This book is written for chemists, chemical engineers and chemical technologists who are not expert users of Raman spectroscopy technology. The background to the technique is covered along with its analytical applications. A brief introduction to Raman spectroscopy and instrumentation in general is included, along with detailed explanations of the advantages of Raman over other techniques. Emphasis is placed on the way it has been used to solve a range of analytical problems in the chemical and allied industries.

Michael J. Pelletier is the author of Analytical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy, published by Wiley.

Preface

ix

1 Introduction to Applied Raman Spectroscopy

1

(52)

Michael J. Pelletier

1.1 Background

1

(2)

1.2 Phenomenological description of the Raman effect

3

(2)

1.3 Classical theory of the Raman effect

5

(15)

1.4 Analytical considerations for applied Raman spectroscopy

20

(1)

1.5 Quantitative analysis using Raman spectroscopy

20

(2)

1.6 Qualitative analysis using Raman spectroscopy

22

(1)

1.7 Noise in Raman spectra

23

(11)

1.8 Other forms of Raman spectroscopy

34

(7)

1.9 Recognizing measurement problem that may be well suited to Raman spectroscopy

41

(3)

References

44

(9)

2 Raman Instrumentation

53

(53)

Michael J. Pelletier

2.1 Introduction

53

(1)

2.2 General requirements for Raman instrumentation

53

(1)

2.3 Basic instrument types

53

(7)

2.4 Sample interface

60

(15)

2.5 Spectrographs

75

(4)

2.6 Michelson interferometers

79

(5)

2.7 Critical components for Raman spectroscopy

84

(12)

2.8 Laser safety

96

(1)

References

97

(9)

3 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in the Chemical Industry

106

(21)

Elmer D. Lipp

M. Anne Leugers

3.1 Introduction

106

(1)

3.2 Potential of Raman in the chemical industry

107

(1)

3.3 Applications

108

(16)

3.4 Summary

124

(2)

References

126

(1)

4 Raman Spectroscopy of Synthetic Polymers

127

(66)

Neil Everall

4.1 Introduction

127

(3)

4.2 Basics of polymer vibrational spectra

130

(4)

4.3 Equipment and sampling for polymer Raman spectroscopy

134

(3)

4.4 Polymer identification

137

(8)

4.5 Quantitative analysis of composition

145

(10)

4.6 Polymer microstructure

155

(5)

4.7 Morphology

160

(7)

4.8 Ex situ measurements of cure and degradation

167

(4)

4.9 In situ/on-line measurements

171

(15)

4.10 Conclusions

186

(1)

Acknowledgments

186

(1)

Abbreviations

186

(1)

References

187

(6)

5 Process Control Applications for Raman Spectroscopy in the Petroleum Industry

193

(31)

John Brittain Cooper

5.1 Introduction

193

(2)

5.2 Theory of multivariate calibration and analysis

195

(3)

5.3 Analysis of petroleum fuels

198

(4)

5.4 Sources of error

202

(9)

5.5 Quantitative comparison with other spectroscopic methods

211

(9)

5.6 Summary

220

(2)

References

222

(2)

6 Review of Pharmaceutical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy

224

(52)

Christopher J. Frank

6.1 Introduction

224

(1)

6.2 Opportunities offered by Raman spectroscopy

225

(2)

6.3 Instrumental considerations

227

(3)

6.4 Literature review

230

(8)

6.5 Examples of applying Raman spectroscopy

238

(33)

6.6 Summary

271

(1)

Acknowledgments

271

(1)

References

271

(5)

7 Biomedical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy: Tissue Differentiation and Potential Clinical Usage

276

(52)

Yifu Guan

E. Neil Lewis

Ira W. Levin

7.1 Introduction

276

(1)

7.2 Spectral characteristics of fundamental biomolecules

277

(4)

7.3 Advantages and disadvantages of Raman spectroscopy in biomedical applications

281

(1)

7.4 Biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy

282

(38)

7.5 Perspective

320

(1)

Acknowledgments

321

(1)

References

321

(7)

8 Recent Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Heterogeneous Catalysts

328

(39)

Nancy J. Ortins

Tracy A. Kruger

Prabir K. Dutta

8.1 Introduction

328

(2)

8.2 Selected examples of heterogeneous catalyst systems

330

(6)

8.3 Raman spectroscopy in catalyst preparation

336

(6)

8.4 Raman spectroscopy for catalyst characterization

342

(6)

8.5 Raman spectroscopy of adsorbed species

348

(13)

8.6 Conclusions

361

(2)

Acknowledgment

363

(1)

References

363

(4)

9 Raman Scattering in Carbon Materials

367

(68)

M. S. Dresselhaus

G. Dresselhaus

M. A. Pimenta

P. C. Eklund

9.1 Introduction

367

(1)

9.2 Overview

367

(1)

9.3 Raman effect in graphite related materials

368

(14)

9.4 Diamond compounds

382

(7)

9.5 Resonant Raman scattering in carbon-based materials

389

(6)

9.6 Introduction to fullerene materials

395

(19)

9.7 Raman scattering in carbon nanotubes

414

(9)

9.8 Summary

423

(2)

Acknowledgments

425

(1)

References

426

(9)

10 Semiconductors

435

(38)

Ingrid De Wolf

10.1 Introduction

435

(1)

10.2 Raman spectroscopy of semiconductors

435

(2)

10.3 Examples

437

(32)

References

469

(4)

Subject Index

473

(4)

Index of Spectra

477

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