The Art of Systems Architecting, Second Edition

by Maier; Mark W.

• ISBN13: 9780849304408
• ISBN10: 0849304407
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-06-28
• Publisher: CRC

Summary

Today's architecting must handle systems of types unknown until very recently. New domains, including personal computers, intersatellite networks, health services, and joint service command and control are calling for new architectures-and for architects specializing in those domains. Since the original publication, of this bestselling text, these new and emerging fields have contributed architectural concepts and tools of their own to the relatively new formalism-and evolving profession-called Systems Architecting.The Art of Systems Architecting, Second Edition restates and extends into the future the classical architecting paradigm, incorporating the most broadly applicable of these contributions. It remains the most innovative, insightful treatment available to the discipline, providing both the academic and the industrial communities with the up-to-date tools, concepts, and techniques needed to conceive and build complex systems.

Table of Contents

Part One Introduction --- The Art of Architecting	1	(37)
A brief review of classical architecting methods	1	(4)
Different methods for different phases of architecting	3	(2)
Extending the Architecting Paradigm	5	(20)
Introduction: the classical architecting paradigm	5	(3)
Responding to complexity	5	(2)
The high rate of advances in the computer and information sciences	7	(1)
The foundations of modern systems architecting	8	(10)
A systems approach	8	(2)
A purpose orientation	10	(1)
A modeling methodology	11	(1)
Ultraquality implementation	12	(3)
Certification	15	(2)
Insights and heuristics	17	(1)
The architecture paradigm summarized	18	(1)
The waterfall model of systems acquisition	19	(2)
Spirals, increments, and collaborative assembly	21	(2)
Summary and conclusions	23	(1)
Notes and references	23	(2)
Heuristics as Tools	25	(12)
Introduction: a metaphor	25	(1)
Heuristics as abstractions of experience	26	(1)
Selecting a personal kit of heuristic tools	27	(3)
Using heuristics	30	(1)
Heuristics on heuristics	31	(1)
Generating useful heuristics	31	(1)
Applying heuristics	32	(1)
A taxonomy of heuristics	32	(1)
New directions	33	(1)
Summary	34	(1)
Notes and references	34	(3)
Part Two New Domains, New Insights	37	(102)
Builder-Architected Systems	39	(16)
Introduction: the form-first paradigm	39	(2)
Incremental development for an existing customer	39	(1)
New markets for existing products	40	(1)
New products, new markets	40	(1)
Technological substitutions within existing systems	41	(2)
Consequences of uncertainty of end purpose	42	(1)
Reducing the risks of uncertainty of end purpose	43	(1)
Risk management by intermediate goals	43	(1)
The ``what next'' quandary	44	(3)
Controlling the critical features of the architecture	45	(1)
Abandonment of an obsolete architecture	46	(1)
Creating innovative teams	47	(2)
Architecting ``revolutionary'' systems	49	(1)
Systems architecting and basic research	50	(1)
Heuristics for architecting technology-driven systems	51	(1)
General	51	(1)
Specialized	52	(1)
Summary	52	(1)
Exercises	52	(1)
Notes and references	53	(2)
Manufacturing Systems	55	(22)
Introduction: the manufacturing domain	55	(1)
Architectural innovations in manufacturing	56	(17)
Ultraquality systems	56	(2)
Dynamic manufacturing systems	58	(1)
Intersecting waterfalls	58	(2)
The spiral-to-circle model	60	(3)
Concurrent engineering	63	(1)
Feedback systems	64	(4)
Lean production	68	(3)
Flexible manufacturing	71	(2)
Heuristics for architecting manufacturing systems	73	(1)
In conclusion	73	(1)
Exercises	74	(1)
Notes and references	74	(3)
Social Systems	77	(12)
Introduction: defining sociotechnical systems	77	(1)
Public participation	77	(1)
The foundations of sociotechnical systems architecting	78	(4)
The separation of client and user	79	(1)
Socioeconomic insights	79	(3)
The interaction between the public and private sectors	82	(1)
Facts vs. perceptions: an added tension	83	(2)
Heuristics for social systems	85	(1)
In conclusion	86	(1)
Exercises	86	(1)
Notes and references	87	(2)
Software and Information Technology Systems	89	(30)
Introduction: The status of software architecting	89	(3)
Software as a system component	92	(14)
Software for modern systems	93	(1)
Systems, software, and process models	94	(1)
Waterfalls for software?	95	(2)
Spirals for hardware?	97	(1)
Integration: spirals and circles	98	(3)
The problem of hierarchy	101	(1)
Object-orientation	102	(1)
Layered design	103	(2)
Large, autonomous components	105	(1)
Reconciling the hierarchies	105	(1)
The role of architecture in software-centered systems	106	(3)
Programming languages, models, and expressions	107	(1)
Architectures, ``unifying'' models, and visions	108	(1)
Directions in software architecting	109	(5)
Architectural styles	110	(3)
Architecture through composition	113	(1)
Heuristics and guidelines in software	114	(3)
Exercises	117	(1)
Notes and references	118	(1)
Collaborative Systems	119	(20)
Introduction: collaboration as a category	119	(1)
Collaborative system examples	120	(5)
The Internet	120	(3)
Intelligent transportation systems	123	(2)
Joint air defense systems	125	(1)
Analogies for architecting collaborative systems	125	(1)
Collaborative system heuristics	126	(3)
Stable intermediate forms	127	(1)
Policy triage	127	(1)
Leverage at the interfaces	128	(1)
Ensuring cooperation	129	(1)
Variations on the collaborative theme	129	(2)
Misclassification	131	(2)
Standards and collaborative systems	133	(2)
Conclusions	135	(1)
Exercises	136	(1)
Notes and references	136	(3)
Exercise to Close Part Two	137	(2)
Part Three Models and Modeling	139	(96)
Introduction to Part Three	139	(4)
A civil architecture analogy	139	(1)
Guide to Part Three	140	(3)
Representation Models and System Architecting	143	(24)
Introduction: roles, views, and models	143	(1)
Roles of models	144	(1)
Models, viewpoints, and views	145	(1)
Classification of models by view	146	(16)
Note to the reader	147	(1)
Objectives and purpose models	148	(2)
Models of form	150	(1)
Scale models	150	(1)
Block diagrams	151	(2)
Behavioral (functional) models	153	(1)
Threads and scenarios	154	(1)
Data and event flow networks	155	(1)
Mathematical systems theory	155	(2)
Autonomous agent, chaotic systems	157	(1)
Public choice and behavior models	157	(1)
Performance models	158	(1)
Formal methods	159	(1)
Data models	160	(2)
Managerial models	162	(1)
Examples of interated models	162	(1)
Summary	163	(1)
Exercises	164	(1)
Notes and references	165	(2)
Design Progression in System Architecting	167	(30)
Introduction: architecting process components	167	(1)
Design progression	168	(6)
Introduction by examples	169	(1)
Design as the evolution of models	170	(1)
Evaluation criteria and heuristic refinement	170	(2)
Progression of emphasis	172	(1)
Concurrent progressions	172	(1)
Episodic nature	173	(1)
Design concepts for systems architecture	174	(15)
Historical approaches to architecting	174	(2)
Specialized and formalized heuristics	176	(1)
Scoping, aggregation, partitioning, and certification	177	(1)
Scoping	177	(3)
Aggregation and partitioning	180	(1)
Certification	181	(2)
Certainty, rationality, and choice	183	(3)
Stopping or progressing?	186	(3)
Architecture and design disciplines	189	(4)
Architecture and patterns	191	(2)
Conclusions	193	(1)
Exercises	194	(1)
Notes and references	194	(3)
Integrated Modeling Methodologies	197	(24)
Introduction	197	(1)
General integrated models	197	(6)
Hatley/Pirbhai --- computer-based reactive systems	198	(1)
Example: microsatellite imaging system	199	(2)
Quantitative QFD (Q2FD) --- performance-driven systems	201	(2)
Integrated modeling and software	203	(13)
Structured analysis and design	204	(4)
ADARDS	208	(3)
OMT	211	(2)
UML	213	(2)
Performance integration: scheduling	215	(1)
Integrated models for manufacturing systems	216	(1)
Integrated models for sociotechnical systems	217	(2)
Conclusions	219	(1)
Exercises	219	(1)
Notes and references	219	(2)
Architecture Frameworks	221	(14)
Introduction	221	(1)
Defining an architecture framework	222	(1)
Goals of the framework	222	(1)
Understanding ``architectural level''	222	(1)
Organization of an architecture description framework	223	(1)
Current architecture frameworks	223	(9)
U.S. DoD C4ISR	223	(1)
Summary information	224	(1)
Operational view	224	(1)
System view	225	(1)
Technical view	226	(1)
Evaluation of the C4ISR framework	226	(1)
ISO RM-ODP	227	(2)
Proprietary and semi-open information technology standards	229	(1)
IEEE P1471	230	(1)
P1471 concepts	230	(2)
P1471 normative requirements	232	(1)
Research directions	232	(1)
Conclusions	233	(1)
Notes and references	233	(2)
Part Four The Systems Architecting Profession	235
The Political Process and Systems Architecting	237	(12)
Introduction: the political challenge	237	(1)
Politics as a design factor	238	(1)
The first skill to master	239	(1)
Heuristics in the political process: ``the facts of life''	240	(7)
Fact of life #1	241	(1)
Fact of life #2	242	(1)
Fact of life #3	243	(1)
Fact of life #4	244	(1)
Fact of life #5	245	(2)
A few more skills to master	247	(1)
Conclusion	248	(1)
The Professionalization of Systems Architecting	249
Introduction	249	(1)
The profession of systems engineering	249	(3)
Systems architecting and systems standards	252	(7)
The origins of systems standards	253	(1)
The ballistic missile program of the 1950s	253	(1)
The beginning of a new era of standards	254	(1)
EIA/IS 632, an architectural perspective	255	(1)
Commercial standards	256	(1)
IEEE 1220, an architectural perspective	256	(2)
Company standards	258	(1)
A summary of standards developments, 1950-1995	259	(1)
Systems architecting graduate education	259	(4)
Systems engineering universities and systems architecting	259	(2)
Curriculum design	261	(1)
Advanced study in systems architecting	262	(1)
Professional societies and publications	263	(1)
Conclusion: an assessment of the profession	263	(1)
Notes and references	264	(3)
Appendices
Appendix A: Heuristics for Systems-Level Architecting	267	(12)
Introduction: organizing the list	267	(1)
Heuristic tool list	268	(1)
Multitask heuristics	268	(2)
Scoping and planning	270	(2)
Modeling	272	(1)
Prioritizing (trades, options, and choices)	273	(1)
Aggregating (``chunking'')	273	(1)
Partitioning (decompositioning)	274	(1)
Integrating	275	(1)
Certifying (system integrity, quality, and vision)	275	(1)
Assessing performance, cost, schedule, and risk	276	(1)
Rearchitecting, evolving, modifying, and adapting	277	(1)
Exercises	278	(1)
Notes and references	278	(1)
Appendix B: Reference Texts for Suggested for Institutional Libraries	279	(4)
Architecting background	279	(1)
Management	279	(1)
Modeling	280	(1)
Specialty areas	280	(1)
Software	280	(1)
System sciences	281	(1)
System thinking	281	(2)
Appendix C: On Defining Architecture and Other Terms	283
Defining ``Architecture''	283	(1)
Webster's Dictionary definition	284	(1)
This book	285	(1)
IEEE Architecture Working Group (AWG)	285	(1)
INCOSE SAWG	286	(1)
MIL-STD-498	287	(1)
Perry-Garlan	288	(1)
Maier's tongue-in-cheek rule of thumb	288	(1)
Internet discussion	289	(1)
Summary	289	(1)
Models, viewpoints, and views	289	(1)
Working definitions	290	(1)
Consistency and completeness	291	(1)
Notes and references	291
Glossary	193	(104)
Indexes	297