Applied Behavior Analysis

by Cooper, John O.; Heron, Timothy E.; Heward, William L.

• ISBN13: 9780675202237
• ISBN10: 067520223X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

"Applied Behavior Analysis" provides a complete description of the principles and procedures needed to systematically change socially significant behavior and to understand the reasons for that change. This comprehensive text, appropriate for courses in basic principles, applications, and behavioral research methods, helps students, educators, and practitioners appreciate and begin to acquire the conceptual and technical skills necessary to foster socially adaptive behavior in diverse individuals.

Table of Contents

PART ONE INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis	2	(14)
Some Basic Characteristics of Science	3	(1)
Defining Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis	4	(3)
A Brief Outline of the Development of Applied Behavior Analysis	7	(6)
Definition of Applied Behavior Analysis	13	(1)
Summary	14	(2)
Basic Concepts	16	(20)
Behavior	17	(1)
Environment	18	(1)
Respondent Behavior and Respondent Conditioning	19	(2)
Operant Behavior and Operant Conditioning	21	(4)
Basic Principles and Applied Procedures	25	(1)
Kinds of Stimuli That Reinforce and Punish	26	(3)
The Three-Term Contingency	29	(2)
The Complexity of Human Behavior	31	(1)
Obstacles to Control of Behavior in Applied Settings	32	(1)
Summary	33	(3)
PART TWO SELECTION, DEFINITION, AND MEASUREMENT OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE TARGET
Selecting and Defining Target Behavior	36	(23)
Role of Assessment in Applied Behavior Analysis	37	(1)
Methods and Issues in Gathering Behavioral Assessment Data	37	(5)
Considerations in Selecting a Target Behavior	42	(8)
Prioritizing Possible Target Behaviors	50	(4)
Defining the Target Behavior	54	(2)
Setting Criteria for Behavior Change	56	(1)
Summary	57	(2)
Measuring and Recording Behavior	59	(22)
Direct Measurement of Permanent Products	60	(1)
Direct Observational Recording	61	(9)
Reporting Data Collected	70	(8)
Summary	78	(3)
Planning and Directing Observational Procedures	81	(25)
Scheduling Continuous and Sample Observations	82	(1)
Selecting Times for Observation	82	(1)
Establishing the Duration of Observation Sessions	83	(1)
Planning Sampling Procedures	84	(1)
Observation Codes	85	(6)
Interobserver Agreement	91	(2)
Establishing Interobserver Agreement	93	(4)
Considerations in Using Interobserver Agreement	97	(3)
Sources of Influence on the Agreement and Accuracy of Measurement	100	(2)
Summary	102	(4)
PART THREE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Production and Interpretation of Graphic Data Displays	106	(36)
Benefits of Graphic Display of Behavioral Data	108	(1)
Line Graphs	109	(4)
Other Types of Graphs Used in Applied Behavior Analysis	113	(11)
How to Construct Graphs	124	(6)
How to Interpret Graps	130	(9)
Summary	139	(3)
Introduction to Analysis	142	(21)
The Scientific Examination of Behavior: Some Basic Conceptions and Assumptions	143	(3)
Components of Experimental Design	146	(5)
Baseline Data	151	(3)
Baseline Logic	154	(6)
Summary	160	(3)
Reversal and Alternating Treatments Designs	163	(32)
Reversal Designs	164	(15)
Alternating Treatments Design	179	(14)
Summary	193	(2)
Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Designs	195	(32)
Multiple Baseline Design	195	(24)
Changing Criterion Design	219	(5)
Summary	224	(3)
Planning, Replicating, and Evaluating Research in Applied Behavior Analysis	227	(27)
Planning Research in Applied Behavior Analysis	227	(7)
Internal Validity: Controlling Potential Sources of Confounding in an Experimental Design	234	(5)
External Validity: The Role of Replication in Applied Behavior Analysis	239	(7)
Evaluating Research in Applied Behavior Analysis	246	(5)
Summary	251	(3)
PART FOUR INCREASING EXISTING BEHAVIOR
Operant Reinforcement	254	(21)
The Role of Genetic Inheritance	255	(1)
Definition of Operant Reinforcement	256	(1)
Positive Reinforcement	257	(2)
Negative Reinforcement	259	(2)
Types of Potential Reinforcers	261	(3)
Selecting Potential Reinforcers	264	(3)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Reinforcement	267	(4)
Guidelines for Using Reinforcement	271	(2)
Summary	273	(2)
Schedules of Reinforcement	275	(23)
Use of Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement	276	(2)
Basic Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement	278	(1)
Ratio Schedules	279	(5)
Interval Schedules	284	(4)
Complex Schedules of Reinforcement	288	(4)
Adjunctive Behavior	292	(2)
Summary	294	(4)
PART FIVE STIMULUS CONTROL
Stimulus Control	298	(30)
Antecedent Stimuli	299	(1)
Stimulus Generalization	300	(2)
Development of Stimulus Control with Differential Reinforcement	302	(2)
Concept Formation	304	(4)
Factors Affecting the Development of Stimulus Control	308	(4)
Response and Stimulus Prompts	312	(2)
Transfer of Stimulus Control	314	(4)
Discriminative and Motivational Functions of Stimuli	318	(6)
Summary	324	(4)
PART SIX DEVELOPING NEW BEHAVIOR
Behavioral Shaping	328	(11)
Definition and Illustration of Behavioral Shaping	329	(3)
Behavioral Shaping Across and Within Different Response Topographies	332	(1)
Increasing the Efficiency of Behavioral Shaping	333	(1)
Guidelines for Selecting and Implementing Behavioral Shaping	334	(4)
Summary	338	(1)
Behavior Chains	339	(26)
Definition of a Behavior Chain	339	(2)
Rationale for Using Chains	341	(1)
Task Analysis	342	(9)
Behavior Chaining Procedures	351	(6)
Breaking an Inappropriate Behavior Chain	357	(3)
Factors Affecting the Performance of a Behavior Chain	360	(3)
Summary	363	(2)
Imitation	365	(13)
Definition of Imitation	366	(3)
Imitation Training for Nonimitative Learners	369	(3)
Guidelines for Imitation Training	372	(1)
Effective Use of Imitation Training with Already-Existing Imitative Repertoires	373	(2)
Considerations	375	(1)
Summary	375	(3)
PART SEVEN DECREASING BEHAVIOR I: NONPUNISHMENT PROCEDURES
Extinction	378	(13)
Definition of Extinction	378	(5)
Maintenance of Behavior Change	383	(1)
Misuse of Technical Term	383	(1)
Extinction Behavior	384	(1)
Variables Affecting Resistance to Extinction	385	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Extinction	386	(3)
Summary	389	(2)
Decreasing Behavior with Differential Reinforcement	391	(19)
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior and Alternative Behavior	392	(3)
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior	395	(4)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding	399	(5)
Considerations	404	(2)
Summary	406	(4)
PART EIGHT DECREASING BEHAVIOR II: PUNISHMENT PROCEDURES
Punishment by Contingent Presentation of a Stimulus	410	(17)
Definition of Punishment	411	(1)
Rationale for Using Punishment	411	(2)
Ethical and Legal Considerations	413	(5)
A Decision-Making for Using Punishment	418	(4)
Methodological Guidelines	422	(2)
Undesirable Aspects of Punishment	424	(1)
Summary	425	(2)
Overcorrection	427	(12)
Definition of Overcorrection	428	(1)
Rationale and Assumptions for Overcorrection	428	(1)
Distinguishing Overcorrection from Other Similar Reductive Approaches	429	(1)
Types of Positive Practice Overcorrection	430	(1)
Considerations with Overcorrection	431	(4)
Guidelines for Using Overcorrection	435	(2)
Summary	437	(2)
Time Out from Positive Reinforcement	439	(15)
Definition of Time Out	440	(1)
Distinguishing Extinction and Response Cost from Time Out	440	(1)
Nonexclusion Time Out	441	(3)
Exclusion Time Out	444	(2)
Desirable Aspects of Time Out	446	(2)
Using Time Out Effectively in Applied Settings	448	(3)
Legal and Ethical Issues of Time Out	451	(1)
Summary	452	(2)
Response Cost	454	(12)
Definition of Response Cost	454	(1)
Desirable Aspects of Response Cost	455	(4)
Implementing a Response Cost Contingency	459	(2)
Criteria for Using Response Cost or Bonus Response Cost	461	(1)
Considerations in the Use of Response Cost in Applied Settings	461	(1)
Guidelines	462	(2)
Summary	464	(2)
PART NINE SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
Contingency Contracting	466	(20)
Definition and Components of a Contingency Contract	466	(3)
Applications of Contingency Contracting	469	(7)
Developing Behavioral Contracts	476	(1)
Evaluating Contracts	477	(4)
Desirable Aspects of Contingency Contracting	481	(1)
Considerations in Implementing Contingency Contracts	481	(2)
Guidelines for Effective Contracting	483	(1)
Summary	484	(2)
Token Economy	486	(13)
Definition of Token Economy	486	(3)
Procedures for Implementing a Token Economy	489	(8)
Summary	497	(2)
Group-Oriented Contingencies	499	(16)
Definition of a Group-Oriented Contingency	500	(1)
Rationale	500	(1)
Ethical Considerations	501	(2)
Classification Schemes for Group-Oriented Contingencies	503	(7)
Implementing a Group-Oriented Contingency	510	(3)
Summary	513	(2)
Self-Management	515	(37)
What is Self-Management and Why Is It Important?	515	(6)
Self-Management Strategies	521	(16)
Teaching Self-Management to Students	537	(4)
Theoretical Concerns with Self-Control	541	(4)
Guidelines for More Effective Self-Management	545	(3)
Summary	548	(4)
PART TEN GENERALITY OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Promoting the Generality of Behavior Change	552	(34)
Generality and the Development of Behavior Change Technology	553	(2)
Terminology	555	(12)
Planning for the Generality of Behavior Change	567	(3)
Strategies for Promoting the Generality of Behavior Change	570	(9)
Modifying and Terminating a Successful Intervention to Facilitate Generality	579	(3)
Summary	582	(4)
PART ELEVEN COMMUNICATION
Communicating the Results of Behavior Change Efforts	586	(9)
Sharing Data with Learners	586	(2)
Sharing Data with Parents and Guardians	588	(1)
Sharing Data with Practitioners	588	(1)
Sharing Data with Administrators	589	(1)
Sharing Results with the Behavior Analysis Community	589	(4)
Criteria for Sharing Data with Others	593	(1)
Summary	594	(1)
References	595	(36)
Index of Key Terms	631	(4)
Name Index	635	(8)
Subject Index	643