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Marilyn Stokstad, teacher, art historian, and museum curator, has been a leader in her field for decades and has served as president of the College Art Association and the International Center of Medieval Art. In 2002, she was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the National Women’s Caucus for Art. In 1997, she was awarded the Governor’s Arts Award as Kansas Art Educator of the Year and an honorary degree of doctor of humane letters by Carleton College. She is Judith Harris Murphy Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. She has also served in various leadership capacities at the University’s Spencer Museum of Art and is Consultative Curator of Medieval Art at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri
Michael W. Cothren is Scheuer Family Professor of Humanities at Swarthmore College, where he has also served as Art Department Chair, Coordinator of Medieval Studies, and Divisional Chair of the Humanities. Since arriving at Swarthmore in 1978, he has taught specialized courses on Medieval, Roman, and Islamic art and architecture, as well as seminars on visual narrative and on theory and method, but he particularly enjoys teaching the survey to Swarthmore beginners. His research and publications focus on French Gothic art and architecture, most recently in a book on the stained glass of Beauvais Cathedral entitled Picturing the Celestial City. Michael is a consultative curator at the Glencairn Museum in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania. He has served on the board of the International Center of Medieval Art and as President both of the American Committee of the International Corpus Vitrearum and of his local school board. When not teaching, writing, or pursuing art historical research, you can finding him hiking in the red rocks around Sedona, Arizona.
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 29 EIGHTEENTH- AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 903
Chapter 30 MID- TO LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 961
Chapter 31 MODERN ART IN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS, 1900–1950 1017
Chapter 32 THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE SINCE 1950 1083
CONTEMPORARY WORLD MAP
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CREDITS
INDEX
DETAILED CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 29 EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 903
INDUSTRIAL, INTELLECTUAL, AND POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS 904
THE ROCOCO STYLE 904
Rococo Salons 905
Rococo Painting and Sculpture 906
Rococo Church Decoration 910
ITALY: THE GRAND TOUR AND NEOCLASSICISM 911
Grand Tour Portraits and Views 911
Neoclassicism in Rome 913
NEOCLASSICISM AND EARLY ROMANTICISM
IN BRITAIN 915
The Classical Revival in Architecture and Design 916
The Gothic Revival in Architecture and Design 919
Trends in British Painting 920
LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN FRANCE 930
Architecture 930
Painting and Sculpture 932
ART IN SPAIN AND SPANISH AMERICA 938
Portraiture and Protest in Spain: Goya 938
The Art of the Americas under Spain 941
EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART: NEOCLASSICISM
AND ROMANTICISM 943
Neoclassicism and Romanticism in France 944
Romantic Landscape Painting 953
Gothic and Neoclassical Styles in Architecture 956
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Academies and Academy Exhibitions 924
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Raft of the “Medusa” 946
A CLOSER LOOK
Georgian Silver 919
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Iron as a Building Material 926
TECHNIQUE
Lithography 952
CHAPTER 30 MID TO LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 961
EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE MID TO LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY 962
FRENCH ACADEMIC ARCHITECTURE AND ART 962
Academic Architecture 963
Academic Painting and Sculpture 964
EARLY PHOTOGRAPHY IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 967
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE AVANT GARDE: REALISM AND BEYOND 971
Realism and Revolution 971
The Painter of Modern Life: Manet 976
Responses to Realism Beyond France 979
IMPRESSIONISM 984
The Landscape 984
The Figure 987
Modern Life 989
LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART AND THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNISM 991
Post-Impressionism 992
Late Nineteenth-Century Art in Britain 997
Symbolism 1001
Late Nineteenth-Century French Sculpture 1003
Art Nouveau 1004
Cézanne and the Beginnings of Modernism 1007
THE ORIGINS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE 1009
Technology and Structure 1009
The Chicago School of Architecture 1011
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Snake Charmer 966
The Mass Dissemination of Art 974
Art on Trial in 1877 999
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Modern Artists and World Cultures 994
A CLOSER LOOK
Manet’s A Bar at the Folies-Bergère 980
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The City Park 1014
TECHNIQUE
The Photographic Process 970
CHAPTER 31 MODERN ART IN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS, 1900–1950 1017
EUROPE AND AMERICA IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY 1018
EARLY MODERN ART IN EUROPE 1019
The Fauves: Wild Beasts of Color 1019
Picasso, Primitivism, and the Coming of Cubism 1021
The Bridge and Primitivism 1026
Independent Expressionists 1028
Spiritualism of the Blue Rider 1029
Extensions of Cubism 1031
Toward Abstraction in Sculpture 1035
Dada: Questioning Art Itself 1036
MODERNIST TENDENCIES IN AMERICA 1040
The Ashcan School 1040
Stieglitz and the “291” Gallery 1041
The Armory Show and Home-Grown Modernism 1042
EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE 1043
European Modernism 1045
American Modern Architecture 1046
ART BETWEEN THE WARS IN EUROPE 1048
Utilitarian Art Forms in Russia 1048
Rationalism in the Netherlands 1052
Bauhaus Art in Germany 1054
Surrealists Rearrange Our Minds 1056
Unit One in England 1060
MODERN ART IN THE AMERICAS BETWEEN THE WARS 1061
The Harlem Renaissance 1061
Rural America 1065
Canada 1067
Mexico 1068
Brazil 1070
Cuba 1071
POSTWAR ART IN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS 1071
Figural Responses and Art Informel in Europe
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM 1073
The Center Shifts: Postwar Art in New York 1073
The Formative Phase 1074
Jackson Pollock and Action Painting 1075
Color Field Painting 1079
Sculpture of the New York School 1081
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Suppression of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany 1055
Federal Patronage for American Art During the Depression 1066
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Guernica 1062
A CLOSER LOOK
Portrait of a German Officer 1044
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The Skyscraper 1050
The International Style 1057
CHAPTER 32 THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE SINCE 1950 1083
THE WORLD SINCE THE 1950S 1084
The Art World Since the 1950s 1084
THE EXPANDING ART WORLD 1084
Assemblage 1084
Happenings and Performance Art 1085
Photography 1089
Pop Art 1090
THE DEMATERIALIZATION OF THE ART OBJECT 1094
Minimalism 1094
Conceptual and Performance Art 1095
Process Art 1097
Feminism and Art 1099
Earthworks and Site-Specific Sculpture 1102
ARCHITECTURE: MIDCENTURY MODERNISM TO POSTMODERNISM 1104
Midcentury Modernist Architecture 1104
Postmodern Architecture 1105
POSTMODERNISM 1106
Painting 1106
Postmodernism and Gender 1109
Postmodernism, Race and Ethnicity 1111
Sculpture 1112
ART, ACTIVISM, AND CONTROVERSY: THE NINETIES 1114
The Culture Wars 1115
Activist Art 1117
Postcolonial Discourse 1121
High Tech and Deconstructive Architecture 1123
Video and Film 1125
GLOBALISM: INTO THE NEW MILLENNIUM 1126
Art and Technology 1127
Art and Ambiguous Identities 1128
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Guerrilla Girls 1108
Controversies Over Public Funding for the Arts 1120
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Dinner Party 1100
A CLOSER LOOK
Martin Puryear, Plenty’s Boast, 1994–1995 1098
CONTEMPORARY WORLD MAP
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CREDITS
INDEX
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