Architectural Drawing and Light Construction

by Muller, Edward J.; Fausett, James G.; Grau, Philip A.

• ISBN13: 9780130271587
• ISBN10: 0130271586
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL

Summary

For courses in Architectural Drawing and Design, Construction Materials and Methods, and Residential Design and Construction. Using clear, concise explanations and numerous illustrations, the Sixth Edition of this text retains the thorough approach of the previous edition to introduce the basics of architectural design and practice along with construction documentation and practice. It combines the best examples of manually drawn graphics and computer generated graphics along with up-to-date information on the latest building codes and construction materials.

Table of Contents

Drafting Equipment and Its Uses	3	(22)
A List of Necessary Equipment	3	(1)
Drawing Boards and Tables	4	(1)
Board Covers and Drafting Surfaces	4	(1)
Parallel Bars and Drafting Machines	5	(1)
Pencils, Leads, and Pointers	6	(1)
Triangles	7	(1)
Adjustable Triangles	7	(1)
Erasers	8	(1)
Electric Erasing Machines	8	(1)
Erasing Shield	8	(1)
Protractor	9	(1)
Irregular Curves	9	(1)
The Architect's Scale	9	(1)
The Civil Engineer's Scale	10	(2)
Drafting Templates	12	(1)
Case Instruments	12	(1)
Drafting (Dusting) Brush	13	(1)
Drafting Tape and Dots	13	(1)
Drawing Papers and Film	13	(1)
Technical Drafting Pens	14	(1)
Optional Equipment	15	(1)
Lighting and Light Fixtures	16	(1)
Reproduction of Drawings	16	(1)
Drawing Lines	17	(8)
Exercises	18	(4)
Review Questions	22	(3)
Computer-Aided Drafting and Design	25	(28)
Historical Overview	25	(1)
System Components	26	(2)
Operating Systems	28	(2)
Computer Hardware	30	(6)
Software	36	(2)
The Internet	38	(1)
Future Developments	39	(2)
Key Graphic Principles for CAD	41	(1)
Basic Computer-Aided Drafting	42	(11)
Home Design of the Future: Computer Integration	48	(2)
Review Questions	50	(1)
Bibliography	50	(1)
References	50	(3)
Lettering	53	(18)
Lettering Skill	53	(1)
Alphabet Classifications	53	(2)
Uppercase and Lowercase Letters	55	(1)
Basic Lettering Practice	55	(1)
Guidelines	56	(1)
Height of Letters on Working Drawings	56	(1)
Letter Proportion	57	(1)
Lettering Technique	58	(1)
Spacing of Letters and Words	58	(1)
Inclined Lettering	59	(1)
Lettering with a Triangle	59	(1)
Lettering Titles	59	(1)
Symmetrical Titles	60	(1)
Laying Out Large Titles	60	(1)
Lettering with Ink	61	(1)
Lettering Machines	61	(1)
Notes	62	(1)
Title Blocks	62	(1)
Laying Out Similar Title Blocks on Continuous Sheets	63	(1)
Developing an Architectural Style	63	(8)
Cadd Text	67	(1)
Exercises	68	(1)
Review Questions	69	(2)
Drafting Expression	71	(22)
Vary Line Weights According to Their Importance	71	(1)
Learn to Make Crisp-Looking Broken Lines	71	(2)
Make the Dimensions Easy to Read	73	(2)
Place Dimensions for Obvious Association with Their Features	75	(1)
Line Up Dimensions in Series for Simplicity	75	(1)
Do Not Duplicate Dimensions	76	(1)
Use Leaders to Avoid Overcrowding	76	(1)
Use Notes Sparingly on a Drawing	76	(2)
Abbreviations Save Time, But They Are Often Confusing	78	(1)
Indicate Materials and Features with Symbols	78	(5)
Avoid Unnecessary Repetition of Symbol Hatching	83	(1)
Use a Drafting Template for Difficult Symbols	83	(1)
Avoid Smudged Pencil Linework	83	(1)
Use Schedules to Organize Extensive Information	84	(9)
Cadd Standards: Lineweights	88	(2)
Exercises	90	(1)
Review Questions	91	(2)
Modular and Metric Drafting	93	(16)
The Principles of Modular Drafting	93	(8)
The Metric System of Measurement	101	(1)
Systeme International	102	(1)
Dimensions on Drawings	103	(1)
Modular Coordination	103	(2)
Preferred Sizes for Building Components	105	(4)
Review Questions	106	(1)
References	107	(2)
Basic Technical Drawing	109	(24)
Multiview Two-Dimensional Drawings	109	(4)
Sectioning	113	(7)
Auxiliary Views	120	(2)
Geometric Construction	122	(11)
Exercises	129	(1)
Review Questions	130	(3)
Axonometric and Oblique Pictorial Drawings	133	(20)
Axonometric Drawings	134	(3)
Constructing a Pictorial Drawing	137	(2)
Pictorial Section Views	139	(1)
Oblique Drawings	140	(1)
Elevation Oblique Drawings	141	(1)
Plan Oblique Drawings	142	(1)
Planometric Drawings	143	(2)
Pictorial Dimensioning	145	(8)
Exercises	149	(2)
Review Questions	151	(2)
Freehand Sketching	153	(18)
Sketching Materials	153	(1)
Beginning Line Exercises	154	(1)
Dividing Lines and Areas Equally	155	(1)
Sketching Angles	156	(1)
Sketching Circles and Arcs	156	(1)
Developing Good Proportion	157	(3)
Acquiring Good Line Technique	160	(1)
Sketching Plans and Elevations	161	(4)
Axonometric, Isometric, and Oblique Sketching	165	(6)
Exercises	167	(2)
Review Questions	169	(2)
Perspective Drawings	171	(34)
Theory and Nomenclature	171	(4)
Perspective Variables	175	(2)
Types of Perspectives	177	(1)
Sketching a Quick Perspective	178	(3)
Drawing a 2-Point Angular Perspective of an Exterior Using the Office Method	181	(4)
Drawing a 2-Point Angular Perspective of an Interior Using the Office Method	185	(1)
The Perspective-Plan Method and Measuring Lines	185	(7)
Drawing a 1-Point Parallel Perspective Using the Office Method	192	(2)
A Professional Method of Drawing Perspectives	194	(4)
Time-Saving Suggestions	198	(7)
Exercises	200	(3)
Review Questions	203	(2)
Shades and Shadows	205	(16)
Shades and Shadows	205	(7)
Shading Pictorial Sketches	212	(9)
Exercises	215	(4)
Review Questions	219	(2)
Presentation Drawings and Renderings	221	(30)
Types of Presentation Drawings	221	(5)
Presentation Paper or Board	226	(1)
Composition	226	(2)
Rendering in Pencil	228	(11)
Rendering in Ink	239	(2)
Rendering with Color	241	(4)
Sketching with the Felt-Tip Pen	245	(6)
Exercises	248	(1)
Review Questions	248	(3)
Principles of Light Construction	251	(138)
Developing a Background in Light Construction Methods	251	(2)
Construction Terminology	253	(1)
Footings and Foundations	253	(31)
Conventional Wood Frame Construction	284	(37)
Plank-and-Beam Frame Construction	321	(6)
Brick and Stone Veneer Construction	327	(3)
Solid Masonry and Cavity Wall Construction	330	(3)
Steel Frame Construction	333	(8)
Insulating Concrete Form (ICF) Systems	341	(3)
Autoclaved, Aerated Concrete Block	344	(1)
Straw Bale Construction	345	(2)
Roof Types and Roof Coverings	347	(16)
Exterior Finish Materials	363	(6)
Interior Finishes and Trim	369	(2)
Insulation and Moisture Considerations in Frame Structures	371	(5)
Construction Strategies	376	(13)
Exercises	381	(1)
Review Questions	382	(1)
Product Research Using Computers	383	(6)
Structural Member Selection	389	(30)
Stresses in Members	389	(2)
Moisture Content	391	(1)
Local Codes	392	(1)
First Determine the Loads	392	(16)
Plank-and-Beam Framing	408	(11)
Exercises	413	(1)
Review Questions	413	(6)
Typical Architectural Details	419	(66)
Selecting the Correct Scale for Details	419	(1)
Drawing Typical Wall Details	420	(5)
Indicating Roof Pitches on Drawings	425	(2)
Windows and Their Representation	427	(6)
Doors and Their Representation	433	(5)
Fireplace Design and Details	438	(9)
Stair Design and Layout	447	(8)
New Construction Systems and Materials	455	(30)
The 21st Century Townhouses: The NAHB Research Home Program	456	(27)
Exercises	483	(1)
Review Questions	483	(2)
Basic Residential Planning	485	(56)
Use a Planning Checklist	485	(1)
Building Codes	486	(1)
Review the Restrictions and Legal Aspects of the Lot	487	(4)
Prepare a Site Analysis	491	(2)
Plan the House to Fit the Site	493	(5)
Utilize Solar Planning to Reduce Energy Costs	498	(4)
Choose the Most Appropriate Basic Structure	502	(2)
Use a Matrix to Analyze Space Relationships	504	(3)
Plan the Interior Spaces to Reflect the Life Style of the Occupants	507	(14)
Make the Elevations Express the Spirit of the Interior	521	(5)
Combine Exterior Design Elements That Are in Keeping with Accepted Home Styles	526	(15)
Exercises	528	(3)
Review Questions	531	(1)
Green Building Design	532	(9)
Building Models	541	(16)
Types of Models	541	(5)
Model-Building Tools	546	(1)
Constructing Architectural Models	546	(3)
Constructing Structural Models	549	(8)
Review Questions	555	(2)
Writing Specifications	557	(24)
Relationship of Drawings to the Specifications and Other Written Documents	557	(2)
Types of Projects	559	(1)
The Project Manual Concept	559	(1)
Who Writes Specifications	560	(1)
Specification Material Sources	560	(1)
Specification Arrangement	561	(4)
Division 1: General Requirements	565	(1)
General Points for Preparing Specifications	566	(1)
Methods of Specifying	567	(1)
Allowances, Alternates, and Unit Prices	568	(1)
Product Evaluation	568	(1)
Master Specifications	568	(1)
Today and Tomorrow	569	(12)
Review Questions	569	(1)
Computerized Specification Writing	570	(11)
Working Drawings of Small Homes	581	(28)
Start with the Floor Plan	582	(16)
Develop the Second-Floor Plan over the First-Floor Plan	598	(1)
Use the First-Floor Plan to Develop the Foundation (Basement) Plan	598	(2)
Project Elevations from the Floor Plan	600	(2)
Select Scales Suitable to the Details	602	(1)
Drawing Transverse and Longitudinal Sections	603	(1)
Drawing the Kitchen Details (Interior Elevations)	603	(1)
Drawing the Bathroom Details (Interior Elevations)	603	(1)
Drawing Fixed-Glass Details	604	(1)
The Site Plan Orients the House to the Lot	604	(5)
Exercises	605	(1)
Review Questions	606	(3)
Residential Mechanical and Electrical Systems	609	(40)
Planning the Heating and Cooling Systems	610	(1)
Architectural Considerations for Heating and Cooling	610	(1)
Current Residential Heating Systems	610	(10)
Air-Conditioning Methods	620	(1)
Residential Ventilating Fans	621	(1)
Loan Calculation and Sizing of Heating Equipment	622	(1)
Sizing Cooling Equipment	623	(1)
Location of Outlets in Room	624	(1)
Solar Equipment	625	(7)
Drawing the Heating and/or Cooling Plan	632	(2)
Plumbing Systems and Drawings	634	(2)
Basic Requirements of the Water Supply System	636	(1)
Basic Requirements of the Discharge System	637	(1)
Domestic Water Heaters	637	(1)
Private Disposal Systems	638	(1)
Drawing the Plumbing Plan	639	(1)
Home Electrical Systems	639	(8)
Drawing the Electrical Plan	647	(2)
Review Questions	647	(2)
Drawing a Small Commercial Building	649	(56)
Planning the Drawing Layout	650	(1)
Drawing the Plan (Fig. 20--1 through 20--5)	650	(1)
Drawing the Elevations (Figs. 20--7 and 20--8)	650	(1)
Drawing the Full Sections (Fig. 20--9)	650	(1)
Drawing the Details (Figs. 20--10 through 20--13)	651	(1)
Integrating Drawings	651	(1)
Civil Drawings	651	(1)
Structural Drawings (Figs. 20--14 through 20--20)	651	(1)
Mechanical Drawings (Figs. 20--21 through 20--32)	651	(1)
Electrical Drawings (Figs. 20--33 through 20--40)	652	(1)
Drawing the Reflected Ceiling Plan	652	(1)
Drawing the Roof Plan (Fig. 20--6)	652	(53)
The Southface Energy and Environmental Resource Center	652	(50)
Exercises	702	(1)
Review Questions	703	(2)
APPENDICES	705	(74)
A Abbreviations Used in Architectural Drawings	705	(8)
B Modular Vertical Brick Coursing	713	(1)
C The Metric System in Construction	714	(16)
D Tables from the Uniform Building Code	730	(16)
E Span Tables for Wood Structural Members	746	(21)
F Heat Loss/Gain Calculation Examples	767	(12)
Glossary of Construction Terms	779	(8)
Index	787