Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers

by Irvine, Kip R.

• ISBN13: 9780130910134
• ISBN10: 0130910139
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL

Summary

This text is designed for students and professionals interested in learning the basics of operating systems, architecture, and programming in the context of a microprocessor. Irvine concentrates on the combined Windows/MS-DOS operating system and thoroughly covers 32-bit assembly language applications for Intel-based computers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Basic Concepts	1	(30)
Welcome to Assembly Language	1	(7)
Some Good Questions to Ask	2	(5)
Assembly Language Applications	7	(1)
Section Review	8	(1)
Virtual Machine Concept	8	(4)
The History of PC Assemblers	11	(1)
Section Review	12	(1)
Data Representation	12	(13)
Binary Numbers	13	(1)
Unsigned Binary Integers	13	(1)
Translating Unsigned Binary Integers to Decimal	14	(1)
Translating Unsigned Decimal Integers to Binary	14	(1)
Binary Addition	15	(1)
Integer Storage Sizes	16	(1)
Hexadecimal Integers	16	(1)
Converting Unsigned Hexadecimal to Decimal	17	(1)
Converting Unsigned Decimal to Hexadecimal	18	(1)
Signed Integers	18	(1)
Two's Complement Notation	19	(2)
Maximum and Minimum Values	21	(1)
Character Storage	21	(2)
Section Review	23	(2)
Boolean Operations	25	(4)
Truth Tables for Boolean Functions	27	(2)
Section Review	29	(1)
Chapter Summary	29	(2)
IA-32 Processor Architecture	31	(32)
General Concepts	31	(10)
Basic Microcomputer Design	32	(1)
Instruction Execution Cycle	33	(1)
Multi-Stage Pipeline	34	(2)
Superscalar Architecture	36	(1)
Reading from Memory	37	(1)
How Programs Run	38	(1)
Load and Execute Process	38	(1)
Multitasking	39	(1)
Section Review	40	(1)
IA-32 Processor Architecture	41	(7)
Modes of Operation	41	(1)
Basic Execution Environment	41	(1)
Address Space	41	(1)
Basic Program Execution Registers	42	(2)
Floating-Point Unit	44	(1)
Other Registers	44	(1)
Intel Microprocessor History	45	(1)
IA-32 Processor Family	46	(1)
P6 Processor Family	46	(1)
CISC and RISC	46	(1)
Section Review	47	(1)
IA-32 Memory Management	48	(5)
Real-address Mode	48	(1)
20-bit Linear Address Calculation	49	(1)
Protected Mode	50	(1)
Flat Segmentation Model	50	(1)
Multi-Segment Model	51	(1)
Paging	52	(1)
Section Review	53	(1)
Components of an IA-32 Microcomputer	53	(4)
Motherboard	53	(1)
PCI Bus Architecture	54	(1)
Motherboard Chipset	54	(1)
Video Output	55	(1)
Memory	55	(1)
Input-Output Ports	56	(1)
Section Review	57	(1)
Input-Output System	57	(3)
How It All Works	57	(3)
Section Review	60	(1)
Chapter Summary	60	(3)
Assembly Language Fundamentals	63	(34)
Basic Elements of Assembly Language	64	(8)
Integer Constants	64	(1)
Integer Expressions	65	(1)
Real Number Constants	66	(1)
Character Constants	67	(1)
String Constants	67	(1)
Reserved Words	67	(1)
Identifiers	67	(1)
Directives	68	(1)
Instructions	68	(1)
Label	69	(1)
Instruction Mnemonic	70	(1)
Operands	70	(1)
Comments	71	(1)
Section Review	71	(1)
Example: Adding Three Integers	72	(5)
Program Listing	72	(1)
Program Output	72	(1)
Program Description	73	(1)
Alternative Version of AddSub	74	(2)
Program Template	76	(1)
Section Review	76	(1)
Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs	77	(3)
The Assemble-Link-Execute Cycle	77	(1)
Listing File	78	(1)
Files Created or Updated by the Linker	79	(1)
Section Review	80	(1)
Defining Data	80	(9)
Intrinsic Data Types	80	(1)
Data Definition Statement	81	(1)
Defining Byte and Sbyte Data	81	(1)
Multiple Initializers	82	(1)
Defining Strings	83	(1)
Using the Dup Operator	83	(1)
Defining Word and Sword Data	84	(1)
Defining Dword and Sdword Data	84	(1)
Defining Qword Data	85	(1)
Defining Tbyte Data	85	(1)
Defining Real Number Data	85	(1)
Little Endian Order	86	(1)
Adding Variables to the AddSub Program	87	(1)
Declaring Uninitialized Data	87	(1)
Section Review	88	(1)
Symbolic Constants	89	(4)
Equal-Sign Directive	89	(1)
Calculating the Sizes of Arrays and Strings	90	(1)
EQU Directive	91	(1)
Textequ Directive	92	(1)
Section Review	93	(1)
Real-Address Mode Programming (Optional)	93	(2)
Basic Changes	94	(1)
The AddSub2 Program	94	(1)
Chapter Summary	95	(1)
Programming Exercises	96	(1)
Data Transfers, Addressing, and Arithmetic	97	(40)
Data Transfer Instructions	98	(9)
Introduction	98	(1)
Operand Types	98	(1)
Direct Memory Operands	99	(1)
MOV Instruction	100	(1)
Zero/Sign Extension of Integers	101	(1)
Copying Smaller Values to Larger Ones	101	(1)
MOVZX Instruction	102	(1)
MOVSX Instruction	103	(1)
LAHF and SAHF Instructions	103	(1)
XCHG Instruction	104	(1)
Direct-Offset Operands	104	(1)
Example Program (Moves)	105	(1)
Section Review	106	(1)
Addition and Subtraction	107	(8)
INC and DEC Instructions	107	(1)
ADD Instruction	108	(1)
SUB Instruction	108	(1)
NEG Instruction	109	(1)
Implementing Arithmetic Expressions	109	(1)
Flags Affected by Arithmetic	110	(1)
Zero and Sign Flags	110	(1)
Garry Flag (unsigned arithmetic)	110	(1)
Overflow Flag (signed arithmetic)	111	(2)
Example Program (AddSub3)	113	(1)
Section Review	114	(1)
Data-Related Operators and Directives	115	(5)
Offset Operator	115	(1)
Offset Example	115	(1)
Align Directive	116	(1)
PTR Operator	117	(1)
Type Operator	118	(1)
Lengthof Operator	118	(1)
Sizeof Operator	119	(1)
Label Directive	119	(1)
Section Review	120	(1)
Indirect Addressing	120	(7)
Indirect Operands	121	(1)
Arrays	122	(1)
Indexed Operands	123	(1)
Pointers	124	(1)
Using the Typdef Operator	125	(1)
Section Review	126	(1)
JMP and Loop Instructions	127	(5)
JMP Instruction	127	(1)
Loop Instruction	128	(1)
Summing an Integer Array	129	(1)
Copying a String	130	(1)
Section Review	131	(1)
Chapter Summary	132	(1)
Programming Exercises	133	(4)
Procedures	137	(42)
Introduction	137	(1)
Linking to an External Library	138	(2)
Background Information	138	(1)
Section Review	139	(1)
The Book's Link Library	140	(13)
Overview	140	(1)
Individual Procedure Descriptions	141	(6)
The Irvine32.inc Include File	147	(1)
Library Test Program	148	(4)
Section Review	152	(1)
Stack Operations	153	(6)
Runtime Stack	153	(1)
Push Operation	154	(1)
Pop Operation	155	(1)
Stack Applications	155	(1)
PUSH and POP Instructions	156	(1)
PUSH Instruction	156	(1)
POP Instruction	156	(1)
Pushfd and POPFD Instructions	156	(1)
Pushad, Pusha, Popad, and Popa	157	(1)
Example: Reversing a String	157	(1)
Section Review	158	(1)
Defining and Using Procedures	159	(10)
PROC Directive	159	(1)
Defining a Procedure	159	(1)
Example: Sum of Three Integers	160	(1)
Documenting Procedures	160	(1)
CALL and RET Instructions	161	(1)
Call and Return Example	161	(1)
Nested Procedure Calls	162	(1)
Local Labels and Global Labels	163	(1)
Passing Register Arguments to Procedures	164	(1)
Example: Summing an Integer Array	164	(1)
Flowcharts	165	(1)
Saving and Restoring Registers	166	(1)
USES Operator	166	(2)
Section Review	168	(1)
Program Design Using Procedures	169	(6)
Integer Summation Program (Design)	170	(2)
Integer Summation Implementation	172	(3)
Section Review	175	(1)
Chapter Summary	175	(1)
Programming Exercises	176	(3)
Conditional Processing	179	(48)
Introduction	180	(1)
Boolean and Comparison Instructions	180	(9)
The CPU Flags	181	(1)
AND Instruction	181	(1)
Converting Characters to Upper Case	182	(1)
OR Instruction	183	(1)
XOR Instruction	184	(2)
NOT Instruction	186	(1)
TEST Instruction	186	(1)
CMP Instruction	186	(2)
Setting and Clearing Individual CPU Flags	188	(1)
Section Review	188	(1)
Conditional Jumps	189	(11)
Conditional Structures	189	(1)
Jcond Instruction	190	(1)
Types of Conditional Jump Instructions	191	(1)
Equality Comparisons	192	(1)
Unsigned Comparisons	192	(1)
Signed Comparisons	192	(1)
Conditional Jump Applications	193	(1)
Testing Status Bits	193	(1)
Application: Scanning an Array	194	(1)
Application: String Encryption	195	(3)
Bit Testing Instructions (Optional)	198	(1)
BT Instruction	198	(1)
BTC Instruction	199	(1)
BTR Instruction	199	(1)
BTS Instruction	199	(1)
Section Review	200	(1)
Conditional Loop Instructions	200	(2)
Loopz and Loope Instructions	200	(1)
Loopnz and Loopne Instructions	201	(1)
Section Review	202	(1)
Conditional Structures	202	(9)
Block-Structured IF Statements	202	(2)
Compound Expressions	204	(1)
Logical and Operator	204	(1)
Logical or Operator	205	(1)
While Loops	205	(1)
Example: If statement Nested in a Loop	206	(2)
Table-Driven Selection	208	(2)
Section Review	210	(1)
Application: Finite-State Machines	211	(6)
Validating an Input String	212	(1)
Validating a Signed Integer	213	(3)
Section Review	216	(1)
Using the .IF Directive (Optional)	217	(6)
Signed and Unsigned Comparisons	219	(1)
Compound Expressions	220	(1)
SetCursorPosition Example	220	(1)
College Registration Example	221	(1)
.Repeat and .While Directives	222	(1)
Example: Loop Containing an IF Statement	222	(1)
Chapter Summary	223	(1)
Programming Exercises	224	(3)
Integer Arithmetic	227	(32)
Introduction	228	(1)
Shift and Rotate Instructions	228	(8)
Logical Shifts versus Arithmetic Shifts	229	(1)
SHL Instruction	229	(1)
SHR Instruction	230	(1)
SAL and SAR Instructions	231	(1)
ROL Instruction	231	(1)
ROR Instruction	232	(1)
RCL and RCR Instructions	232	(1)
SHLD/SHRD Instructions	233	(2)
Section Review	235	(1)
Shift and Rotate Applications	236	(3)
Shifting Multiple Doublewords	236	(1)
Binary Multiplication	237	(1)
Displaying Binary Bits	237	(1)
Isolating a Bit String	238	(1)
Section Review	239	(1)
Multiplication and Division Instructions	239	(9)
MUL Instruction	240	(1)
IMUL Instruction	241	(1)
DIV Instruction	242	(1)
Signed Integer Division	243	(1)
CBW, CWD, CDQ Instructions	243	(1)
The IDIV Instruction	243	(1)
Divide Overflow	244	(1)
Implementing Arithmetic Expressions	245	(2)
Section Review	247	(1)
Extended Addition and Subtraction	248	(3)
ADC Instruction	248	(1)
Extended Addition Example	249	(1)
SBB Instruction	250	(1)
Section Review	250	(1)
ASCII and Packed Decimal Arithmetic (Optional)	251	(4)
AAA Instruction	252	(1)
AAS Instruction	253	(1)
AAM Instruction	253	(1)
AAD Instruction	253	(1)
Packed Decimal Integers	254	(1)
DAA Instruction	254	(1)
DAS Instruction	254	(1)
Chapter Summary	255	(1)
Programming Exercises	256	(3)
Advanced Procedures	259	(42)
Introduction	259	(1)
Local Variables	260	(3)
Local Directive	261	(2)
Section Review	263	(1)
Stack Parameters	263	(12)
Invoke Directive	264	(1)
DDR Operator	265	(1)
PROC Directive	266	(1)
Examples	267	(1)
Proto Directive	268	(1)
ArraySum Example	269	(1)
Passing by Value or by Reference	269	(2)
Parameter Classifications	271	(1)
Example: Exchanging Two Integers	271	(1)
Trouble-Shooting Tips	272	(1)
Saving and Restoring Registers	272	(1)
Wrong Operand Sizes	273	(1)
Passing the Wrong Type of Pointer	274	(1)
Passing Immediate Values	274	(1)
Section Review	274	(1)
Stack Frames	275	(10)
Memory Models	276	(1)
Language Specifiers	277	(1)
Stdcall Specifier	277	(1)
Specifier	278	(1)
Pascal Specifier	278	(1)
Explicit Access to Stack Parameters	278	(2)
Saving and Restoring Registers	280	(1)
Passing Arguments by Reference	280	(1)
ArrayFill Example	281	(1)
LEA Instruction	282	(1)
Creating Local Variables	282	(1)
Enter and Leave Instructions (Optional)	283	(2)
Section Review	285	(1)
Recursion	285	(5)
Recursively Calculating a Sum	286	(2)
Calculating a Factorial	288	(2)
Section Review	290	(1)
Creating Multimodule Programs	290	(6)
Example: ArraySum Program	291	(1)
Include File: Function Prototypes	292	(1)
Main Module	292	(1)
PromptForIntegers Module	293	(1)
ArraySum Module	294	(1)
DisplaySum Module	295	(1)
Batch File for Assembling and linking	295	(1)
Section Review	296	(1)
Chapter Summary	296	(2)
Programming Exercises	298	(3)
Strings and Arrays	301	(32)
Introduction	301	(1)
String Primitive Instructions	302	(7)
MOVSB, MOVSW and MOVSD	304	(1)
CMPSB, CMPSW, and CMPSD	304	(2)
Example: Comparing Two Strings	306	(1)
SCASB, SCASW, and SCASD	307	(1)
STOSB, STOSW, and STOSD	308	(1)
LODSB, LODSW, and LODSD	308	(1)
Section Review	309	(1)
Selected String Procedures	309	(6)
Str_compare Procedure	310	(1)
Str_length Procedure	311	(1)
Str_copy Procedure	311	(1)
Str_trim Procedure	312	(2)
Str_ucase Procedure	314	(1)
Section Review	315	(1)
Two-Dimensional Arrays	315	(3)
Base-Index Operands	315	(2)
Base-Index Displacement	317	(1)
Section Review	318	(1)
Searching and Sorting Integer Arrays	318	(10)
Bubble Sort	319	(2)
Binary Search	321	(3)
Test Program	324	(4)
Section Review	328	(1)
Chapter Summary	328	(2)
Programming Exercises	330	(3)
Structures and Macros	333	(46)
Structures	334	(13)
Defining Structures	334	(1)
Declaring Structure Variables	335	(1)
Referencing Structure Variables	336	(2)
Example: Displaying the System Time	338	(2)
Nested Structures	340	(1)
Example: Drunkard's Walk	341	(3)
Declaring and Using Unions	344	(2)
Section Review	346	(1)
Macros	347	(11)
Overview	347	(1)
Defining Macros	348	(1)
Invoking Macros	349	(1)
Macro Examples	350	(1)
mWriteStr Macro	351	(1)
mReadStr Macro	352	(1)
mGotoxy Macro	352	(1)
mDumpMem Macro	353	(1)
Macros Containing Code and Data	354	(1)
Nested Macros	355	(1)
Example Program: Wrappers	356	(1)
Section Review	357	(1)
Conditional-Assembly Directives	358	(12)
Checking for Missing Arguments	359	(1)
Default Argument Initializers	360	(1)
Boolean Expressions	360	(1)
IF ELSE, and ENDIF Directives	361	(1)
The IFIDN and IFIDNI Directives	362	(1)
Special Operators	363	(1)
Substitution Operator (&)	363	(1)
Expansion Operator (%)	364	(2)
Literal-Text Operator (<>)	366	(1)
Literal-Character Operator (!)	366	(1)
Macro Functions	367	(2)
Section Review	369	(1)
Defining Repeat Blocks	370	(5)
While Directive	370	(1)
Repeat Directive	371	(1)
For Directive	371	(1)
Forc Directive	372	(1)
Example: Linked List	373	(2)
Section Review	375	(1)
Chapter Summary	375	(1)
Programming Exercises	376	(3)
32-Bit Windows Programming	379	(52)
Win32 Console Programming	379	(32)
Background Information	381	(1)
Windows Data Types	382	(1)
Console Handles	383	(1)
Win32 Console Functions	384	(2)
Console Input	386	(1)
ReadConsole Function	387	(1)
Single-Character Input	388	(1)
Console Output	389	(1)
Data Structures	390	(1)
WriteConsole Function	390	(1)
Example Program: Console 1	390	(1)
WriteConsoleOutputCharacter Function	391	(1)
Reading and Writing Files	392	(1)
CreateFile Function	392	(3)
CloseHandle Function	395	(1)
ReadFile Function	395	(1)
WriteFile Function	395	(1)
Example WriteFile Program	396	(1)
Moving the File Pointer	397	(1)
Example ReadFile Program	397	(1)
Console Window Manipulation	398	(1)
SetConsoleTitle	399	(1)
GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo	399	(1)
SetConsoleWindowInfo Function	400	(2)
SetConsoleScreenBufferSize Function	402	(1)
Controlling the Cursor	402	(1)
GetConsoleCursorInfo Function	402	(1)
SetConsoleCursorInfo Function	402	(1)
SetConsoleCursorPosition	403	(1)
Controlling the Text Color	403	(1)
SetConsoleTextAttribute Function	403	(1)
WriteConsoleOutputAttribute Function	403	(1)
Example WriteColors Program	403	(2)
Time and Date Functions	405	(1)
GetLocalTime and SetLocalTime	406	(1)
GetTickCount Function	407	(1)
Sleep Function	407	(1)
GetDateTime Procedure	408	(1)
Creating a Stopwatch Timer	409	(1)
Section Review	410	(1)
Writing a Graphical Windows Application	411	(10)
Necessary Structures	412	(1)
The MessageBox Function	413	(1)
The WinMain Procedure	414	(1)
The WinProc Procedure	414	(1)
The ErrorHandler Procedure	415	(1)
Program Listing	416	(3)
Running the Program	419	(1)
Section Review	420	(1)
IA-32 Memory Management	421	(7)
Linear Addresses	421	(1)
Translating Logical Addresses to Linear Addresses	421	(2)
Paging	423	(1)
Descriptor Tables	424	(1)
Segment Descriptor Details	425	(1)
Page Translation	425	(1)
MS-Windows Virtual Machine Manager	426	(1)
Section Review	427	(1)
Chapter Summary	428	(1)
Programming Exercises	429	(2)
High-Level Language Interface	431	(26)
Introduction	431	(2)
General Conventions	431	(2)
Section Review	433	(1)
Inline Assembly Code	433	(6)
_asm Directive in Microsoft Visual C++	433	(2)
Using the Length, Type, and Size Operators	435	(1)
File Encryption Example	436	(1)
Procedure Call Overhead	437	(2)
Section Review	439	(1)
Linking to C++ Programs	439	(16)
Linking to Borland C++	440	(1)
ReadSector Example	441	(1)
Main C++ Program That Galls ReadSector	442	(2)
Assembly Language Module	444	(2)
Example: Large Random Integers	446	(2)
Using Assembly Language to Optimize C++ Code	448	(1)
FindArray Code Generated by Visual C++	449	(1)
Linking MASM to Visual C++	450	(4)
Section Review	454	(1)
Chapter Summary	455	(1)
Programming Exercises	456	(1)
16-Bit MS-DOS Programming	457	(38)
MS-DOS and the IBM-PC	457	(6)
Memory Organization	458	(2)
Redirecting Input-Output	460	(1)
Software Interrupts	461	(1)
INT Instruction	461	(1)
Interrupt Vectoring	461	(1)
Common Interrupts	462	(1)
Section Review	462	(1)
MS-DOS Function Calls (INT 21h)	463	(13)
Selected Output Functions	464	(3)
Hello World Program Example	467	(1)
Selected Input Functions	467	(2)
Example: String Encryption Program	469	(1)
Int 21h Function 3Fh	470	(2)
Date/Time Functions	472	(2)
Example: Displaying the Time and Date	474	(2)
Section Review	476	(1)
Standard MS-DOS File I/O Services	476	(15)
Create or Open File (716Ch)	478	(1)
Close File Handle (3Eh)	479	(1)
Move File Pointer (42h)	480	(1)
Get File Creation Date and Time	481	(1)
Selected Library Procedures	481	(1)
ReadString	482	(1)
WriteString	482	(1)
Example: Read and Copy a Text File	483	(2)
Reading the MS-DOS Command Tail	485	(2)
Example: Creating a Binary File	487	(3)
Section Review	490	(1)
Chapter Summary	491	(1)
Chapter Exercises	492	(3)
Disk Fundamentals	495	(32)
Disk Storage Systems	495	(5)
Tracks, Cylinders, and Sectors	496	(2)
Disk Partitions (Volumes)	498	(1)
Section Review	499	(1)
File Systems	500	(5)
FAT12	501	(1)
FAT16	501	(1)
FAT32	501	(1)
NTFS	502	(1)
Primary Disk Areas	503	(1)
Section Review	504	(1)
Disk Directory	505	(6)
MS-DOS Directory Structure	505	(3)
Long Filenames in MS-Windows	508	(2)
File Allocation Table (FAT)	510	(1)
Section Review	511	(1)
Reading and Writing Disk Sectors (7305h)	511	(6)
Sector Display Program	513	(4)
Section Review	517	(1)
System-Level File Functions	517	(6)
Get Disk Free Space (7303h)	518	(1)
Disk Free Space Program	519	(2)
Create Subdirectory (39h)	521	(1)
Remove Subdirectory (3Ah)	521	(1)
Set Current Directory (3Bh)	522	(1)
Get Current Directory (47h)	522	(1)
Section Review	522	(1)
Chapter Summary	523	(1)
Programming Exercises	524	(3)
BIOS-Level Programming	527	(56)
Introduction	527	(2)
BIOS Data Area	528	(1)
Keyboard Input with INT 16h	529	(8)
How the Keyboard Works	530	(1)
INT 16h Functions	531	(1)
Set Typematic Rate (03h)	531	(1)
Push Key into Keyboard Buffer (05h)	531	(1)
Wait for Key (10h)	532	(1)
Check Keyboard Buffer (11h)	533	(1)
Get Keyboard Flags	534	(1)
Clearing the Keyboard Buffer	535	(2)
Section Review	537	(1)
Video Programming with INT 10h	537	(18)
Basic Background	537	(1)
Three Levels of Access	537	(1)
Running Programs in Full-Screen Mode	538	(1)
Understanding Video Text	538	(1)
Controlling the Color	539	(1)
Mixing Primary Colors	539	(1)
Attribute Byte	540	(1)
INT 10h Video Functions	541	(1)
Set Video Mode (00h)	542	(1)
Set Cursor Lines (01h)	543	(1)
Set Cursor Position (02h)	544	(1)
Get Cursor Position and Size (03h)	544	(2)
Scroll Window Up (06h)	546	(1)
Example: Writing Text to a Window	547	(1)
Scroll Window Down (07h)	548	(1)
Read Character and Attribute (08h)	548	(1)
Write Character and Attribute (09h)	548	(1)
Write Character (0Ah)	549	(1)
Toggle Blinking and Intensity Modes	550	(1)
Get Video Mode Information (OFh)	550	(1)
Write String in Teletype Mode (13h)	551	(1)
Example: Displaying a Color String	552	(2)
Library Procedure Examples	554	(1)
Gotoxy Procedure	554	(1)
Clrscr Procedure	554	(1)
Section Review	555	(1)
Drawing Graphics Using INT 10h	555	(8)
INT 10h Pixel-Related Functions	556	(1)
Write Graphics Pixel (0Ch)	556	(1)
Read Graphics Pixel (0Dh)	557	(1)
DrawLine Program	557	(2)
Cartesian Coordinates Program	559	(3)
Converting Cartesian Coordinates to Screen Coordinates	562	(1)
Section Review	563	(1)
Memory-Mapped Graphics	563	(5)
Mode 13h: 320 X 200, 256 Colors	563	(2)
Memory-Mapped Graphics Program	565	(3)
Section Review	568	(1)
Mouse Programming	568	(12)
Mouse INT 33h Functions	568	(1)
Reset Mouse and Get Status	568	(1)
Showing and Hiding the Mouse Pointer	569	(1)
Get Mouse Position and Status	570	(1)
Set Mouse Position	571	(1)
Get Button Presses and Releases	571	(2)
Setting Horizontal and Vertical Limits	573	(1)
Miscellaneous Mouse Functions	573	(1)
Mouse Tracking Program	574	(5)
Section Review	579	(1)
Chapter Summary	580	(1)
Chapter Exercises	580	(3)
Expert MS-DOS Programming	583	(28)
Introduction	583	(1)
Defining Segments	584	(8)
Simplified Segment Directives	584	(2)
Explicit Segment Definitions	586	(1)
Align Type	587	(1)
Combine Type	587	(1)
Class Type	588	(1)
Assume Directive	588	(1)
Example: Multiple Data Segments	588	(1)
Segment Overrides	589	(1)
Combining Segments	590	(2)
Section Review	592	(1)
Runtime Program Structure	592	(5)
COM Programs	593	(2)
EXE Programs	595	(1)
Memory Usage	595	(1)
EXE Header	596	(1)
Section Review	597	(1)
Interrupt Handling	597	(12)
Hardware Interrupts	599	(1)
Interrupt Control Instructions	600	(1)
Writing a Custom Interrupt Handler	601	(1)
Ctrl-Break Handler Example	602	(2)
Terminate and Stay Resident Programs	604	(1)
Keyboard Example	604	(1)
Application: The No Reset Program	605	(4)
Section Review	609	(1)
Chapter Summary	609
Advanced Topics
Hardware Control Using I/O Ports	1	(3)
Input-Output Ports	1	(1)
PC Sound Program	2	(2)
Intel Instruction Encoding	4	(8)
Single-Byte Instructions	5	(1)
Immediate Operands	6	(1)
Register-Mode Instructions	6	(1)
Memory-Mode Instructions	7	(2)
MOV Instruction Examples	9	(2)
Section Review	11	(1)
Floating-Point Arithmetic	12	(599)
IEEE Binary Floating-Point Representation	12	(1)
The Sign	12	(1)
The Mantissa	12	(1)
The Exponent	13	(1)
Normalizing the Mantissa	14	(1)
Creating the IEEE Bit Representation	15	(1)
Converting Decimal Fractions to Binary Reals	15	(2)
IA-32 Floating Point Architecture	17	(1)
Instruction Formats	18	(3)
Floating-Point Code Examples	21	(1)
Example 1: Evaluating an Expression	21	(590)
Appendix A: Installing and Using the Assembler	611	(6)
Appendix B: The Intel Instruction Set	617	(32)
Appendix C: BIOS and MS-DOS Interrupts	649	(12)
Appendix D: MASM Reference	661	(28)
Index	689

Excerpts

Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, Fourth Editionis based on the Intel IA-32 Processor architecture, seen from a programmer's point of view. It is appropriate as a text in the following types of college courses for computer science majors: Assembly Language Programming Fundamentals of Computer Systems Fundamentals of Computer Architecture Although this book was originally designed as a programming textbook for community college students, it has gradually developed into much more. Currently, many universities use the book for their introductory computer architecture courses. At Florida International University, for example, this book is used in a course namedFundamentals of Computer Systems,which leads to a more comprehensive course in Computer Architecture. The present edition includes topics that lead naturally into subsequent courses in computer architecture, operating systems, and compiler writing: Virtual machine concept Elementary boolean operations Instruction execution cycle Memory access using clock cycles Interrupts and polling Multi-stage pipeline Superscalar architecture Multitasking Loading and executing programs Floating-point binary representation Other topics relate specifically to Intel IA-32 architecture, using information gained from its manuals: IA-32 Protected Memory addressing and paging Memory segmentation in Real-address mode Interrupt handling Direct hardware I/O Instruction encoding Certain examples presented in the book lend themselves to courses that occur later in a computer science curriculum: Searching and sorting algorithms High-level language structures Finite-state machines Code optimization examples There are a number of new features in this edition that relate to programming: A more comprehensive and logical explanation of data definition. A more careful explanation of addressing modes. A simplified link library that requires fewer input parameters for nearly all procedures. There are new procedures to dump the CPU registers and sections of memory, as well as a delay timer. An explanation and demonstration of top-down program design. Use of flowcharts as code-generation tools. Even more thorough coverage of assembly language directives, macros, and operators. For example, the PROC, PROTO, and INVOKE directives are thoroughly explained and demonstrated. More complete coverage of structures, including nested structures and arrays of structures. Block-structured IF, WHILE, and REPEAT statements (an advanced feature of MASM). Introduction to video graphics, using both BIOS and direct-memory mapping techniques. Mouse programming. Win32 Console programming, using calls to the Kernel32 Windows library. More array manipulation examples. Still a Programming Book.It is important to note that this book is still focused on its original mission: to teach students how to write and debug programs at the machine level. It will never replace a complete book on computer architecture, but it does give students the first-hand experience of writing software in an environment that teaches them how the computer really works. The value of this cannot be underestimated, because they will retain a great deal more theoretical knowledge by having immediate contact with the machine. In an engineering course, students construct prototypes; in a software course, students write programs. In both cases, they have a memorable experience that gives them the confidence to work in any OS/machine-oriented environment. Real Mode and Protected Mode.Many