Architectural Theory Volume I - An Anthology from Vitruvius to 1870

by Mallgrave, Harry Francis

• ISBN13: 9781405102582
• ISBN10: 1405102586
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-09-02
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Architectural Theory: Vitruvius to 1870 is a landmark anthology that surveys the development of the field of architecture from its earliest days to the year 1870. The first truly comprehensive anthology that brings together the classic essays in the field, the volume chronicles the major developments and trends in architecture from Vitruvius to Gottfried Semper. Volume 1 of the first overview of architectural thought from antiquity to the present day; this volume covers 25 B.C. to 1870 Collects over 200 classic essays in the field, organized thematically for the student and scholar, covering Classicism, Neoclassicism, the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and the Gothic Includes German, French, and Italian essays appearing in English here for the first time Features a general introduction and headnotes to each essay written by a renowned expert on architectural theory.

Author Biography

Harry Francis Mallgrave is Professor of History and Theory at the Illinois Institute of Technology. His l996 book Gottfried Semper: Architect of the Nineteenth Century was awarded the Alice Davis Hitchcock Award by the Society of Architectural Historians. He is also the author of Modern Architectural Theory 1673–1968 published in 2005.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
General Introduction	xxiii
Part I: Classicism and the Renaissance	1	(56)
A. The Classical and Medieval Traditions	3	(23)
Introduction	3	(23)
1. Vitruvius	5	(4)
from On Architecture, Book 1 (c.25 Bc)
2. Vitruvius	9	(2)
from On Architecture, Book 2 (c.25 BC)
3. Vitruvius	11	(1)
from On Architecture, Book 3 (c.25 BC)
4. Vitruvius	12	(3)
from On Architecture, Book 4 (c.25 BC)
5. Old Testament	15	(3)
from I Kings
6. Old Testament	18	(2)
from The Book of Ezekiel (c.586 Bc)
7. New Testament	20	(2)
from The Revelation of Jesus Christ to Saint John (c.95 AD)
8. Abbot Suger	22	(2)
from The Book of Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis (c.1144)
9. William Durandus	24	(2)
from The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments (1286)
B. Renaissance and Baroque Ideals	26	(31)
Introduction	26	(1)
10. Antonio di Tuccio Manetti	28	(31)
from The Life of Brunelleschi (1480's)
11. Leon Battista Alberti	30	(2)
from On the Art of Building, Prologue and Book I (1443-52)
12. Leon Battista Alberti	32	(2)
from On the Art of Building, Book 6 (1443-52)
13. Leon Battista Alberti	34	(2)
from On the Art of Building, Book 9 (1443-52)
14. Il Filarete	36	(3)
from Book 1 of his untitled treatise on architecture (1461-3)
15. Il Filarete	39	(3)
from Book 8 of his untitled treatise on architecture
16. Sebastiano Serlio	42	(2)
from Book 3, The Complete Works on Architecture and Perspective (1540)
17. Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola	44	(2)
from Preface to Rules of the Five Orders of Architecture (1562)
18. Palladio	46	(2)
from The Four Books of Architecture (1570)
19. Juan Bautista Villalpando	48	(2)
from Ezekiel Commentaries (1604)
20. Georgio Vasari	50	(3)
from Preface to Lives of the Most Eminent Italian Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (1550, 1568)
21. Georgio Vasari	53	(2)
from "Life of Michelangelo" in Lives of the Most Eminent Italian Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (1550, 1568)
22. Peter Paul Rubens	55	(2)
from Preface to Palaces of Genoa (1622)
Part II: Classicism in France and Britain	57	(62)
A. French Classicism: Ancients and Moderns	59	(29)
Introduction	59	(1)
23. René Descartes	61	(27)
from Rules for the Direction of the Mind (1628)
24. Roland Fréart de Chambray	62	(3)
from Preface to A Parallel of the Ancient Architecture with the Modern (1650)
25. Paul Fréart de Chantelou	65	(5)
from Diary of the Cavaliere Bernini's Visit to France (1665)
26. François Blondel	70	(2)
from "Inaugural Lecture to the Academy of Architecture" (1671)
27. François Blondel,	72	(1)
from Architecture Course (1675)
28. René Ouvrard	72	(2)
from Harmonic Architecture (1677)
29. Claude Perrault	74	(2)
annotations to French translation of The Ten Books of Architecture of Vitruvius (1673)
30. François Blondel	76	(1)
from Architecture Course, Vol. II (1683)
31. Claude Perrault	77	(1)
from The Ten Books of Architecture of Vitruvius, second edition (1684)
32. Claude Perrault	78	(3)
from Ordonnance for the Five Kinds of Columns After the Method of the Ancients (1683)
33. Jean-François Félibien	81	(1)
from Preface to Historical Survey of the Life and Works of the Most Celebrated Architects (1687)
34. Charles Perrault	82	(1)
from Preface to Parallel of the Ancients and Moderns with Regard to the Arts and Sciences (1688)
35. Charles Perrault	83	(1)
from "Design of a Portal for the Church of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris" (1697)
36. Michel de Frémin	84	(2)
from Critical Memoirs on Architecture (1702)
37. Jean-Louis de Cordemoy	86	(2)
from New Treatise on All Architecture or the Art of Building (1706, 1714)
B. British Classicism and Palladianism	88	(31)
Introduction	88	(1)
38. Henry Wotton	89	(32)
from The Elements of Architecture (1624)
39. Christopher Wren	91	(2)
from Tract I on architecture (mid-1670's)
40. Christopher Wren	93	(1)
from Tracts II and IV on architecture (mid-1670's)
41. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury	94	(4)
from Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711)
42. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury	98	(3)
from 'A Letter Concerning Design" (1712)
43. Colin Campbell	101	(2)
Introduction to Vitruvius Britannicus, Vol. I (1715)
44. Nicholas Du Bois	103	(3)
Translator's Preface to The Architecture of A. Palladio (1715)
45. William Kent	106	(1)
"Advertisement" to The Designs of Inigo Jones (1727)
46. James Gibbs	107	(2)
Introduction to A Book of Architecture (1728)
47. Robert Morris	109	(3)
from An Essay in Defence of Ancient Architecture (1728)
48. Alexander Pope	112	(2)
from Of False Taste (1731)
49. Isaac Ware	114	(1)
"Advertisement" to Andrea Palladio: The Four Books of Architecture (1737)
50. Robert Morris	115	(4)
from "An Essay upon Harmony" (1739)
Part III: Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment	119	(102)
A. Early Neoclassicism	121	(33)
Introduction	121	(1)
51. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach	122	(32)
from Preface to Outline for a Historical Architecture (1721)
52. Voltaire	123	(2)
from Philosophic Letters on the English (1733)
53. Jacques-Gabriel Soufflot	125	(1)
from "Memoir on Architectural Proportions" (1739)
54. Jacques-Gabriel Soufflot	126	(1)
from "Memoir on Gothic Architecture" (1741)
55. Carlo Lodoli	127	(3)
from Notes for a projected treatise on architecture (c.1740's)
56. Baron de Montesquieu	130	(2)
from Preface to The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
57. Jean JacquesRousseau	132	(3)
from "Discourse on the Sciences and Arts" (1750)
58. Jean Le Rond D'Alembert	135	(3)
from "Preliminary Discourse of the Editors" (1751)
59. Jacques-François Blondel	138	(2)
from "Architecture" in Diderot's Encyclopedia (1751)
60. Charles-Étienne Briseux	140	(1)
from Preface to Treatise on Essential Beauty in the Arts (1752)
61. Marc-Antoine Laugier	141	(3)
from Essay on Architecture (1753)
62. Marc-Antoine Laugier	144	(3)
from Essay on Architecture (1753)
63. Isaac Ware	147	(1)
from A Complete Body of Architecture, Chapter II (1756)
64. Isaac Ware	148	(2)
from A Complete Body of Architecture, Chapter IX (1756)
65. William Chambers	150	(2)
from A Treatise on Civil Architecture (1759)
66. William Chambers	152	(2)
from A Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil Architecture (1791)
B. Greece and the Classical Ideal	154	(36)
Introduction	154	(1)
67. James Stuart and Nicholas Revett	155	(35)
from "Proposals for publishing an accurate description of the Antiquities of Athens" (1748)
68. Robert Wood and James Dawkins	158	(1)
from The Ruins of Palmyra (1753)
69. Johann Joachim Winckelmann	159	(4)
from Reflections on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture (1755)
70. Allan Ramsay	163	(2)
from "A Dialogue on Taste" in The Investigator (1755)
71. Julien-David Le Roy	165	(3)
from The Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece (1758)
72. Julien-David Le Roy	168	(1)
from The Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece (1758)
73. James Stuart and Nicholas Revett	169	(3)
from Preface to The Antiquities of Athens (1762)
74. Johann Joachim Winckelmann	172	(2)
from History of the Art of Antiquity (1764)
75. Johann Joachim Winckelmann	174	(2)
from History of the Art of Antiquity (1764)
76. Johann Joachim Winckelmann	176	(2)
from History of the Art of Antiquity (1764)
77. Giovanni Battista Piranesi	178	(7)
from "Observations on the Letter of Monsieur Mariette" (1765)
78. Giovanni Battista Piranesi	185	(3)
from Opinions on Architecture (1765)
79. Giovanni Battista Piranesi	188	(2)
from "An Apologetical Essay in Defence of the Egyptian and Tuscan Architecture" (1769)
C. Character and Expression	190	(31)
Introduction	190	(1)
80. Germain Boffrand	191	(32)
from Book of Architecture (1745)
81. Étienne Bonnot de Condillac	193	(2)
from Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge (1746)
82. Julien-David Le Roy	195	(2)
from History of the Arrangement and Different Forms that the Christians Have Given to Their Churches (1764)
83. Jacques-François Blondel	197	(2)
from Course of Architecture (1771)
84. Nicolas Le Camus de Mezieres	199	(2)
from The Genius of Architecture (1780)
85. Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières	201	(3)
from The Genius of Architecture (1780)
86. Jean-Louis Viel de Saint-Maux	204	(2)
from Letters on the Architecture of the Ancients and the Moderns (1787)
87. A.C. Quatremère de Quincy	206	(4)
from Methodical Encyclopedia (1788)
88. Étienne-Louis Boullée	210	(3)
from Architecture, Essay on Art (c.1794)
89. Étienne-Louis Boullée	213	(3)
from Architecture, Essay on Art (c.1794)
90. Claude Nicolas Ledoux	216	(2)
from Architecture Considered in Relation to Art, Morals, and Legislation (1804)
91. John Soane	218	(3)
from Royal Academy Lectures on Architecture (V and XI; 1812-15)
Part IV: Theories of the Picturesque and the Sublime	221	(110)
A. Sources of the Picturesque	223	(26)
Introduction	223	(1)
92. John Locke	224	(21)
from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
93. William Temple	229	(1)
from "Upon the Gardens of Epicurus; or, of Gardening in the Year 1685" (1692)
94. John Vanbrugh	230	(2)
from Letter to the Duchess of Marlborough (1709)
95. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury	232	(2)
from "The Moralists" (1709)
96. Joseph Addison	234	(5)
from The Spectator (1712)
97. Robert Castell	239	(2)
from The Villas of the Ancients Illustrated (1728)
98. Batty Langley	241	(2)
from New Principles of Gardening (1728)
99. Robert Morris	243	(2)
from Lectures on Architecture (1736)
100. William Chambers	245	(4)
from Designs of Chinese Buildings (1757)
B. Toward a Relativist Aesthetics	249	(41)
Introduction	249	(1)
101. John Locke	250	(3)
from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, fourth edition (1700)
102. Joseph Addison	253	(3)
from The Spectator (1712)
103. Jean Baptiste du Bos	256	(2)
from Critical Reflections on Poetry, Painting, and Music (1719)
104. Francis Hutcheson	258	(3)
from An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725)
105. George Berkeley	261	(5)
from the "Third Dialogue" of Alciphron (1732)
106. David Hume	266	(1)
from A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40)
107. Allan Ramsey	267	(2)
from "A Dialogue on Taste" in The Investigator (1755)
108. Alexander Gerard	269	(2)
from An Essay on Taste (1756)
109. David Hume	271	(2)
from "Of the Standard of Taste" (1757)
110. Edmund Burke	273	(4)
from A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)
111. Edmund Burke	277	(7)
from A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)
112. Lord Kames	284	(2)
from Elements of Criticism (1762)
113. Robert and James Adam	286	(4)
from Preface to The Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam (1773-8)
C. Consolidation of Picturesque Theory	290	(41)
Introduction	290	(1)
114. Thomas Whately	291	(4)
from Observations on Modern Gardening (1770)
115. Horace Walpole	295	(3)
from "The History of the Modern Taste in Gardening" (1771)
116. William Chambers	298	(2)
from A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening (1772)
117. William Gilpin	300	(3)
from Observations on the River Wye (1782)
118. Joshua Reynolds	303	(2)
from Discourses on Art (1786)
119. John Soane	305	(2)
from Plans, Elevations, and Sections of Buildings (1788)
120. Uvedale Price	307	(5)
from Essays on the Picturesque (1794)
121. Richard Payne Knight	312	(4)
from "Postscript" to The Landscape, second edition (1795)
122. Humphry Repton	316	(3)
from Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening (1795)
123. Uvedale Price	319	(3)
from "An Essay on Architecture and Buildings as connected with Scenery" (1798)
124. Richard Payne Knight	322	(3)
from An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste (1805)
125. John Soane	325	(8)
from Royal Academy Lectures on Architecture, V, VIII, and XI (1812-15)
Part V: The Rise of Historicism in the Nineteenth Century	331	(140)
A. Challenges to Classicism in France, 1802-34	333	(29)
Introduction	333	(1)
126. Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand	334	(4)
from Précis of the Lectures on Architecture (1802)
127. A.C. Quatremère de Quincy	338	(2)
from On Egyptian Architecture (1803)
128. Christian Ludwig Stieglitz	340	(1)
from Archaeology of the Architecture of the Greeks and Romans (1801)
129. A.C. Quatremère de Quincy	341	(2)
from The Olympian Jupiter (1814)
130. Charles Robert Cockerell	343	(1)
from "On the Aegina Marbles" (1819)
131. William Kinnard	344	(1)
annotations to Stuart and Revett's The Antiquities of Athens, second edition (1825)
132. Otto Magnus von Stackelberg	345	(2)
from The Temple of Apollo at Bassae in Arcadia (1826)
133. Jacques Ignace Hittorff	347	(1)
from "Polychrome Architecture Among the Greeks" (1830)
134. Gottfried Semper	348	(3)
from Preliminary Remarks on Polychrome Architecture and Sculpture in Antiquity (1834)
135. Léon Vaudoyer	351	(2)
excerpts from three letters of 1829, 1830, and 1831
136. Émile Barrault	353	(3)
from To Artists (1830)
137. Victor Hugo	356	(1)
from The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1832)
138. Gottfried Semper	357	(2)
from Preliminary Remarks on Polychrome Architecture and Sculpture in Antiquity (1834)
139. Léonce Reynaud	359	(3)
from 'Architecture" in the New Encyclopedia (1834)
B. The Gothic Revival in Britain, Germany, and France	362	(33)
Introduction	362	(1)
140. Horace Walpole	363	(1)
from Letter to H. Zouch (1759)
141. Horace Walpole	364	(2)
from A Description of the Villa of Horace Walpole at Strawberry Hill (1774)
142. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe	366	(2)
from "On German Architecture" (1772)
143. François René Chateaubriand	368	(2)
from The Genius of Christianity (1802)
144. Friedrich von Schlegel	370	(3)
from Notes on a Trip through the Netherlands (1806)
145. Joseph Görres	373	(2)
from "The Cathedral in Cologne" (1814)
146. Georg Moller	375	(1)
from Monuments of German Architecture (1815-21)
147. Thomas Rickman	376	(2)
from An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture (1817)
148. William Whewell	378	(3)
from Architectural Notes on German Churches (1830)
149. Robert Willis	381	(2)
from Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages (1835)
150. A. W N. Pugin	383	(2)
from Contrasts (1836)
151. A.W.N. Pugin	385	(1)
from The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (1841)
152. John Mason Neale and Benjamin Webb	386	(2)
from The Ecclesiologist (1841)
153. Victor Hugo	388	(2)
from The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1832)
154. Léonce Reynaud	390	(1)
from "Architecture" in the New Encyclopedia (1834)
155. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc	391	(4)
from "On the Construction of Religious Buildings in France" (1844)
C. The German Style Debate	395	(30)
Introduction	395	(1)
156. Immanuel Kant	396	(2)
from Critique of Judgment (1790)
157. August Schlegel	398	(1)
from Lectures on Literature and the Fine Arts (1801-2)
158. Friedrich Gilly	399	(2)
from "Some Thoughts on the Necessity of Endeavoring to Unify the Various Departments of Architecture..." (1799)
159. Karl Friedrich Schinkel	401	(2)
Literary fragments (c.1805)
160. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel	403	(3)
from The Philosophy of Fine Art (1820's)
161. Friedrich von Gärtner	406	(1)
from Letter to Johann Martin von Wagner (1828)
162. Heinrich Hübsch	407	(3)
from In What Style Should We Build? (1828)
163. Rudolf Wiegmann	410	(2)
from "Remarks on the Book: In What Style Should We Build?" (1829)
164. Karl Friedrich Schinkel	412	(2)
from Notes for a textbook on architecture (c.1830)
165. Karl Friedrich Schinkel	414	(1)
from Notes for a textbook on architecture (c.1835)
166. Rudolf Wiegmann	415	(2)
from "Thoughts on the Development of a National Architectural Style for the Present" (1841)
167. Johann Heinrich Wolff	417	(2)
from "Remarks on the Architectural Questions Broached by Professor Stier..." (1845)
168. Eduard Metzger	419	(2)
from "Contribution to the Contemporary Question: In What Style Should One Build!" (1845)
169. Carl Bötticher	421	(4)
from "The Principles of the Hellenic and Germanic Ways of Building" (1846)
D. The Rise of American Theory	425	(46)
Introduction	425	(1)
170. Thomas Jefferson	426	(6)
Letters (1787, 1791, 1805, 1810)
171. Benjamin Latrobe	432	(3)
from Letter to Thomas Jefferson (1807)
172. George Tucker	435	(2)
from "On Architecture" (1814)
173. William Strickland	437	(2)
from Introductory lecture on architecture (1824)
174. Thomas U. Walter	439	(1)
from "Of Modern Architecture" (1841)
175. Arthur Delavan Gilman	440	(3)
from "Architecture in the United States" (1844)
176. Thomas Alexander Tefft	443	(1)
from "The Cultivation of True Taste" (1851)
177. Ralph Waldo Emerson	444	(2)
from "Self-Reliance" (1841)
178. Ralph Waldo Emerson	446	(3)
from "Thoughts on Art" (1841)
179. Horatio Greenough	449	(3)
from Letter to Washington Allston (1831)
180. Horatio Greenough	452	(2)
from 'American Architecture" (1843)
181. Horatio Greenough	454	(2)
from "Structure and Organization" (1852)
182. Henry David Thoreau	456	(1)
from his journal (January 11, 1852)
183. Andrew Jackson Downing	457	(3)
from A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1841)
184. Andrew Jackson Downing	460	(2)
from Cottage Residences (1842)
185. Andrew Jackson Downing	462	(2)
from Hints to Persons about Building in the Country (1847)
186. Andrew Jackson Downing	464	(1)
from The Architecture of Country Houses (1850)
187. Calvert Vaux	465	(3)
from Villas and Cottages (1857)
188. James Jackson Jarves	468	(5)
from The Art-Idea (1864)
Part VI: Historicism in the Industrial Age	471	(90)
A. The Battle of the Styles in Britain	473	(32)
Introduction	473	(1)
189. Thomas Hope	474	(2)
from Observations on the Plans and Elevations Designed by James Wyatt (1804)
190. Thomas Hope	476	(2)
from An Historical Essay on Architecture (1835)
191. Thomas Leverton Donaldson	478	(1)
from "Preliminary Discourse before the University College of London" (1842)
192. John Ruskin	479	(3)
from The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)
193. James Fergusson, A.W.N. Pugin, Edward Lacy Garbett, and Robert Kerr	482	(6)
from The Builder (1850)
194. Edward Lacy Garbett	488	(2)
from Rudimentary Treatise on the Principles of Design in Architecture (1850)
195. John Ruskin	490	(3)
from "The Nature of Gothic" (1851-3)
196. Matthew Digby Wyatt	493	(2)
from The Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century (1851)
197. Richard Redgrave	495	(2)
from "Supplementary Report on Design" (1852)
198. Owen Jones	497	(2)
from The Grammar of Ornament (1856)
199. John Ruskin	499	(1)
from "The Deteriorative Power of Conventional Art over Nations" (1859)
200. Robert Kerr	500	(2)
"The Battle of the Styles," from The Builder (1860)
201. James Fergusson	502	(1)
from History of the Modern Styles of Architecture (1862)
202. William Morris	503	(2)
Prospectus for Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Company (1861)
B. Rationalism, Eclecticism, and Realism in France	505	(24)
Introduction	505	(1)
203. Albert Lenoir and Léon Vaudoyer	506	(2)
from "Studies of Architecture in France" (1844)
204. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc	508	(2)
from "On the Construction of Religious Building in France" (1845)
205. César Daly	510	(2)
from "On Liberty in Art" (1847)
206. Léonce Reynaud	512	(1)
from Treatise on Architecture (1850)
207. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc	513	(2)
from "Architecture" in Reasoned Dictionary (1854)
208. Gustave Courbet	515	(1)
from "Statement on Realism" (1855)
209. Charles Baudelaire	516	(2)
from "The Painter of Modern Life" (1859)
210. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc	518	(3)
from Lectures on Architecture, Lecture VI (1859)
211. César Daly	521	(1)
from Revue générale, Vol. 21 (1863)
212. César Daly	522	(2)
from Revue générale, Vol. 23 (1866)
213. Bourgeois de Lagny	524	(1)
from "Salon of 1866"
214. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc	525	(1)
from "Style" in Reasoned Dictionary (1866)
215. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc	526	(1)
from Lectures on Architecture, Lecture XII (1866)
216. Émile Zola	527	(2)
from The Covered Market of Paris (1872)
C. Tectonics and Style in Germany	529	(32)
Introduction	529	(1)
217. Karl von Schnaase	530	(1)
from Dutch Letters (1834)
218. Karl Bötticher	531	(2)
from Greek Tectonics (1843)
219. Eduard van der Nüll	533	(1)
from "Suggestions on the Skillful Relation of Ornament to Untreated Form" (1845)
220. Heinrich Leibnitz	534	(2)
from The Structural Element in Architecture (1849)
221. Gottfried Semper	536	(4)
from The Four Elements of Architecture (1851)
222. Gottfried Semper	540	(5)
from Science, Industry, and Art (1852)
223. Jacob Burckhardt	545	(1)
from The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
224. Jacob Burckhardt	546	(1)
from The History of the Italian Renaissance (1867)
225. Gottfried Semper	547	(4)
from Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts (1860)
226. Gottfried Semper	551	(4)
from Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts (1860)
227. Rudolf Hermann Lotze	555	(1)
from History of German Aesthetics (1868)
228. Gottfried Semper	556	(2)
from On Architectural Style (1869)
229. Richard Lucae	558	(3)
from "On the Meaning and Power of Space in Architecture" (1869)
Additional Recommended Readings	561	(7)
Acknowledgments	568	(15)
Index	583