Aspects of Western Civilization, Volume I: Problems and Sources in History

by Rogers, Perry M.

• ISBN13: 9780130384911
• ISBN10: 0130384917
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For freshman/sophomore level courses in Western Civilization from the ancient world to present, or Intro to Humanities or survey courses of a particular period. A two-volume chronologically arranged compilation of primary and some secondary sources in Western Civilization. Organized around eight major themes to provide direction and cohesion to the text while allowing for originality of thought in both written and oral analysis. Students are presented with basic questions regarding historical development, human nature, moral action and practical necessity while incorporating a wide variety of political, social, economic, religious, intellectual and scientific issues. The readings present history as a vehicle for better understanding in the present rather than a stagnant observation of past societies.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxvii
PART ONE THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVILIZATION	1	(54)
Civilization in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Israel	3	(52)
Mesopotamian Civilization	6	(1)
Secular Authority and Order	6	(3)
The Reign of Sargon	6	(1)
The Code of Hammurabi	6	(3)
Mesopotamian Thought and Religion	9	(6)
The Epic of Gilgamesh	9	(3)
The Biblical Flood	12	(1)
The Mesopotamian View of Death	13	(2)
Egyptian Civilization	15	(1)
The Authority of the Pharaohs	15	(4)
Building the Pyramids	15	(1)
Herodotus
Mummification	16	(1)
Herodotus
Ramses the Great	17	(2)
Egyptian Values	19	(3)
Instructions of Kagemni	19	(1)
Love Song: ``Would You Then Leave Me?''	20	(1)
Love Song: ``I Am Your Best Girl''	21	(1)
Egyptian Religion	22	(7)
The Pyramid Texts	22	(1)
The Book of the Dead: Negative Confession	23	(2)
Hymn to the Aten	25	(4)
Akhenaten
Hebrew Civilization	29	(1)
Origins, Oppression, and the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt	29	(3)
The Creation of the World	30	(2)
The Historical Intersection Yucatan: 1550	32	(4)
Maya Origins: The Creation of the World
Paradise and the Fall from Grace	36	(2)
The Hebrew Bondage	38	(1)
The Burning Bush	38	(1)
The Mission of Moses	39	(1)
The Departure of the Israelites	39	(2)
Covenant and Commandments	41	(3)
The Ten Commandments	41	(2)
The Covenant Code	43	(1)
The Wisdom and Songs of Life	44	(7)
Job: ``Clothed In Fearful Splendor''	45	(1)
Psalm 104: ``All Creatures Depend On You''	46	(2)
Psalm 8: The Power of God's Name	48	(1)
Song of Songs: ``I Am the Rose of Sharon''	49	(2)
The New Covenant of Jeremiah	51	(4)
``Deep Within Them I Shall Plant My Law''	52	(3)
PART TWO THE GREEK WORLD	55	(116)
Legend and History: The World of Early Greece	57	(38)
The Trojan War: Homer's Iliad	60	(10)
The Wrath of Achilles	61	(2)
Homer
Hector and Andromache	63	(1)
Homer
The Death of Patroclus	64	(1)
Homer
The Death of Hector	65	(3)
Homer
The Excavation of Troy	68	(2)
Heinrich Schliemann
Greek Values: The Odyssey of Homer	70	(14)
The Adventure of the Cyclops	71	(3)
Homer
Odysseus in the Underworld	74	(2)
Homer
The Sirens, Scylla, and Charybdis	76	(3)
Homer
The Return of Odysseus	79	(5)
Homer
The Heroic Age	84	(8)
Works and Days	84	(4)
Hesiod
Love Poetry from Lesbos	88	(1)
Sappho
The Celebration of Olympic Athletes	89	(3)
Pindar
Early Greek Philosophy	92	(3)
Thales of Miletus: Water Is the Primary Element	92	(1)
Aristotle
Anaximenes: ``The First Principle Is Infinite Air''	93	(1)
Hippolytus
Pythagoras on the Transmigration of the Soul	94	(1)
Diodorus
Democracy and Empire: The Golden Age of Athens	95	(42)
The Greek Polis: Two Ways of Life	98	(8)
The City-State of Sparta: Reforms of Lycurgus	98	(1)
Plutarch
Spartan Discipline	99	(2)
Plutarch
``Fix Your Eyes Every Day on the Greatness of Athens'': The Funeral Oration of Pericles (430 B.C.E.)	101	(5)
Thucydides
The Historical Intersection Normandy: 1994	106	(2)
Fiftieth Anniversary of D-Day: ``When They Were Young, These Men Saved the World''
President Bill Clinton
The Persian Wars and the Defense of Greece (490--480 B.C.E.)	108	(4)
The Spartans at Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.)	108	(2)
Herodotus
The Defense of Athens: Inscriptional Evidence (480 B.C.E.)	110	(1)
The Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.E.)	111	(1)
Aeschylus
Athenian Imperialism	112	(1)
From Confederacy to Empire	112	(1)
Thucydides
Maintaining the Athenian Empire: Inscriptional Evidence	113	(1)
Greek Tragedy	113	(8)
Oedipus the King (430 B.C.E.)	113	(1)
Sophocles
Antigone (441 B.C.E.)	114	(7)
Sophocles
The Peloponnesian War and the Decline of Athens (431--400 B.C.E.)	121	(16)
The Mytilenian Debate (427 B.C.E.)	121	(3)
Thucydides
The Melian Dialogue (416 B.C.E.)	124	(4)
Thucydides
The Trojan Women (415 B.C.E.)	128	(2)
Euripides
The Sicilian Disaster (413 B.C.E.)	130	(1)
Thucydides
Women and War: Lysistrata (411 B.C.E.)	131	(3)
Aristophanes
The Trial of Socrates (399 B.C.E.)	134	(3)
Plato
The Age of Alexander the Great	137	(34)
Democracy and Disillusionment	140	(4)
The Unenlightened Majority	140	(3)
Plato
The Freedom of Democracy	143	(1)
Plato
The Rise of Macedon and the Fall of Greece	144	(5)
The First Philippic (351 B.C.E.)	144	(2)
Demosthenes
Address to Philip (346 B.C.E.)	146	(1)
Isocrates
The League of Corinth: Loyalty Oath (338 B.C.E.)	147	(1)
On the Crown (330 B.C.E.)	148	(1)
Demosthenes
Alexander the Great	149	(5)
``Carve Out A Kingdom Worthy of Yourself!''	149	(1)
Plutarch
``Alexander Ran Him Through!''	150	(2)
Plutarch
The Leadership of Alexander	152	(1)
Arrian
Alexander and the Brotherhood of Man	153	(1)
Plutarch
The Thought of the Age	154	(1)
The Philosophy of Plato	154	(7)
Allegory of the Cave	154	(4)
Plato
The Equality of Women in the State	158	(3)
Plato
The Thought of Aristotle	161	(4)
On Education	161	(2)
Aristotle
Virtue and Moderation: The Doctrine of the Mean	163	(1)
Aristotle
The Status of Women	164	(1)
Aristotle
Hellenistic Philosophy and Science	165	(6)
Epicureanism: Golden Maxims	166	(1)
Epicurus
The Principles of Skepticism	167	(1)
Sextus Empiricus
Archimedes and the Destruction of the Roman Fleet	168	(3)
Plutarch
PART THREE THE ROMAN WORLD	171	(120)
Breakdown and Rebirth: The Crisis of the Roman Republic	173	(42)
Roman Virtues in the Early and Middle Republic	176	(7)
The Oath of the Horatii: ``One of the Great Stories of Ancient Times''	177	(3)
Livy
The Rape of Lucretia	180	(1)
Livy
``Hannibal Is at the Gates!''	181	(2)
Livy
The Senate and the Gracchan Reform Plan	183	(3)
The Growth of the Latifundia	183	(1)
Appian
The Murder of Tiberius Gracchus (133 B.C.E.)	184	(1)
Plutarch
``Vengeance with Excessive Cruelty''	185	(1)
Sallust
The Breakdown of Roman Unity (100--45 B.C.E.)	186	(1)
The Ascendency of the Generals	186	(4)
The Wrath of Sulla (82 B.C.E.)	186	(1)
Appian
Crassus: The Richest Man in Rome	187	(1)
Plutarch
The Glorious Record of Pompey the Great	188	(1)
Pliny
A Roman Triumph	189	(1)
Zonaras
Cicero and the Conspiracy of Catiline (63 B.C.E.)	190	(2)
Catiline Plots Revolt	190	(1)
Sallust
``The Enemy Is Within''	191	(1)
Cicero
The Civil War (49--45 B.C.E.)	192	(2)
``The Die Is Cast'': Caesar Crosses the Rubicon	192	(1)
Suetonius
``We Must Trust to the Mercy of the Storm''	193	(1)
Cicero
The Fall of the Roman Republic (44--31 B.C.E.)	194	(1)
Dictatorship and Assassination	194	(3)
Caesar's Reforms	194	(1)
Suetonius
Abuse of Power	195	(1)
Suetonius
The Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 B.C.E.)	196	(1)
Plutarch
The Power Vacuum	197	(3)
The Philippic Against Mark Antony	198	(1)
Cicero
The Murder of Cicero: ``Antony's Greatest and Bitterest Enemy''	199	(1)
Appian
Cleopatra: Queen of the Nile	200	(2)
Cleopatra's Influence over Mark Antony	200	(1)
Plutarch
``She Was No Weak-Kneed Woman''	201	(1)
Horace
The Establishment of the Augustan Principate	202	(1)
The Loss of Liberty and the ``Restored Republic''	202	(7)
The Powers and Authority of the Emperor	202	(1)
Dio Cassius
The Transition from Republic to Principate	203	(1)
Tacitus
Res Gestae: The Accomplishments of Augustus	204	(5)
Augustus
The Historical Intersection China: 210 B.C.E.	209	(3)
The Achievements of the First Chinese Emperor
Sima Qian
Propaganda for the New Order	212	(3)
The Peace of Augustus	212	(2)
Horace
``To Spare the Conquered and Crush the Proud''	214	(1)
Virgil
Caesar and Christ	215	(37)
Roman State Religion and the Mystery Cults	218	(3)
Formalism of the State Religion	218	(1)
Pliny
The Imperial Cult: The Deification of Augustus	218	(1)
Dio Cassius
Invasion of the Eastern Cults	219	(1)
Minucius Felix
Orgiastic Frenzy	220	(1)
Apuleius
The Message of Jesus	221	(3)
The Baptism of Jesus	221	(1)
The Sermon on the Mount	221	(2)
The Good Samaritan	223	(1)
The Mission of Jesus	224	(4)
Instructions to the Twelve Disciples	224	(2)
Peter: The Rock	226	(1)
Suffering, Persecution, and the Son of Man	226	(1)
The Final Judgment	227	(1)
The Work of Paul	228	(4)
Paul's Answer to the Intellectuals	228	(1)
``Neither Jew Nor Greek, Male Nor Female''	229	(1)
The Resurrection of Christ	229	(2)
On Love	231	(1)
Conflict and the Development of the Christian Church	232	(1)
Roman Imperial Policy	232	(6)
The Persecution Under Nero (64 C.E.)	232	(1)
Tacitus
``The Infection of This Superstition Has Spread''	233	(2)
Pliny the Younger
The Persecution Under Diocletian (305 C.E.)	235	(1)
Lactantius
``A Religion of Lust'': Anti-Christian Propaganda	236	(2)
Minucius Felix
The Historical Intersection Germany: 1938	238	(2)
``I Got You At Last, You Little German Girl!'': Anti-Jewish Propaganda
Ernst Hiemer
A Christian Defense	240	(3)
Tertullian
The Early Church Fathers	243	(5)
First Principles of the Early Church (225 C.E.)	244	(1)
Origen
On the Unity of the Church (251 C.E.) Saint Cyprian of Carthage	245	(2)
The City of God	247	(1)
Saint Augustine
The Triumph of Christianity	248	(1)
The Edict of Toleration (311 C.E.)	248	(1)
Eusebius
The Edict of Milan (313 C.E.)	248	(1)
Eusebius
The Theodosian Code: Prohibition of Pagan Worship (392 C.E.)	249	(1)
The Authority of the Papacy	249	(3)
The Petrine Theory	250	(1)
Pope Leo I
Loyalty to the Pope: Oath to Gregory II (723 C.E.)	250	(2)
Bishop Boniface
The Pax Romana and the Decline of Rome	252	(39)
Strength and Success (14--180 C.E.)	256	(1)
Political and Military Control	256	(8)
The Blessings of Imperial Rule: Peace and Prosperity	256	(1)
Plutarch
``To Rome'': An Oration	257	(1)
Aelius Aristeides
The Imperial Army	257	(3)
Flavius Josephus
Imperial Patronage	260	(1)
Pliny the Younger
The Realities of Roman Rule	261	(1)
Techniques of Roman Control	261	(1)
Tacitus
Submission and Safety	262	(1)
Tacitus
``They Make a Desolation and Call It Peace''	263	(1)
Tacitus
``All Roads Lead to Rome''	264	(7)
The Glory of the City	264	(2)
Strabo
The Dark Side of Rome	266	(1)
Juvenal
The Magnificence of the Baths	267	(1)
Lucian
The Bathing Establishment	268	(1)
Seneca
``Bread and Circuses''	268	(1)
Fronto
``The Give and Take of Death'': Gladiatorial Combat	269	(1)
Seneca
``Charming Privacy'': The Rural Aristocrat Pliny the Younger	270	(1)
Social and Intellectual Aspects of the Pax Romana	271	(1)
Slavery in the Roman Empire	271	(3)
A Slave Rebellion Pliny the Younger	271	(1)
The Proper Treatment of Slaves	272	(1)
Seneca
Social Mobility: ``Once a Mere Worm, Now a King''	273	(1)
Petronius
The Life and Death of the City of Pompeii	274	(4)
Wall Inscriptions	274	(1)
The Destruction of Pompeii (79 C.E.) Pliny the Younger	274	(4)
The Stoic Philosophy	278	(3)
``How Will I Die?''	279	(1)
Epictetus
``What Is the Principal Thing in Life?''	279	(1)
Seneca
Meditations	280	(1)
Marcus Aurelius
Failure and Decline (180--500 C.E.)	281	(1)
Political and Economic Dislocation	281	(3)
``Empire for Sale'' (193 C.E.)	281	(1)
Dio Cassius
Distrust of Imperial Coinage (260 C.E.)	282	(1)
Price Controls	282	(2)
Barbarian Invasions	284	(3)
The Germanic Tribes	284	(1)
Tacitus
News of the Attacks	285	(2)
Jerome
The Historical Intersection London: 1776	287	(4)
Decline and Christianity	287	(4)
Edward Gibbon
PART FOUR THE MEDIEVAL WORLD	291	(110)
Icon, Scimitar, and Cross: Early Medieval Civilization (500--1100)	293	(37)
Byzantine Civilization	296	(1)
The Emperor Justinian (527--565)	296	(4)
The Secret History of Justinian and Theodora	296	(2)
Procopius
The Nika Riot (532)	298	(1)
Procopius
The Digest of Roman Law	299	(1)
Byzantine Spiritual Foundations	300	(4)
Heresy: The Threat of Arianism	301	(1)
Eusebius
The Nicene Creed (325)	302	(1)
Eusebius
Iconoclasm and Orthodoxy: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)	303	(1)
A Western Attitude Toward the Byzantine Greeks (1147) Odo of Deuil	304	(1)
Islamic Civilization	304	(1)
The Religious Tenets of the Qur'an	304	(7)
The Heritage of Islam	306	(2)
The Qur'an on Women	308	(1)
The Love of Allah	309	(1)
Al-Ghazzali
Islamic Conversion: ``O King, If You Believed In Allah''	310	(1)
Al-Bakri
Islamic Science and Mathematics	311	(2)
On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion	312	(1)
Al-Ghazzali
On the Causes of Small-Pox	312	(1)
Al-Razi
The Dawn of the European Middle Ages	313	(1)
Early Germanic Society	313	(4)
Laws of the Salian Franks	313	(2)
Beowulf: The Germanic Hero	315	(2)
Charlemagne and the Empire of the Franks	317	(5)
The Moderate and Progressive King	318	(2)
Einhard
The Missi Dominici (802)	320	(1)
The Carolingian Renaissance: Education and the Scriptures	321	(1)
Charlemagne
Feudalism	322	(1)
The Viking Onslaught (850--1050)	322	(4)
The Annals of Xanten (845--854)	322	(1)
The Siege of Paris (806)	323	(3)
Abbo
The Feudal Relationship	326	(4)
Legal Rules for Military Service	326	(1)
King Louis IX
Liege Homage	327	(1)
Restraint of Feudal Violence: The Truce of God (1063)	327	(2)
Ordeal of Hot Iron	329	(1)
The Sword of Faith: The Medieval Synthesis of Western Civilization (1100--1450)	330	(71)
Section I: The High Middle Ages (1100--1300)	334	(1)
The Medieval Church in Ascendency	334	(1)
The Crusades	334	(3)
Launching the Crusades: ``It Is the Will of God!'' (1095)	334	(3)
Robert the Monk
The Historical Intersection The United States: 1900	337	(3)
``The Hand of God'': American Imperialism in the Philippines
Albert J. Beveridge
The Fall of Jerusalem (1099)	340	(2)
The Protection of Allah	342	(1)
Usamah Ibn-Munqidh
The Franks: ``Superior in Courage, But Nothing Else''	343	(1)
Usamah Ibn-Munquidh
The Investiture Controversy (1075--1122)	344	(6)
Decree on Lay Investiture (1075)	345	(1)
Pope Gregory VII
Dictatus Papae (1075)	346	(1)
Pope Gregory VII
The Excommunication of Emperor Henry IV (February 1076)	347	(1)
Pope Gregory VII
``Go To Canossa!'': Henry's Penance (January 28, 1077)	348	(1)
Pope Gregory VII
Oath at Canossa (January 1077)	349	(1)
Emperor Henry IV
Innocent III and the Papal Supremacy	350	(2)
The Sun and the Moon (1198)	351	(1)
Pope Innocent III
The Punishment of Heretics (1198)	351	(1)
Pope Innocent III
Innocent Chooses the Holy Roman Emperor (1201)	352	(1)
Pope Innocent III
Medieval Monasticism	352	(9)
The Rule of Saint Benedict (530)	353	(3)
The Vow of a Monk	356	(1)
Visions of Ecstasy Hildegard of Bingen	356	(2)
The Canticle of Brother Sun (1225) Saint Francis of Assisi	358	(3)
Mind and Society in the High Middle Ages	361	(1)
The World of Thought	361	(6)
Political Theory: The Responsibilities of Kingship (1159) John of Salisbury	361	(1)
The Existence of God	362	(3)
Saint Thomas Aquinas
The Love of God Saint Bernard of Clairvaux	365	(1)
The Dialectical Method: Sic et Non	365	(2)
Peter Abelard
The Medieval Woman	367	(11)
Whether Woman Was Fittingly Made from the Rib of Man?	367	(1)
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Whether a Woman Can Baptize?	368	(1)
Saint Thomas Aquinas
The Tragedy of Abelard and Heloise	369	(2)
Chivalric Ideals: The Function of Knighthood John of Salisbury	371	(2)
To His Love Afar	373	(1)
Jaufre Rudel
A Distressed Lover The Countess De Dia	374	(1)
The Minds of Women: ``Freer and Sharper''	375	(3)
Christine De Pizan
Section II: The Late Middle Ages (1300--1450)	378	(1)
The Waning of the Medieval Church	378	(1)
The Fall of Pope Boniface VIII	378	(3)
Clericis Laicos (1298)	378	(1)
Pope Boniface VIII
Unam Sanctam (1302)	379	(1)
Pope Boniface VIII
The Argument Against Papal Supremacy: Defensor Pacis (1324) Marsilius of Padua	380	(1)
The Babylonian Captivity and the Conciliar Movement	381	(5)
On the Abuses of Avignon	382	(1)
Petrarch
``The Wolf Is Carrying Away Your Sheep'' Saint Catherine of Siena	383	(1)
The Great Schism: The Cardinals Revolt (1378)	384	(1)
The Council of Pisa (1409)	385	(1)
The Council of Constance (1417)	386	(1)
Disease and History: The Black Death	386	(1)
The Black Death Arrives	387	(7)
The Plague in France	388	(3)
Jean De Venette
``A Most Terrible Plague''	391	(3)
Giovanni Boccaccio
Effects and Significance of the Plague	394	(7)
``God's Hand Was Unstrung''	395	(1)
Matteo Villani
``The Greatest Biological Event In History''	396	(5)
Robert S. Gottfried
PART FIVE TRANSITIONS TO THE MODERN WORLD	401	(134)
The Age of the Renaissance	403	(31)
Criticism of the Renaissance Papacy	407	(2)
The Vices of the Church	407	(1)
Nicholas Clamanges
The Wealth of the Church (1480)	408	(1)
The Humanist Movement	409	(3)
A Humanist Education	409	(1)
Leonardo Bruni
Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)	410	(1)
Pico Della Mirandola
The Soul of Man (1474)	411	(1)
Marsilio Ficino
The Political Life of Florence	412	(9)
The Rule of Cosimo d'Medici	412	(2)
Vespasiano
``This Will Be Your Final Destruction'' (1494)	414	(3)
Girolamo Savonarola
Precepts of Power: ``Everyone Sees What You Seem to Be, Few Perceive What You Are''	417	(4)
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Historical Intersection France: 1796	421	(1)
The Realities of Power
Napoleon Bonaparte
Renaissance Arts and Manners	422	(1)
On Art and Artists	422	(7)
Scholarship and Art: Leon Battista Alberti	422	(1)
Giorgio Vasari
The Development of Art (1550)	423	(2)
Giorgio Vasari
The Notebooks of a Universal Man	425	(4)
Leonardo Da Vinci
Images of Renaissance Women and Men	429	(5)
Book of the Courtier (1518)	429	(1)
Baldassare Castiglione
On the Nature and Purpose of Women and Men	430	(2)
Baldassare Castiglione
Women and Witchcraft: ``All Wickedness Is But Little to the Wickedness of a Woman''	432	(2)
The Reformation Era	434	(60)
The State of the Papacy	437	(1)
The Criticism of the Northern Humanists	437	(4)
The Pope's Special Mission (1515)	438	(1)
Jacob Wimpheling
The Praise of Folly (1509)	439	(2)
Desiderius Erasmus
The Lutheran Reformation	441	(1)
The Indulgence Controversy	441	(7)
Instructions for the Sale of Indulgences (1517)	442	(1)
Archbishop Albert
``How Many Sins Are Committed in a Single Day?'' (1517)	443	(2)
Johann Tetzel
Salvation Through Faith Alone	445	(1)
Martin Luther
The Ninety-five Theses (1517)	446	(2)
Martin Luther
Breaking with Rome	448	(9)
Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)	449	(1)
Martin Luther
On Christian Liberty (1520)	450	(3)
Martin Luther
``Here I Stand'': Address at the Diet of Worms (1521)	453	(3)
Martin Luther
The Edict of Worms (1521)	456	(1)
Emperor Charles V
Social and Political Aspects of the Reformation	457	(3)
On Celibacy and Marriage	457	(1)
Martin Luther
Condemnation of the Peasant Revolt (1524)	458	(2)
Martin Luther
In the Wake of Luther	460	(1)
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation	460	(5)
On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544)	461	(1)
John Calvin
Predestination: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)	462	(1)
John Calvin
Genevan Catechism: Concerning the Lord's Supper (1541)	463	(2)
John Calvin
The Historical Intersection France: 1806	465	(2)
The Imperial Catechism
Napoleon Bonaparte
Ordinances for the Regulation of Churches (1547)	467	(1)
John Calvin
The Spread of Calvinism (1561)	468	(1)
Giovanni Michiel
The Radical Reformation: Anabaptism	469	(5)
On the Mystery of Baptism (1526)	471	(1)
Hans Hut
``They Should Be Drowned Without Mercy'': Measures Against Anabaptists	472	(1)
Communism In Munster (1535)	473	(1)
Heinrich Gresbeck
``The Devil Laughed Hard'': Polygamy in Munster (1535)	474	(1)
Heinrich Gresbeck
The English Reformation	474	(6)
The Supremacy Act (1534): ``The Only Supreme Head of the Church of England''	475	(1)
The Act of Succession (1534)	476	(1)
The Execution of Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More (1535): ``When I Come Down, Let Me Shift for Myself''	476	(1)
Good Queen Mary (1553): ``Loving Subjects and Christian Charity''	477	(1)
Bloody Mary: ``To Be Burned According to the Wholesome Laws of Our Realm''	478	(1)
The Enforcement of the Elizabethan Settlement (1593): ``Divine Service According to Her Majesty's Laws''	479	(1)
The Catholic Reformation	480	(1)
The Society of Jesus	480	(3)
Constitution (1540)	480	(1)
Spiritual Exercises (1548)	481	(1)
Ignatius Loyola
The Way of Perfection: ``Prayer Is the Mortar Which Keeps Our House Together'' Saint Teresa of Avila	481	(2)
The Council of Trent (1545--1563)	483	(6)
The Profession of Faith	483	(1)
The Closing Oration at Trent (1563)	484	(3)
Bishop Jerome Ragozonus
The Tridentine Index of Books (1564)	487	(2)
Resolution: The Bloody Wars of Religion	489	(5)
The Abdication of Charles V (1556): ``The Wretched Condition of the Christian State''	489	(2)
Emperor Charles V
The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572): ``A Thousand Times More Terrible Than Death Itself'' The Duke of Sully	491	(1)
The Edict of Nantes (1589)	492	(2)
``An Embarrassment of Riches'': The Interaction of New Worlds	494	(41)
First Contact: Exploration and Encounter	499	(1)
Christopher Columbus: ``Admiral of the Ocean Sea''	499	(5)
Logbook of the First Voyage (1492)	500	(3)
Bartolome De Las Casas
The ``New World''	503	(1)
Christopher Columbus
The Portuguese in Africa and India	504	(5)
The East Coast of Africa	505	(1)
Duarte Barbosa
``Our Kingdom Is Being Lost''	506	(2)
Nzinga Mbemba (Alfonso I)
``Cut Off their Ears, Hands and Noses!''	508	(1)
Gaspar Correa
Domination and Destruction	509	(1)
Hernando Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico	509	(8)
The Aztec Encounter: ``This Was Quetzalcoatl Who Had Come to Land''	510	(1)
Bernardino De Sahagun
Montezuma: ``We Shall Obey You and Hold You As Our God''	511	(2)
Hernando Cortes
Human Sacrifice: ``A Most Horrid and Abominable Custom''	513	(1)
Hernando Cortes
The Destruction of Tenochtitlan: ``And Their Mothers Raised a Cry of Weeping''	514	(1)
Bernardino De Sahagun
``We Could No Longer Endure the Stench of Dead Bodies''	515	(1)
Hernando Cortes
The Devastation of Smallpox	516	(1)
Bernardino De Sahagun
The Advantages of Empire	517	(1)
The Spanish Empire in America	517	(7)
The Extraction of Mercury	518	(2)
Antonio Vasquez De Espinosa
The Silver Mines of Potosi	520	(1)
Antonio Vasquez De Espinosa
The Barbarians of the New World: ``They Are Slaves by Nature''	521	(3)
Juan Gines De Sepulveda
The Historical Intersection East Africa: 1893	524	(2)
``A Natural Inclination to Submit to a Higher Authority''
Sir Frederick Dealtry Lugard
The ``Black Legend'' of Spain	526	(2)
Bartolome De Las Casas
The Colonization and Settlement of the New World	528	(6)
The Advantages of Colonization (1584)	528	(2)
Richard Hakluyt
The Landing at Plymouth (1620)	530	(1)
William Bradford
``Murdered in Cold Blood'' (1643)	531	(3)
David Pieterzen De Vries
The Mercantile Economy	534	(1)
The Efficiency of the Domestic Economy (1664)	534	(1)
King Louis XIV
Economic Regulation: ``The Maxim of All Polite Nations''	535
Sir William Keith

Excerpts

The Roman orator Cicero once remarked that "History is the witness of the times, the torch of truth, the life of memory, the teacher of life, the messenger of antiquity." In spite of these noble words, historians have often labored under the burden of justifying the value of studying events which are over and done. Humankind is practical, more concerned with its present and future than with its past. And yet the study of history provides us with unique opportunities for self-knowledge. It teaches us what we have done and therefore helps define what we are. On a less abstract level, the study of history enables us to judge present circumstance by drawing on the laboratory of the past. Those who have lived and died, through their recorded attitudes, actions, and ideas, have left a legacy of experience. One of the best ways to travel through time and space and perceive the very "humanness" that lies at the root of history is through the study of primary sources. These are the documents, coins, letters, inscriptions, and monuments of past ages. The task of historians is to evaluate this evidence with a critical eye and then construct a narrative that is consistent with the "facts" as they have established them. Such interpretations are inherently subjective and are therefore open to dispute. History is thus filled with controversy as historians argue their way toward the "truth." The only way to work toward an understanding of the past is through personal examination of the primary sources. Yet, for the beginning student, this poses some difficulties. Such inquiry casts the student adrift from the security of accepting the "truth" as revealed in a textbook. In fact, history is too often presented in a deceptively objective manner; one learns "facts and dates" in an effort to obtain the "right answers" for multiple-choice tests. But the student who has wrestled with primary sources and has experienced voices from the past on a more intimate level, accepts the responsibility of evaluation and judgment. He or she understands that history does not easily lend itself to "right answers," but demands reflection on the problems that have confronted past societies and are at play even in our contemporary world. Cicero was right in viewing history as the "life of memory." But human memory is fragile and the records of the past can be destroyed or distorted. Without the past, people have nothing with which to judge what they are told in the present. Truth then becomes the preserve of the ruler or government, no longer relative, but absolute. The study of history, and primary sources in particular, goes far in making people aware of the continuity of humankind and the progress of civilization. Aspects of Western Civilizationoffers the student an opportunity to evaluate the primary sources of the past and to do so in a structured and organized format. The documents provided are diverse in nature and include state papers, secret dispatches, letters, diary accounts, poems, newspaper articles, papal encyclicals, propaganda flyers, and even wall graffiti. Occasionally, the assessments of modern historians are included to lend perspective. All give testimony to human endeavor in Western societies. Yet, this two-volume book has been conceived as more than a simple compilation of primary sources. The subtitle of the work,Problems and Sources in History,gives true indication of the nature of its premise. It is meant to provide the student with thoughtful and engaging material, which is focused around individual units that encompass time periods, specific events, and historical questions. Students learn from the past most effectively when posed with problems that have meaning for their own lives. In evaluating the material fromAspects of Western Civilization,the student will discover that issues are not nearly as simple as they may appear at first glance. Historical sources often contradict each other and truth