Analyzing English Grammar

by Klammer, Thomas P.; Schulz, Muriel R.; Della Volpe, Angela

• ISBN13: 9780321182715
• ISBN10: 0321182715
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

Advanced Grammar text which encourages the readers to think critically about grammar and exposes them to a variety of linguistic theories. Supports and assists readers in learning about the structure of the English language. Teaches use of phase marker tree decisions. Includes traditional Reed-Kellogg diagrams, extensive discussion of language acquisition. Includes examples of American regional and social dialects. General interest; grammar

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Introduction	1	(18)
What Is Grammar?	2	(4)
Grammar Versus Usage	6	(2)
Descriptive Grammars	8	(1)
Grammatical Prototypes	9	(4)
Learning About Grammar	13	(2)
Aids to Learning About Language	15	(2)
Diagramming	15	(1)
IC Analysis	16	(1)
Phrase Structure Trees	16	(1)
Suggestions for Reading This Book	17	(1)
Key Terms	18	(1)
Endnotes	18	(1)
Varieties of English	19	(18)
Regional Dialects	21	(2)
Social Dialects	23	(2)
Standard American English	25	(3)
Styles	28	(2)
Second Language Acquisition	30	(2)
English in an International Context	32	(3)
Summary	35	(1)
Key Terms	36	(1)
Endnotes	36	(1)
The Morphology of English	37	(24)
Morphemes	38	(5)
Allomorphs	43	(1)
Inflectional Morphemes	43	(7)
Noun Inflections	45	(2)
Verb Inflections	47	(3)
Adjective and Adverb Inflections	50	(1)
Functional Shift	50	(1)
Derivational Morphemes	51	(4)
Form Classes and Structure Classes	55	(1)
Summary	56	(1)
Review Exercises	57	(1)
Key Terms	58	(1)
Endnote	59	(2)
Form-Class Words	61	(32)
Form and Function	62	(2)
Forms with Overlapping Functions	63	(1)
Nouns	64	(4)
Prototypes and Peripheral Cases	67	(1)
Subclasses and Features	68	(3)
Noun Subclasses	69	(2)
Verbs	71	(3)
Verb Subclasses	74	(1)
Adjectives	74	(5)
Adjective Subclasses	76	(3)
Adverbs	79	(3)
Adverb Subclasses	82	(1)
Analyzing Form and Function	82	(7)
Comments and Suggestions	86	(3)
Summary	89	(1)
Review Exercises	89	(2)
Key Terms	91	(1)
Endnote	91	(2)
Structure-Class Words	93	(58)
Structure-Class Versus Form-Class Words	93	(4)
Determiners	97	(7)
Diagrams and Trees	102	(2)
Auxiliaries	104	(5)
Modal Auxiliaries	105	(1)
Have	106	(1)
Be	106	(1)
Do	107	(2)
Diagrams and Trees	109	(1)
Qualifiers	109	(6)
Diagrams and Trees	111	(4)
Prepositions	115	(6)
Diagrams and Trees	116	(2)
Differences Between Prepositions and Adverbs	118	(1)
Differences Between Prepositions and Verb Particles	118	(1)
Differences Between Verb Particles and Adverbs	119	(2)
Pronouns	121	(9)
Pronouns as Noun-Phrase Substitutes	121	(1)
Personal Pronouns	122	(3)
Reflexive Pronouns	125	(2)
Reciprocal Pronouns	127	(1)
Indefinite Pronouns	127	(3)
Conjunctions	130	(11)
Coordinating Conjunctions	131	(2)
Conjunctive Adverbs	133	(1)
Subordinating Conjunctions	134	(7)
Relatives	141	(3)
Interrogatives	144	(1)
Summary	145	(1)
Review Exercises	146	(2)
Key Terms	148	(1)
Endnote	148	(3)
Phrases	151	(44)
Subjects and Predicates	151	(6)
Form and Function	157	(1)
Recognizing Phrase Types	158	(6)
The Main Verb Phrase	164	(25)
Creating Verb Phrases	169	(9)
Time, Tense, and Aspect	178	(1)
Simple Tenses	178	(1)
Compound Verb Forms---Perfect and Progressive	179	(4)
The Meaning of Modals	183	(2)
Other Auxiliaries	185	(2)
Have and Be as Main Verbs	187	(2)
Summary	189	(1)
Review Exercises	190	(3)
Key Terms	193	(1)
Endnotes	193	(2)
Five Basic Sentence Types	195	(40)
Binary Structure	195	(3)
Type I---The Intransitive Type	198	(6)
Types II, III, and IV---Linking (Copular) Verbs	204	(14)
Type II---The Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place	204	(5)
Type III---The Linking Verb Type with Adjectival Subject Complement	209	(5)
Type IV---The Linking Verb Type with Nominal Subject Complement	214	(4)
Type V---The Transitive Type	218	(13)
Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects	222	(1)
Transitive Verbs with Object Complements	223	(3)
Distinguishing Between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types	226	(1)
Verbs That Function in More Than One Sentence Type	227	(4)
Summary	231	(2)
Review Exercises	233	(1)
Key Terms	234	(1)
Basic Sentence Transformations	235	(44)
The Indirect Object Transformation	235	(7)
Indirect Objects and Object Complements	239	(3)
The Passive Transformation	242	(11)
Direct and Indirect Objects	246	(7)
Other Transformations	253	(1)
Negative Sentences	254	(7)
Negative Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs	254	(1)
Negative Sentences with Be	255	(1)
Negative Sentences Without Auxiliary Verbs or Be	256	(5)
Interrogative Sentences	261	(13)
Yes/No Questions	262	(3)
Wh-Questions	265	(9)
Imperative Sentences	274	(3)
Verbs in Imperative Sentences	275	(2)
Summary	277	(1)
Review Exercises	277	(1)
Key Terms	278	(1)
Finite Verb Clauses, Part I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses	279	(36)
Sentence Varieties	281	(3)
Subordinate Clauses	284	(9)
Diagramming Subordinate Clauses	289	(2)
Subordinate Clauses That Can Function Adverbially or Adjectivally	291	(2)
Relative Clauses	293	(19)
Relative Clauses Within Prepositional Phrases	295	(1)
Diagramming Relative Clauses	296	(5)
The Omission of Relative Pronouns	301	(2)
Relative Adverbs	303	(3)
Relative Clauses Contrasted with Adverbial Subordinate Clauses	306	(2)
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses	308	(4)
Summary	312	(1)
Review Exercises	313	(1)
Key Terms	314	(1)
Finite Verb Clauses, Part II: Nominal Clauses	315	(28)
That-Clauses	315	(14)
Differences Between Relative Clauses and Nominal That-Clauses	318	(1)
Appositive That-Clauses	319	(2)
Relative Clauses and Deletion Transformations: Appositives	321	(4)
Functions of Nominal That-Clauses	325	(1)
Diagramming Nominal That-Clauses	326	(3)
Interrogative Clauses	329	(6)
Diagramming Interrogative Clauses	332	(3)
Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses	335	(5)
Elliptical Dependent Clauses	338	(1)
Nominal Clauses---The Omission of That	338	(2)
Summary	340	(1)
Review Exercises	340	(2)
Key Terms	342	(1)
Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part I: Infinitive Phrases	343	(22)
Infinitive Phrases	345	(10)
Diagramming Infinitive Phrases	348	(3)
Clauses Embedded Within Infinitive Phrases	351	(1)
Passive Infinitives	352	(1)
Infinitives Without To	353	(2)
Functions of Infinitive Phrases	355	(5)
Adverbial Infinitives	355	(1)
Adjectival Infinitives	356	(1)
Nominal Infinitives	357	(3)
Differences Between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases	360	(1)
Peripheral Case---Ought To	360	(1)
Summary	361	(1)
Review Exercises	361	(2)
Key Terms	363	(2)
Nonfinitte Verb Phrases, Part II: Participle and Gerund Phrases	365	(34)
Present Participle Phrases	365	(10)
Functions of Present Participle Phrases	367	(1)
Diagramming Present Participle Phrases	368	(5)
Differences Between Present Participles and Adjectives	373	(2)
Gerunds	375	(8)
Functions of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases	376	(3)
Differences Between Gerunds and Present Participles	379	(1)
Differences Between Gerunds and Nouns	380	(1)
Differences Between Gerunds and Participles	381	(2)
Past Participle Phrases	383	(12)
Functions of Past Participle Phrases	385	(1)
Differences Between Adjectival and Adverbial Past Participles	385	(1)
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Participle Phrases	386	(3)
Differences Between Past Participles and Adjectives	389	(6)
Nominative Absolutes	395	(2)
Summary	397	(1)
Review Exercises	397	(1)
Key Terms	398	(1)
APPENDIX: The Sounds of American English	399	(20)
Consonants of English	400	(3)
Allophones	403	(2)
Vowels of English	405	(6)
American Pronunciation	411	(1)
Pronunciation and Spelling	412	(2)
Sound Changes	414	(4)
Summary	418	(1)
Review Exercises	418	(1)
Key Terms	418	(1)
Glossary	419	(8)
Index	427