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9781852336462

Aquatic Invertebrate Cell Culture

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781852336462

  • ISBN10:

    1852336463

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2000-10-01
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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List Price: $185.00

Summary

Aquatic Invertebrate Cell Cultureis a very new field which has major applications in Aquaculture, Ecotoxicology and Pathology. In essence it is realised that pathogens behave differently in host cells than the impression gained from growth on agar plates. Another major application of invertebrate cell culture is an understanding of mechanisms involved in cellular and molecular responses to environmental change. This book aims to consider all relevant advances for the development of aquatic invertebrate cell culture.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Introduction
1(6)
C. Mothersill
B. Austin
References
4(3)
Part I Fundamental techniques 7(54)
Basic methods and media
9(6)
C. Mothersill
A. L. Mulford
B. Austin
Animals
9(1)
Equipment
9(1)
Procedures
10(3)
Good aseptic technique
10(1)
Hygiene of animals
10(1)
Appropriate disinfectant technique for the whole animal
10(1)
Appropriate dissection techniques
10(1)
Need of speed for processing tissues
10(1)
Which incubation conditions -- with or without carbon dioxide?
11(1)
Nature of vessels -- plastic or glass, coated or uncoated?
11(1)
Area of culture vessels
11(1)
Use of antibiotics
11(1)
Explants or isolated cells?
11(1)
Observation of cultures
12(1)
Subcultures
12(1)
Use of viability tests
12(1)
Characterization of the cells
12(1)
Culture media
13(1)
Which medium
13(1)
Which supplements?
13(1)
Medium-change regime
13(1)
Conclusions
14(1)
References
14(1)
Tissue choices for aquatic invertebrate tissue culture
15(10)
A. Evenden
Introduction
15(3)
Choosing an appropriate animal
15(1)
Availability of animals
16(1)
Animal suitability
17(1)
Tissue choices
18(6)
Developmental status
18(3)
Methodological factors
21(1)
Application choices
22(1)
A way forward
23(1)
References
24(1)
Characterization
25(36)
M. Lyons-Alcantara
Introduction
25(3)
Morphology
28(1)
Size
29(1)
Ultrastructure
30(4)
Epithelial tissue
30(2)
Fibroblasts
32(2)
Cell-growth kinetics
34(2)
Cell counting at different time intervals
34(1)
Mitotic index
34(1)
DNA Incorporation methods
34(1)
AgNOR
35(1)
Flow cytometry
35(1)
Telomerase activity
36(1)
Immunohistochemical methods
36(1)
Enzyme activity
36(1)
Antigenicity
37(7)
Structural markers
37(5)
Proliferation markers
42(2)
Differentiation
44(1)
Histochemistry
44(1)
DNA Fingerprinting
45(1)
Isoenzyme analysis
45(1)
Chromosome content
46(1)
DNA content
46(1)
RNA and protein
47(1)
Expression of a sponge gene as a marker for the origin of the cells
47(1)
Contamination with unicellular eukaryotes
48(1)
References
49(12)
Part II Experiences with aquatic invertebrates 61(208)
Cell cultures from crustaceans: Shrimps, crabs and crayfish
63(72)
A. L. Mulford
A. J. Villena
Introduction
63(1)
The crustaceans
64(3)
Previous experiences of tissue culture
67(14)
Short-term cultures
68(1)
Long-term cultures
69(12)
Physiological data useful to define culture media for crustacean cells
81(12)
Methods
93(24)
Anaesthesia and decontamination procedures
95(1)
Initiation of cultures
96(10)
Attachment factors
106(1)
Culture media
107(3)
Culture conditions
110(1)
Culture identification
110(7)
Conclusions
117(1)
References
118(17)
Interaction between crustacean ectoparasites and their hosts: A tissue-culture perspective
135(30)
D. T. Nolan
S. C. Johnson
Introduction
135(1)
Important crustacean ectoparasites
136(8)
Caligid fish lice
136(1)
Branchiuran fish lice
137(1)
Other crustacean ectoparasites of fish
137(1)
Parasite-induced stress effects and disease susceptibility
137(2)
Bottlenecks in studying the host-parasite interaction in greater depth and potential new directions
139(2)
Challenges in attempting cell culture from crustacean ectoparasitic lice
141(3)
Cell-culture trials with Argulus japonicus
144(9)
Experimental animals and handling
144(1)
Media composition and supplements
144(1)
Tissue preparation and culture conditions
145(3)
Evaluation of culture results
148(1)
Characterization requirements for cells
148(5)
Application of cell culture for control of these and other types of parasites
153(1)
Conclusions
154(1)
Acknowledgements
155(1)
References
155(10)
Culture of molluscan cells
165(18)
M. F. Mulcahy
Introduction
165(11)
Target species
165(1)
Target cells
166(3)
Depuration, decontamination and disinfection
169(1)
Cell-isolation protocols
170(1)
Cell-culture conditions
171(2)
Methods to measure the functional activity of cells
173(1)
Characterization of cultured cells
173(1)
Approaches to the development of continuous cell lines
174(1)
Cryopreservation
175(1)
Conclusion
176(1)
References
176(7)
Molluscan diseases: A tissue-culture perspective
183(22)
R. A. Elston
Introduction
183(1)
Viral diseases and isolation of viruses from molluscs
184(8)
Viral diseases of molluscs
184(2)
Culture of molluscan viruses
186(3)
Dissemination of neoplasia of molluscs: A viral aetiology?
189(3)
Intracellular bacterial diseases of molluscs
192(2)
Intracellular protozoan diseases of molluscs
194(1)
Efforts to establish molluscan cell and tissue cultures
194(3)
Primary culture of molluscan cells and tissues
194(2)
Establishment of the Bge cell line
196(1)
Need for the establishment of molluscan cell and tissue cultures
197(1)
References
198(7)
Primary cell culture from a sponge: Primmorphs
205(20)
W. E. G. Muller
M. R. Custodio
Introduction
205(1)
Establishment of primmorphs
206(5)
Sponge
206(1)
Media
206(1)
Dissociation of cells and formation of primmorphs
207(2)
Histology
209(1)
Subcultures of primmorphs
210(1)
Long-term cultivation of primmorphs in the aquarium
210(1)
Characterization of primmorphs
211(2)
Level of telomerase activity in cells depending on the culture conditions
211(1)
Immunocytochemical detection of BrdU incorporation in cells of primmorphs
211(1)
Presence of bacteria in the primmorphs
212(1)
Expression of a sponge gene as a marker for the origin of the cells
212(1)
Application of primmorphs
213(1)
Bioindicator
213(1)
Production of bioactive compounds
214(1)
Cultivation of primmorphs under pressure
214(4)
Effect of ethylene
214(2)
Cloning of ethylene-responsive proteins from Suberites domuncula
216(1)
Levels of expression of sponge ethylene-responsive protein
216(2)
Discussion of the system
218(1)
Acknowledgements
219(1)
Disclosure statement
219(1)
References
220(5)
Urochordate cell cultures: From in vivo to in vitro approaches
225(20)
B. Rinkevich
C. Rabinowitz
Tunicates: importance for cell-culture applications
225(1)
Four major tissue sources for in vitro studies
226(4)
Naturally occurring cell suspensions
226(1)
Organ cultures
227(2)
Dissociated tissues/organs
229(1)
Embryo-derived cell cultures
229(1)
Establishment of cell cultures
230(1)
Botryllid ascidians: Cell cultures; recent advances, old problems
231(3)
Blood cells
231(1)
Ampullae regeneration
232(1)
Epithelial cell cultures
233(1)
In vitro applications
234(4)
Applications for environmental studies
236(2)
Closing remarks
238(2)
Acknowledgements
240(1)
References
240(5)
Echinodermata
245(24)
C. Moss
C. D. Bavington
J. D. McKenzie
The echinoderms
245(1)
Echinoderm cells and tissues
246(5)
Tissue layout and cell culture
246(3)
Reproductive and other proliferative tissues
249(2)
Studies on echinoderm cells in vitro and the development of cell-culture techniques
251(11)
The development of methodology towards long-term echinoderm cultures
254(8)
Applications for echinoderm cell cultures
262(2)
Production of metabolites
263(1)
Use of symbionts
263(1)
Models for aquaculture and environmental monitoring
263(1)
Pest species
264(1)
Summary
264(1)
References
264(5)
Part III Uses for cell cultures 269(132)
Application of cell culture for coral-reef ecology
271(22)
Z. Billinghurst
M. S. A. Ammar
W. E. G. Muller
Introduction
271(3)
Cnidarians
271(3)
Cell culture
274(3)
Primmorph system
275(2)
Applications of the primmorph system
277(10)
Diseases in corals
278(1)
Coral bleaching
279(3)
Molecular probes for detecting environmental stress
282(1)
Case study: Monitoring the effect of light using molecular probes
283(1)
Primmorphs from Dendronephthya klunzingeri as a model to determine the effect of UVB and visible light
284(3)
Acknowledgements
287(1)
Disclosure statement
287(1)
References
287(6)
Culture of bryozoans and barnacles: Application of larval cell culture to biofouling studies
293(30)
K. Okano
E. Hunter
Introduction
293(2)
Cells from Bryozoan larvae
295(11)
Overview
295(3)
Techniques and methodology
298(4)
Bryozoan larval ciliated epithelium
302(1)
Internal cells from bryozoan larvae
303(2)
Modulation of ciliary behaviour in identified ciliated cells
305(1)
Cells from barnacle (cirripedia) larvae
306(7)
Overview
306(3)
Techniques and methodology
309(2)
Physiological characterization of cement secretion using isolated organs and cultured cells
311(2)
Future applications
313(3)
Application of larval cell-culture techniques in biofouling studies
313(1)
Larval cells as cement factories
314(1)
Larval cells and pharmaceuticals
315(1)
Conclusion
316(1)
Acknowledgements
316(1)
References
316(7)
Development of sponge cell cultures for biomedical application
323(14)
S. A. Pomponi
R. Willoughby
Importance of sponge cell culture
323(1)
Sponge cell cultures
324(1)
Cell culture versus tissue culture
324(1)
Establishment of cell cultures
325(2)
Selection of appropriate species for in vitro research
325(1)
Identification of target cell types
326(1)
Selection of appropriate methods for cell dissociation
326(1)
Cryopreservation: pros and cons
327(1)
Development of defined culture media
327(3)
Basal media
329(1)
Antibiotics
329(1)
Growth factors
329(1)
Selection of culture vessel
330(2)
Attached versus suspension cultures
330(2)
Cell-type verification and assessment of functional state
332(1)
Chemical analyses of cultured cells
333(1)
Biosynthesis of radiolabelled precursors
333(1)
Current status and future directions
333(1)
Acknowledgements
334(1)
References
334(3)
Applications of invertebrate cell culture in studies of biomarkers and ecotoxicology
337(24)
D. Sheehan
Introduction
337(5)
Chemical threat posed by xenobiotics
337(1)
Biological xenobiotic defence mechanisms
338(1)
Enzymatic detoxification
339(3)
Detoxification systems of invertebrates as bioindicators of environmental pollution
342(1)
Invertebrates as sentinel species
342(1)
Potential of invertebrate species for in vitro toxicology
343(1)
Primary cell cultures
343(4)
Uses of cell lines in toxicology
347(3)
Cytotoxicity
347(1)
Ultrastructural effects
348(1)
Formation of protein adducts
348(1)
Genotoxicity
349(1)
Non-mammalian tissue culture
350(1)
Potential of invertebrate tissue culture in toxicology
351(1)
Future perspectives
351(1)
References
352(9)
The growth and pathogenicity of bacterial and viral pathogens in aquatic invertebrate tissue cultures
361(8)
B. Austin
Introduction
361(4)
The availability of cell cultures
362(1)
The growth of viral pathogens
362(1)
The growth of bacterial pathogens
363(1)
Parasites
364(1)
Measuring cellular damage
364(1)
Conclusion
365(1)
References
365(4)
Validation of in vitro techniques
369(28)
B. Quinn
C. Mothersill
In vitro techniques
369(5)
Validation
370(3)
Validation by in vitro/in vivo comparison
373(1)
Legislation and regulations
374(1)
Tier system for use of validating in vitro techniques
374(5)
QSAR
375(1)
In vitro exposure
376(1)
In vivo exposure
376(1)
In vitro/in vivo validation
377(2)
Validated in vitro systems
379(1)
Mutagenicity
379(1)
Skin and eye irritancy
379(1)
Toxicity studies
380(2)
Pathogenicity studies
382(1)
Validation by information systems and databases
383(2)
Databases
384(1)
The MEIC programme
385(1)
Conclusion
385(2)
References
387(10)
Conclusions
397(4)
C. Mothersill
B. Austin
Index 401

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