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9780748697816

Arabian Drugs in Early Medieval Mediterranean Medicine

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780748697816

  • ISBN10:

    0748697810

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2017-01-01
  • Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
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Summary

For more than one thousand years Arab medicine held sway in the ancient world, from the shores of Spain in the West to China, India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in the East. This book explores the impact of Greek (as well as Indian and Persian) medical heritage on the evolution of Arab medicine and pharmacology, investigating it from the perspective of materia medica - a reliable indication of the contribution of this medical legacy.

Focusing on the main substances introduced and traded by the Arabs in the medieval Mediterranean - including Ambergris, camphor, musk, myrobalan, nutmeg, sandalwood and turmeric - the authors show how they enriched the existing inventory of drugs influenced by Galenic-Arab pharmacology. Further, they look at how these substances merged with the development and distribution of new technologies and industries that evolved in the Middle Ages such as textiles, paper, dyeing and tanning, and with the new trends, demands and fashions regarding spices, perfumes, ornaments (gemstones) and foodstuffs some of which can be found in our modern-day food basket.

Author Biography


Zohar Amar is Director of the Unit on the History of Medicine at Bar-Ilan University in Israel.

Efraim Lev is a Professor at the Department of Eretz Israel Studies at the University of Haifa.

Table of Contents


List of Figures
List of Tables
Map
Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Arab attitude to science
1.2 Translation of Greek science into Arabic
1.3 Assimilation of theoretical and practical medicine into Arab culture
1.4 Persian and Indian medicine
1.5 Indian medicinal substances
1.6 Baghdad as an intercultural centre and the triumph of the Galenic medical legacy

Chapter 2: The Commercial Aspect
2.1 'Indian trade'
2.1.1 Islamic Trade
2.1.2 Trade routes
2.1.3 Commercial centres
2.2 Mediterranean trade
2.2.1 Trade routes
2.2.2 Commercial centres
2.2.3 Byzantine trade
2.3 Groups of traders

Chapter 3: Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Innovations: Milestones in Research and Case Studies
3.1 Indian pharmacology and Galeno-Arab medicine
3.2 The 'Agriculture Revolution' and the Watson Thesis - Cucurbitaceae family as a model
3.3 'Crusader plants'
3.4 Greek literature and the physicians of Andalusia as a model
3.4.1 Dioscorides and the Arabic herbalists
3.4.2 Ibn Juljul and Dioscorides
3.4.3 Ibn Rushd and the list of drugs not mentioned by Galen
3.4.4 Comparison of Ibn Rushd's and Ibn Jujul's lists
3.4.5 The School of Spanish (Andalusian) Physicians
3.5 Identification
3.6 The suggested model

Chapter 4: 'Arabian' Substances
4.1 Drugs, spices and industrial substances
4.1.1 Drugs; 4.1.1.1 Myrobalan [Yellow - (ihlilaji asfar) Black - (ihlilaj kabuli), Indian - (ihlilaj hindi), Belleric - (balilaj), Emblic - (amlaj)
4.1.1.2 Anacardium [marking-nut tree, marsh-nut] (baladhur)
4.1.1.3 Dragon's blood (shayyan)
4.1.1.4 Tamarind (tamar hindi)
4.1.1.5 Bamboo (abashir, khayzuran)
4.1.1.6 Shampoo ginger (zurunbad)
4.1.1.7 Purging cassia (khiyar shanbar)
4.1.2. Spices
4.1.2.1 Clove (qaranful)
4.1.2.2 Betel pepper (tanbul)
4.1.2.3 Betel palm [Areca nut] (fawfal)
4.1.2.4 Turmeric (kurkum)
4.1.2.5 Galingale [Galanga] (khulanjan)
4.1.2.6 Nutmeg (jawzbuwa)
4.1.2.7 Perfumed cherry (malab)
4.1.3 Other substances
4.1.3.1 Indian aconite (bish)
4.1.3.2 Zedoary (jadwar)
4.1.3.3 Purging croton (abb al-muluk, dand, khirwa sini)
4.1.3.4 Cassia (sana, sana makki)
4.1.3.5 Berberry (amirbaris)
4.1.3.6 Fossil crab (saratan hindi)
4.1.3.7 Sukk
4.1.3.8 Tarangabin (taranjubin)
4.1.3.9 Sandarus (sandarus)
4.1.3.10 Turpeth (turbad)
4.1.3.11 Neem (azadadrakht)
4.1.3.12 Cubeb pepper (kababa, habb al-arus)
4.1.4 Uncertain identification
4.1.4.1 Buzaydan
4.1.4.2 Qinbil
4.1.4.3 Jawz jundum
4.1.4.4 Jawz al-qay, al-daf, (Emetic nut)
4.1.5 Industrial substances
4.1.5.1 Lacca (lakk)
4.1.5.2 Teac (saj)
4.1.5.3 Sappan wood (baqqam)
4.1.5.4 Warras (wars)
4.2 Perfumes and incenses
4.2.1 Perfumes and incenses of the pre-Islamic period
4.2.2 Prestigious perfumes after the Muslim conquests
4.2.3 New perfumes
4.2.4 Perfumes that maintained their dominance
4.2.5 Perfumes that lost their importance
4.2.6 Agarwood (Ud Hindi, Ud al-ib)
4.2.7 Camphor (kafur)
4.2.8 Ambergris (anbar)
4.2.9 Sandalwood (andal)
4.2.10 Jasmine (yasamin)
4.2.11 Musk (misk)
4.2.12 Screw pine (duhn al-kadhi)
4.3 Gemstones
4.3.1 Gemstones in the Arabic literature
4.3.2 The changes in the popularity of gem stones after the Arabic conquests
4.3.3 The most valued stones
4.3.3 The most valued stones
4.3.4 The practical uses of precious stones in medicine
4.3.5 Corundum (yaqut)
4.3.6 Diamond (ajar al-mas)
4.3.7 Bezoar stone (ajar al-badzahr)

Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions

Bibliography
Indexes

Supplemental Materials

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