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Perry M. Rogers received his B.A. from San Jose State University, his M.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington where he specialized in ancient history with fields in medieval history, and Early Modern Europe. He has been a professor of Roman history at the Ohio State University and has held an adjunct position in the Liberal Arts at the Pontifical College Josephinum for several years. He remains Chair of the History Department at Columbus School for Girls, an independent, college preparatory school in Columbus, Ohio. Rogers’s two-volume publications for Pearson/Prentice Hall include Aspects of Western Civilization (7th edition), Aspects of World History, and The Human Spirit: Sources in the Western Humanities.
PREFACE
PART I: THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVILIZATION
Chapter 1: Civilization in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Israel
Mesopotamian Civilization
The Reign of Sargon
The Code of Hammurabi
The Epic of Gilgamesh
The Biblical Flood
Egyptian Civilization
The Authority of the Pharaohs
Building the Pyramids Herodotus
Mummification Herodotus
Ramses the Great
The Artistic Vision: The Great Pyramids
Egyptian Religion and Values
Instructions of Kagemni
The Pyramid Texts
The Book of the Dead: Negative Confession
Against the Grain: The Amarna Revolution
The Hymn to Aten Akhenaten
Hebrew Civilization
Origins, Oppression, and the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt
The Creation of the World
Paradise and the Fall from Grace
The Hebrew Bondage
The Burning Bush
The Mission of Moses
The Departure of the Israelites
Covenant and Commandments
The Ten Commandments
The Covenant Code
Wisdom and Psalms
Job: “Clothed In Fearful Splendor”
Psalm 104: “All Creatures Depend On You”
Prophets: Amos, Isaiah, and Jeremiah
Amos: “Let Justice Flow Like Water”
Yahweh: “There Is No God Except Me”
Isaiah’s Vision of Everlasting Peace
The Reflection in the Mirror: The New Covenant of Jeremiah
“Deep Within Them, I Shall Plant My Law”
PART II: THE GREEK WORLD
Chapter 2: Legend and History: The World of Early Greece
The Trojan War: Homer’s Iliad
The Wrath of Achilles Homer
The Death of Hector Homer
Homecoming: The Odyssey of Homer
The Adventure of the Cyclops Homer
Odysseus in the Underworld Homer
The Return of Odysseus Homer
Early Greek Literature (700-500 B.C.E.)
Pandora’s Box of Evil Hesiod
Works and Days: Advice for the Wise Hesiod
Greek Love Poetry Sappho
The Celebration of Athletic Glory Pindar
Chapter 3: Democracy and Empire: The Golden Age of Athens
The Greek Polis: Two Ways of Life
“Man Is a Political Animal” Aristotle
The City-State of Sparta: Reforms of Lycurgus Plutarch
Spartan Discipline Plutarch
“Happiness Depends on Being Free, and Freedom Depends on Courage”:
The Funeral Oration of Pericles (430 B.C.E.) Thucydides
The Historian at Work Herodotus
“As Rich as Croesus”: The Happiest of Men?
The Persian Wars and the Defense of Greece (490–480 B.C.E.)
“The Spartans Will Fight” Herodotus
The 300 Spartans at Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.) Herodotus
Greek Tragedy (480-430 B.C.E.)
Oedipus the King (430 B.C.E.) Sophocles
Antigone (441 B.C.E.) Sophocles
The Athenian Empire, War, and Decline (480–404 B.C.E.)
The Historian at Work: Thucydides
Bloodbath at Corcyra
The Mytilenian Debate (427 B.C.E.) Thucydides
The Melian Dialogue (416 B.C.E.) Thucydides
The Reflection in the Mirror Hubris: The Conceit of Power
The Trojan Women (415 B.C.E.) Euripides
The Sicilian Disaster (413 B.C.E.) Thucydides
Women and War: Lysistrata (411 B.C.E.) Aristophanes
Against the Grain The Trial of Socrates
“You Will Not Easily Find Another Like Me” Plato
Chapter 4: The Age of Alexander the Great
The Rise of Macedon and the Fall of Greece
The First Philippic (351 B.C.E.) Demosthenes
“They Speak of Nothing But Your Power” (346 B.C.E.) Isocrates
On the Crown (330 B.C.E.) Demosthenes
Alexander the Great?
“Carve Out a Kingdom Worthy of Yourself!” Plutarch
The Destruction of Persepolis Diodorus Siculus
The Character and Leadership of Alexander Arrian
“Making Humankind a Single People” Plutarch
The Thought of the Age
The Philosophy of Plato
The Unenlightened Majority Plato
Allegory of the Cave Plato
The Equality of Women in the State Plato
The Thought of Aristotle
Virtue and Moderation: The Doctrine of the Mean Aristotle
The Status of Women Aristotle
PART III: THE ROMAN WORLD
Chapter 5: The Roman Republic: Origins, Breakdown, and Rebirth
Roman Virtues in the Early and Middle Republic (753-150 B.C.E.)
The Historian at Work: Titus Livy
The Power of the Past
The Oath of the Horatii: “One of the Great Stories of Ancient Times” Livy
The Rape of Lucretia Livy
The Courage of Mucius Scaevola Livy
“Hannibal at the Gates!” Livy
“Cracks in the Wall”: The Breakdown Begins (150-100 B.C. E.)
The Destruction of Carthage (146 B.C.E.) Appian
The Growth of the Latifundia Appian
The Murder of Tiberius Gracchus (133 B.C.E.) Plutarch
“Vengeance with Excessive Cruelty” Sallust
The Fall of the Roman Republic (100–31 B.C.E.)
The Historian at Work: Appian
The Revolt of Spartacus
The Civil War (49–45 B.C.E.)
“The Die Is Cast”: Caesar Crosses the Rubicon Suetonius
“We Must Trust to the Mercy of the Storm” Cicero
Julius Caesar: The Colossus That Bestrode the World?
Caesar’s Reforms Suetonius
Abuse of Power Suetonius
The Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 B.C.E.) Plutarch
The Power Vacuum (44-31 B.C.E.)
“A Public Prostitute”: The Philippic Against Mark Antony Cicero
The Murder of Cicero: “Antony’s Greatest and Bitterest Enemy” Appian
Against the Grain Cleopatra: Queen of the Nile
“The Attraction Was Something Bewitching” Plutarch
“She Was No Weak-Kneed Woman” Horace
The Establishment of the Augustan Principate (31-27 B.C.E.)
The Powers and Authority of the Emperor Dio Cassius
The Transition from Republic to Principate Tacitus
Res Gestae: The Accomplishments of Augustus Augustus
The Mission: “To Spare the Conquered and Crush the Proud” Virgil
Chapter 6: Caesar and Christ
Roman State Religion and the Mystery Cults
The Imperial Cult: The Deification of Augustus Dio Cassius
Invasion of the Eastern Cults Minucius Felix
Orgiastic Frenzy Apuleius
The Message of Jesus
The Baptism of Jesus
The Sermon on the Mount
The Good Samaritan
The Mission of Jesus
Instructions to the Twelve Disciples
Peter: The Rock
Suffering, Persecution, and the Son of Man
The Final Judgment
The Work of Paul
Paul’s Answer to the Intellectuals
“Neither Jew Nor Greek, Male Nor Female”
The Resurrection of Christ
Conflict and the Development of the Christian Church
Roman Imperial Policy Regarding Jews and Christians
The Historian at Work: Flavius Josephus
Mass Suicide at Masada
The Persecution of Christians Under Nero (64 C.E.) Tacitus
“The Infection of This Superstition Has Spread” Pliny the Younger
“A Religion of Lust”: Anti-Christian Propaganda Minucius Felix
The Reflection in the Mirror “Christians to the Lions!”
A Christian Defense Tertullian
The Early Church Fathers
First Principles of the Early Church (225 C.E.) Origen
The City of God Saint Augustine
Against the Grain Augustine: From Sinner to Saint
The Confessions Saint Augustine
The Triumph of Christianity
The Petrine Theory Pope Leo I
Loyalty to the Pope: Oath to Gregory II (723 C.E.) Bishop Boniface
Chapter 7:The Pax Romana and the Decline of Rome
Strength and Success (14–180 C.E.)
Political and Military Control
The Imperial Army Favius Josephus
A Roman Triumph Zonaras
Imperial Patronage Pliny the Younger
Techniques of Roman Control Tacitus
The Historian at Work: Tacitus
The Murder of Agrippina
“All Roads Lead to Rome”
The Glory of the City Strabo
The Artistic Vision: The Roman Aqueduct: Pont du Gard
The Magnificence of the Baths Lucian
The Bath House Seneca
The Dark Side of Rome Juvenal
“Bread and Circuses” Fronto
“The Give and Take of Death”: Gladiatorial Combat Seneca
“Charming Privacy”: The Rural Aristocrat Pliny the Younger
Social and Intellectual Aspects of the Pax Romana
The Roman Woman
“Subordinate Beauty” Valerius Maximus
The Funeral Eulogy of Turia Quintus Lucretius Vespillo
Slavery in the Roman Empire
A Slave Rebellion Pliny the Younger
The Proper Treatment of Slaves Seneca
Social Mobility: “Once a Mere Worm, Now a King” Petronius
The Stoic Philosophy
“What Is the Principal Thing in Life?” Seneca
Meditations Marcus Aurelius
Failure and Decline (180–500 C.E.)
“Empire for Sale” (193 C.E.) Dio Cassius
News of the Attacks Jerome
The Reflection in the Mirror: The Decline of the West
Decline and Christianity Edward Gibbon
PART IV THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
Chapter 8: Icon, Scimitar, and Cross: E arly Medieval Civilization (500-1100)
Byzantine Civilization
The Emperor Justinian (527–565)
The Secret History of Justinian and Theodora Procopius
The Nika Riot (532) Procopius
The Wonders of Saint Sophia Paul the Silentiary
Byzantine Spiritual Foundations
Heresy: The Threat of Arianism Eusebius
The Nicene Creed (325) Eusebius
Iconoclasm and Orthodoxy: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)
A Western Attitude Toward the Byzantine Greeks (1147) Odo of Deuil
Islamic Civilization
The Religious Tenets of the Qur’an
The Heritage of Islam
The Qur’an on Women
The Reflection in the Mirror: The Love of Allah
“The Love of Allah Should Conquer a Man’s Heart” al-ghazzali
Islamic Science and Mathematics
On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion al-Ghazzali
On the Causes of Small-Pox al-Razi
The Dawn of the European Middle Ages
Beowulf: The Germanic Hero
Charlemagne: The Moderate and Progressive King Einhard
The Missi Dominici (802)
Against the Grain: The Carolingian Renaissance
Education and the Scriptures Charlemagne
1066: The Norman Conquest of England William of Malmesbury
The Artistic Vision: The Bayeux Tapestry
The Norman Conquest and the Sisters of Bayeux
Feudalism
The Viking Onslaught (850–1050)
The Annals of Xanten (845–854)
The Siege of Paris (806) Abbo
The Feudal Relationship
Legal Rules for Military Service King Louis IX
Liege Homage
Restraint of Feudal Violence: The Truce of God (1063)
Ordeal of Hot Iron
Chapter 9: The Sword of Faith: The High Middle Ages (1100-1300)
The Medieval Church in Ascendency
The Crusading Movement
Launching the Crusades: “It Is the Will of God!” (1095) Robert the Monk
Out of Control: The Fall of Jerusalem (1099)
The Protection of Allah Usamah ibn-Munqidh
The Historian at Work: Usamah ibn-Munqidh
The Infidel: “Superior in Courage, But Nothing Else”
The Investiture Controversy (1075-1122)
The Excommunication of Emperor Henry IV (February 1076) Pope Gregory VII
“Go To Canossa!”: Henry’s Penance (January 28, 1077) Pope Gregory VII
Oath at Canossa (January 1077) Emperor Henry IV
The Artistic Vision: The Art of Stained Glass
A Martyrdom in Glass: The Murder of Saint Thomas Becket
Medieval Monasticism
The Rule of Saint Benedict
The Vow of a Monk
Visions of Ecstasy Hildegard of Bingen
The Canticle of Brother Sun (1225) Saint Francis of Assisi
Against the Grain Papal Supremacy and Magna Carta
“The Rights of Englishmen”: Magna Carta (1215)
Innocent Protects His Investment (1216) Pope Innocent iii
Mind and Society in the High Middle Ages
The World of Thought
Political Theory: The Responsibilities of Kingship (1159) John of Salisbury
The Existence of God Saint Thomas Aquinas
The Love of God Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
The Dialectical Method: Sic et Non Peter Abelard
The Reflection in the Mirror: The Tragedy of Abelard and Heloise
A Story of Calamities Peter Abelard
The Medieval Woman
Whether Woman Was Fittingly Made from the Rib of Man? Saint Thomas Aquinas
Whether a Woman Can Baptize? Saint Thomas Aquinas
Chivalric Ideals: The Function of Knighthood John of Salisbury
The Minds of Women: “Freer and Sharper” Christine de Pizan
Chapter 10: The Waning of the Middle Ages (1300-1450)
The Crisis of the Medieval Church
The Papacy Under Siege
Clericis Laicos (1298) Pope Boniface VIII
Unam Sanctam (1302) Pope Boniface VIII
The Argument Against Papal Supremacy: Defensor Pacis (1324) Marsilius of Padua
The Artistic Vision: Giotto at the Creative Edge
“The Student of Nature Herself” Vasari
Lamentation for the Dead Christ Giotto
The Babylonian Captivity and the Conciliar Movement
On the Abuses of Avignon Petrarch
“The Wolf Is Carrying Away Your Sheep” Saint Catherine of Siena
The Great Schism: The Cardinals Revolt (1378)
The Council of Pisa (1409)
The Council of Constance (1417)
The Reflection in the Mirror: The Vices of the Church
“Luxury Demands Gratifications” Nicholas Clamanges
The Wealth of the Church (1480)
Disease and History: The Black Death (1347-1351)
“A Most Terrible Plague” Giovanni Boccaccio
“God’s Hand Was Unstrung” Matteo Villani
PART V TRANSITIONS TO THE MODERN WORLD
Chapter 11: The Age of the Renaissance
The Humanist Movement
A Humanist Education Leonardo Bruni
Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) Pico della Mirandola
The Soul of Man (1474) Marsilio Ficino
Against the Grain: I, Leonardo
The Notebooks of a Universal Man Leonardo da Vinci
The Life of Florence
The Rule of Cosimo de’ Medici Vespasiano
“This Will Be Your Final Destruction” (1494) Girolamo Savonarola
The Prince: “Everyone Sees What You Appear to Be, Few Perceive What You Are”
Niccolò Machiavelli
The Artistic Vision The Dome of Brunelleschi
The Artistic Competition (1420) Giorgio Vasari
Mind and Society in the Renaissance
Renaissance Manners
Book of the Courtier (1518) Baldassare Castiglione
On the Nature and Purpose of Women and Men Baldassare Castiglione
The Reflection in the Mirror: The Hammer of Witches
“All Wickedness Is But Little to the Wickedness of a Woman”
Chapter 12: The Reformation Era
The Lutheran Reformation (1517-1546)
The Indulgence Controversy (1517)
“The Cheat of Pardons and Indulgences”: The Praise of Folly (1509) Desiderius Erasmus
Instructions for the Sale of Indulgences (1517) Archbishop Albert of Mainz
“How Many Sins Are Committed in a Single Day?” (1517) Johann Tetzel
The Artistic Vision: Saint Peter’s Basilica
The Colonnade of St. Peter’s Basilica Gian Lorrenzo Bernini
Salvation Through Faith Alone Martin Luther
The Ninety-five Theses (1517) Martin Luther
Breaking with Rome (1517-1525)
Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) Martin Luther
On Christian Liberty (1520) Martin Luther
“Here I Stand”: Address at the Diet of Worms (1521) Martin Luther
The Edict of Worms (1521) Emperor Charles V
Social and Political Aspects of the Reformation
On Celibacy and Marriage Martin Luther
Condemnation of the Peasant Revolt (1524) Martin Luther
In the Wake of Luther
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation (1536-1564)
On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544) John Calvin
Predestination: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) John Calvin
Genevan Catechism: Concerning the Lord’s Supper (1541) John Calvin
Ordinances for the Regulation of Churches (1547) John Calvin
The Spread of Calvinism (1561) Giovanni Michiel
The Reflection in the Mirror: “Beware of Infection”: The Abdication of Charles V
“The Wretched Condition of the Christian State” (1556) Emperor Charles V
The Anabaptist Radical Reformation (1525-1535)
On the Mystery of Baptism (1526) Hans Hut
“They Should Be Drowned Without Mercy”: Measures Against Anabaptists
The English Reformation (1534-1603)
The Supremacy Act (1534): “The Only Supreme Head of the Church of England”
The Act of Succession (1534)
Good Queen Mary (1553): “Loving Subjects and Christian Charity”
Bloody Mary: “To Be Burned According to the Wholesome Laws of Our Realm”
The Enforcement of the Elizabethan Settlement (1593): “Divine Service According to Her Majesty’s Laws”
The Catholic Reformation (1540-1565)
The Society of Jesus
Constitution of the Society of Jesus (1540)
Spiritual Exercises (1548) Ignatius Loyola
The Way of Perfection: “Prayer Is the Mortar Which Keeps Our House Together” Saint Teresa of Avila
The Council of Trent (1545–1563)
The Profession of Faith
The Closing Oration at Trent (1563) Bishop Jerome Ragozonus
The Tridentine Index of Books (1564)
The Bloody Wars of Religion (1562-1648)
The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): “A Thousand Times More Terrible Than Death Itself” The Duke of Sully
The Edict of Nantes (1598)
Chapter 13: “An Embarrassment of Riches”: The Interaction of New Worlds
Domination and Destruction
The Ottoman Empire of Turkey
Süleyman “The Lawgiver” and the Advantages of Islam Ogier de Busbecq
Women In Ottoman Society Ogier de Busbecq
The Spanish Conquest of Mexico
The Aztec Encounter: “This Was Quetzalcoatl Who Had Come to Land” Bernardino de Sahagún
Montezuma: “We Shall Obey You and Hold You As Our God” Hernando Cortés
Human Sacrifice: “A Most Horrid and Abominable Custom” Hernando Cortés
The Destruction of Tenochtitlán: “And Their Mothers Raised a Cry of Weeping” Bernardino de Sahagún
“We Could No Longer Endure the Stench of Dead Bodies” Hernando Cortés
The Devastation of Smallpox Bernardino de Sahagún
The Advantages of Empire
The Spanish Empire in America
The Extraction of Mercury Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa
The Silver Mines of Potosí Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa
The Barbarians of the New World: “They Are Slaves by Nature” Juan Gines de Sepulveda
The Reflection in the Mirror: The “Black Legend” of Spain
“They Slaughtered Anyone and Everyone” Bartholomé de Las Casas
Visions of the New World
Utopia Thomas More
On Cannibals Michel de Montaigne
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