Applied Population Ecology

by Akcakaya, H. R.; Burgman, Mark A.; Ginzburg, Lev R.

• ISBN13: 9780878930289
• ISBN10: 0878930280
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-06-01
• Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

Table of Contents

Foreword	x
Robert Goldstein
Foreword	xi
Mark Shaffer
Preface	xii
Acknowledgments	xiv
Population Growth	1	(32)
Introduction	1	(6)
Definition of a Population	2	(1)
Limits to Survival and Reproduction: Niche and Habitat	2	(3)
Mathematical Models in Population Ecology	5	(2)
Births and deaths, immigrants and emigrants	7	(7)
Exponential Growth	8	(1)
Long-lived Species	9	(1)
Using the Model	10	(2)
Doubling Time	12	(1)
Migration, Harvesting, and Translocation	13	(1)
Assumptions of the exponential growth model	14	(2)
Applications	16	(10)
Human Population Growth	16	(5)
Explosions of Pest Densities	21	(2)
Exponential Decline	23	(3)
Additional topic	26	(1)
Population Growth in Continuous Time	26	(1)
Exercises	27	(4)
Blue Whale Recovery	27	(1)
Human Population, 1800-1995	28	(2)
Human Population, 1995-2035	30	(1)
Further reading	31	(2)
Variation	33	(38)
Introduction	33	(4)
Vocabulary for Population Dynamics and Variability	34	(2)
Variation and Uncertainty	36	(1)
Kinds of Uncertainly	36	(1)
Natural variation	37	(17)
Individual Variation	37	(1)
Demographic Stochasticity	38	(7)
Environmental Variation	45	(9)
Parameter and model uncertainty	54	(4)
Parameter Uncertainty	54	(1)
Model Uncertainty	55	(1)
Sensitivity Analysis	56	(2)
Ambiguity and ignorance	58	(1)
Additional topics	59	(2)
Time to Extinction	59	(1)
Estimating Variation	60	(1)
Exercises	61	(8)
Accounting For Demographic Stochasticity	61	(1)
Building a Model of Muskox	62	(2)
Constructing Risk Curves	64	(3)
Sensitivity Analysis	67	(2)
Further reading	69	(2)
Population Regulation	71	(34)
Introduction	71	(1)
Effects of crowding	72	(4)
Increased Mortality	72	(1)
Decreased Reproduction	73	(1)
Self-thinning	74	(1)
Territories	75	(1)
Types of density dependence	76	(15)
Scramble Competition	77	(6)
Contest Competition	83	(2)
Ceiling Model	85	(1)
Allee Effects	86	(3)
The Concept of Carrying Capacity	89	(1)
Carrying Capacity for the Human Population	90	(1)
Assumptions of density-dependent models	91	(1)
Cycles and chaos	91	(1)
Harvesting and density dependence	92	(2)
Adding Environmental variation	94	(1)
Additional topics	95	(3)
Equations	95	(2)
Estimating Density Dependence Parameters	97	(1)
Exercises	98	(6)
Gause's Experiment with Paramecium	98	(1)
Adding Stochasticity to Density Dependence	99	(1)
Exploring Differences Between Density Dependence Types	100	(1)
Demonstrating Chaos	101	(1)
Density Dependence and Harvesting	102	(2)
Density Independence Graphs	104	(1)
Further reading	104	(1)
Age Structure	105	(52)
Introduction	105	(2)
Assumptions of age-structured models	107	(1)
An age-structured model for the Helmeted Honeyeater	108	(5)
Survival Rates	109	(2)
Fecundities	111	(2)
Sex Ratio	113	(1)
The Leslie matrix	113	(10)
Leslie Matrix for Helmeted Honeyeaters	115	(2)
Projection with the Leslie Matrix	117	(2)
Stable Age Distribution	119	(2)
Reproductive Value	121	(2)
Adding Stochasticity	123	(4)
Demographic Stochasticity	123	(2)
Environmental Stochasticity	125	(2)
Life Tables	127	(6)
The Survivorship Schedule	128	(2)
The Maternity (Fertility) Schedule	130	(1)
Life History Parameters	131	(1)
Life Table Assumptions	132	(1)
Additional topics	133	(10)
Estimating Survivals and Fecundities	133	(3)
Estimating a Leslie Matrix from a Life Table	136	(5)
Estimating Variation	141	(2)
Exercises	143	(12)
Building the Helmeted Honeyeater Model	144	(4)
Human Demography	148	(1)
Leslie Matrix for Brook Trout	149	(3)
Fishery Management	152	(3)
Further reading	155	(2)
Stage Structure	157	(26)
Introduction	157	(1)
Assumptions of stage-structured models	158	(1)
Stage structure based on size	159	(2)
A stage model for an Alder	161	(2)
Building stage-structured models	163	(5)
Residence Times, Stable Distribution, and Reproductive Value	165	(1)
Constraints	166	(1)
Adding Density Dependence	167	(1)
Sensitivity analysis	168	(3)
Planning Field Research	168	(2)
Evaluating Management Options	170	(1)
Additional topic	171	(3)
Estimation of Stage Matrix	171	(3)
Exercises	174	(7)
Reverse Transitions	174	(1)
Modeling a Perennial Plant	174	(2)
Sea Turtle Conservation	176	(2)
Sensitivity Analysis	178	(3)
Further reading	181	(2)
Metapopulations and Spatial Structure	183	(30)
Introduction	183	(7)
Spatial Heterogeneity	185	(1)
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation	186	(1)
Island Biogeography	187	(3)
Metapopulation dynamics	190	(9)
Geographic Configuration	191	(1)
Spatial Correlation of Environmental Variation	191	(2)
Dispersal Patterns	193	(3)
Interaction Between Dispersal and Correlation	196	(1)
Assumptions of Metapopulation Models	197	(2)
Applications	199	(4)
Reintroduction and Translocation	200	(1)
Corridors and Reserve Design	201	(1)
Impact Assessment: Fragmentation	202	(1)
Exercises	203	(9)
An Overview of the Program	203	(2)
Spatial Factors and Extinction Risks	205	(4)
Habitat Loss	209	(1)
Designing Reserves for the Spotted Owl	210	(2)
Further reading	212	(1)
Population Viability Analysis	213	(28)
Introduction	213	(1)
Extinction	214	(10)
Extinction in Geological Time	215	(1)
Current Extinction Rates	216	(4)
The Causes of Extinction	220	(2)
Classification of Threat	222	(2)
Components of population viability analysis	224	(8)
Identification of the Question and Estimation of Parameters	224	(4)
Modeling, Risk Assessment, Sensitivity Analysis	228	(1)
Cost-benefit Analysis	228	(3)
Implementation, Monitoring, Evaluation	231	(1)
The limits of population viability analysis	232	(2)
Exercises	234	(6)
Habitat Management for Gnatcatchers	234	(2)
Comparing Management Options	236	(2)
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation	238	(2)
Further reading	240	(1)
Decision-making and Natural Resource Management	241	(26)
Introduction	241	(1)
Detecting impact	242	(6)
Power, Importance, and Significance: An Example	244	(3)
The Precautionary Principle	247	(1)
Managing natural resources	248	(6)
Predicting the Outcome	248	(1)
Explaining the Uncertainty	249	(3)
Model Uncertainty: The Importance of Detail	252	(1)
Strategies and Contingencies	253	(1)
The economic and ecological contexts of natural resource management	254	(5)
Uncertainty and Sustainability	256	(1)
The Role of Applied Population Ecologists	257	(2)
Exercises	259	(6)
Statistical Power and Environmental Detection	259	(2)
Sustainable Catch Revisited	261	(2)
Sustainable Use	263	(2)
Further reading	265	(2)
Appendix: RAMAS EcoLab Installation and Use	267	(6)
References	273	(8)
Index	281