Elect George W. Bush Addresses the Nation (December 13, 2000)	653	(2)
Terror, Liberty, and the Presidency	655	(21)
Note: The USA Patriot Act of 2001	655	(1)
The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001, H.R. 3162, Section-by-Section Analysis	656	(10)
The USA PATRIOT ACT: For and Against	666	(1)
The USA PATRIOT ACT: Preserving Life and Liberty (2004)	666	(3)
American Civil Liberties Union, ``The USA PATRIOT ACT and Government Actions That Threaten Our Civil Liberties'' (2004)	669	(1)
Newt Gingrich, ``The Policies of War: Refocus the Mission'' (2003)	670	(1)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)	671	(3)
Note: Homeland Security Act	674	(2)
Appendix: The Constitution of the United States	676	(16)
Notes	692	(5)
Sources and Credits	697	(4)
Index of Cases	701