Audel Air Conditioning Home and Commercial

by Miller, Rex; Miller, Mark Richard; Anderson, Edwin P.

• ISBN13: 9780764571107
• ISBN10: 0764571109
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1991-01-16
• Publisher: Audel

Summary

This guide will keep you coolLike its earlier editions, this fully updated guidebook is packed with practical information on installing, servicing, maintaining, and trouble-shooting air-conditioning systems. Whether you're an AC professional, an independent repair technician, or a cost-conscious homeowner, everything you need is here. Clearly organized and loaded with diagrams and illustrations, it's a vital addition to your toolbox. Find concise, accurate information on installing and maintaining both residential and commercial systems Understand the physics of air conditioning and filtration Make accurate temperature measurements using various methods and devices Work with room air conditioners, water cooling systems, and auto air conditioning Learn about refrigerants, compressors, condensers, evaporators, and AC motors Service, troubleshoot, and repair both old and new AC units

Author Biography

Rex Miller is a former professor of Industrial Technology, a forty-year educator, and the author or coauthor of more than 100 textbooks.<BR> Mark Richard Miller is Associate Professor and Chairman of the Industrial Technology Department at Texas A&amp;M University&#151;Kingsville.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xix
About the Authors	xxi
Introduction	xxiii
Chapter 1 Air-Conditioning Fundamentals	1	(14)
Properties of Air	1	(1)
Air Circulation	2	(1)
Cleaning and Filtering	2	(1)
Basic Information	3	(4)
Heat Transfer	3	(1)
Sensible Heat	4	(1)
Specific Heat	4	(1)
Latent Heat	4	(1)
Latent Heat of Fusion	4	(1)
Latent Heat of Evaporation	5	(1)
Superheat	5	(1)
Pressure-Temperature Relationship	5	(2)
Measurements and Measuring Devices	7	(5)
Thermometer	7	(1)
Barometer	8	(1)
Sling Psychrometer	9	(1)
Pressure Gages	10	(1)
British Thermal Unit	10	(1)
Refrigeration Capacity Measurements	10	(2)
Summary	12	(1)
Review Questions	13	(2)
Chapter 2 Psychrometry	15	(14)
Air and Water-Vapor Mixtures	15	(1)
Humidifying and Dehumidifying	15	(1)
Relative Humidity	15	(3)
Relative Humidity Measurements	16	(1)
Grains of Moisture	16	(1)
Specific Volume	17	(1)
Dew-Point Temperature	17	(1)
Effective Temperature	17	(1)
Dry-Bulb Temperature	17	(1)
Wet-Bulb Temperature	17	(1)
Wet-Bulb Depression	18	(1)
Temperature-Humidity Index	18	(1)
Total Heat Content	18	(1)
Psychrometric Charts	18	(7)
Psychrometric Chart Instructions	19	(1)
Calculation Examples	19	(6)
Comfort Chart	25	(2)
Summary	27	(1)
Review Questions	27	(2)
Chapter 3 Heat Leakage	29	(24)
Calculation Examples	30	(1)
Example	30	(1)
Solution	30	(1)
Reference Tables	30	(22)
Summary	52	(1)
Review Questions	52	(1)
Chapter 4 Ventilation Requirements	53	(48)
Air Leakage	53	(1)
Natural Ventilation	53	(4)
Wind Forces	53	(1)
Temperature-Difference Forces	54	(1)
Combined Wind and Temperature Forces	55	(1)
Roof Ventilators	55	(1)
Ventilator Capacity	56	(1)
Fresh-Air Requirements	57	(1)
Mechanical Ventilation	58	(2)
Volume of Air Required	58	(1)
Duct-System Resistance	59	(1)
Air Filtration	60	(1)
Effect of Dust on Health	60	(1)
Various Dust Sources	61	(1)
Air-Filter Classification	61	(5)
Dry Filters	62	(1)
Wet (or Viscous) Filters	63	(3)
Filter Installation	66	(3)
Humidity-Control Methods	69	(1)
Humidifiers	69	(4)
Air-Washer Method	69	(1)
Pan Humidifiers	70	(1)
Electrically Operated Humidifiers	71	(1)
Air-Operated Humidifiers	71	(2)
Dehumidifiers	73	(4)
Electric Dehumidification	74	(1)
Controls	75	(1)
Adsorption-Type Dehumidifiers	76	(1)
Air-Duct Systems	77	(12)
Heat Gains in Ducts	79	(6)
Resistance Losses in Duct Systems	85	(4)
Fans and Blowers	89	(8)
Air Volume	90	(1)
Horsepower Requirements	90	(1)
Drive Methods	91	(1)
Fan Selection	92	(1)
Fan Applications	93	(1)
Fan Operation	94	(1)
Attic-Fan Installation	95	(2)
Fan Operation	97	(1)
Summary	97	(1)
Review Questions	98	(3)
Chapter 5 Room Air Conditioners	101	(46)
Operation	101	(2)
Cooling Capacity	103	(1)
Capacity Requirements	103	(1)
Installation Methods	104	(18)
Double-Hung Window Installation	106	(5)
Casement Window Installation	111	(4)
Outside Support Bracket	115	(1)
Console-Type Room Air-Conditioning Systems	116	(6)
Electrical System	122	(7)
Electrical Components	124	(3)
Fan Motors	127	(1)
Thermostats	128	(1)
Unit Control Switch	129	(1)
Service Operations	129	(14)
Dismantling Window Air Conditioners	130	(1)
Electrical Testing	130	(5)
Compressor and Motor	135	(2)
Oiling of Motors	137	(1)
Leaks in System	137	(1)
Filters	137	(1)
Interior Cleaning	137	(1)
Winter Care	137	(1)
Refrigerant-System Service	138	(5)
Troubleshooting Guide (Window-Mounted Units)	143	(1)
Summary	143	(2)
Review Questions	145	(2)
Chapter 6 Refrigerants	147	(24)
Desirable Properties	147	(1)
Chlorofluorocarbon Compounds (CFCs)	147	(1)
Classifications	148	(2)
Early Types of Refrigerants	150	(6)
Sulfur Dioxide	151	(1)
Methyl Chloride	151	(1)
Ethyl Chloride	152	(1)
Ammonia	153	(1)
Carbon Dioxide	154	(1)
Freezol (Isobutane)	154	(1)
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)	154	(2)
Freon Refrigerants	156	(4)
Classifications	156	(1)
Properties of Freons	157	(3)
Pressure-Temperature Chart	160	(1)
Refrigerant Characteristics	160	(4)
Critical Temperature	160	(2)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)	162	(1)
Latent Heat of Evaporation	162	(1)
Specific Heat	163	(1)
Power Consumption	163	(1)
Volume of Liquid Circulated	164	(1)
Simple Refrigeration System	164	(2)
Handling Refrigerants	166	(3)
Storing and Handling Refrigerant Cylinders	166	(1)
Cylinder Capacity	167	(1)
First Aid	168	(1)
Summary	169	(1)
Review Questions	169	(2)
Chapter 7 Compressors for Air Conditioners	171	(46)
Mechanical Components	171	(3)
Compressors	171	(2)
Condensers	173	(1)
Receivers	173	(1)
Evaporators	173	(1)
Refrigerant Controls	174	(1)
Expansion Valves	174	(1)
Refrigeration Cycle	174	(1)
Refrigerants	175	(1)
Compressors	176	(8)
Reciprocating Compressors	177	(1)
Drive Methods	177	(1)
Compressor Valves	178	(1)
Pistons and Piston Rings	178	(3)
Connecting Rods	181	(1)
Crankshafts	181	(2)
Shaft Seals	183	(1)
Lubrication and Cooling	184	(1)
Rotary Compressors	184	(5)
Scroll Compressors	189	(3)
Scroll Compression Process	189	(2)
Operation	191	(1)
Scroll Compressor Models	192	(1)
Centrifugal Compressors	192	(6)
Construction Features	195	(1)
Lubrication System	196	(2)
Installation and Maintenance	198	(7)
Foundation	198	(1)
Motor and Belts	199	(1)
Compressor Flow-Back Protection	199	(1)
Valve Maintenance	200	(1)
Shaft-Seal Leaks	201	(1)
Compressor Knocks	202	(1)
Stuck or Tight Compressor	202	(1)
Compressor Removal	202	(1)
Compressor Replacement	203	(1)
Compressor Startup	203	(1)
Winter Shutdown of Water-Cooled Compressors	204	(1)
Compressor Characteristics	205	(9)
Compressor Performance	205	(1)
Compressor Capacity	205	(1)
Mechanical Efficiency	205	(1)
Volumetric Efficiency	205	(1)
Compressor Efficiency Test	205	(9)
Troubleshooting Guide	214	(1)
Summary	214	(1)
Review Questions	215	(2)
Chapter 8 Condensing Equipment for Air Conditioners	217	(24)
Air-Cooled Condensers	217	(2)
Water-Cooled Condensers	219	(9)
Cooling-Water Circuits	220	(1)
Types of Water-Cooled Condensers	220	(8)
Head-Pressure Control Methods	228	(4)
Water-Cooled Condensers	228	(1)
Evaporative Condensers	229	(1)
Air-Cooled Condensers	230	(2)
Condenser Maintenance	232	(5)
Cleaning Precautions	233	(2)
Charging the System	235	(1)
Cleaning Time	235	(1)
Flushing the System	235	(1)
Cleaning Evaporative Condensers	235	(1)
Removing Scale Formation	236	(1)
Gravity and Forced Circulation	236	(1)
Outdoor Condensing Units	237	(1)
Summary	238	(1)
Review Questions	239	(2)
Chapter 9 Evaporators for Air Conditioners	241	(32)
Types of Evaporators	241	(4)
Finned Evaporators	242	(1)
Plain-Tubing Evaporators	242	(1)
Evaporator-Coil Construction	243	(2)
Refrigerant-Control Methods	245	(6)
Superheat	245	(2)
Chilling Units	247	(2)
Dry-Expansion Coil Arrangements	249	(2)
Capacity Requirements	251	(1)
Evaporator Calculations	251	(4)
Exterior Conditions	253	(1)
Surface-Area Determination	253	(2)
Evaporator Maintenance	255	(2)
Cycling the Condensing Unit	255	(1)
Time Clocks	256	(1)
Accessory Equipment	257	(12)
Heat Exchangers	257	(3)
Surge Drums	260	(1)
Oil Separators	260	(3)
Driers	263	(1)
Dehydrators	264	(1)
Strainers	265	(1)
Mufflers	266	(1)
Subcoolers	266	(1)
Check Valves	267	(2)
Summary	269	(2)
Review Questions	271	(2)
Chapter 10 Water-Cooling Systems	273	(16)
Atmospheric Cooling Methods	274	(5)
Water Towers	274	(4)
Cooling Ponds	278	(1)
Spray-Cooling Ponds	279	(1)
New Developments	279	(1)
Cooling-Unit Piping	280	(7)
Liquid Lines	281	(1)
Suction Lines	282	(1)
Oil Circulation	283	(1)
Discharge Lines	283	(1)
Refrigerant-Piping Arrangement	284	(3)
Summary	287	(1)
Review Questions	288	(1)
Chapter 11 Air-Conditioning Control Methods	289	(22)
Types of Air-Conditioning Controls	289	(1)
Manual Control	289	(1)
Automatic Control	290	(1)
Semiautomatic Control	290	(1)
Basic Control Types	290	(7)
Room Thermostats	291	(3)
Twin-Type Thermostats	294	(1)
Duct Thermostats	294	(1)
Immersion Thermostats	295	(1)
Hygrostats	295	(2)
Pressure Regulators	297	(1)
Limit Controls	297	(1)
Control Valves	298	(1)
Dampers	299	(1)
Relays	299	(1)
Refrigerant Control Devices	300	(8)
Automatic Expansion Valves	300	(1)
Thermostatic Expansion Valves	300	(2)
Sizing of Thermostatic Expansion Valves	302	(1)
Low-Side Float Valves	303	(2)
High-Side Float Valves	305	(1)
Capillary Tubes	305	(1)
Crankcase Pressure-Regulating Valve	305	(1)
Evaporator Pressure-Regulating Valve	306	(1)
Reversing Valves	306	(2)
Summary	308	(1)
Review Questions	309	(2)
Chapter 12 Weather Data and Design Conditions	311	(20)
Indoor Design Conditions	311	(1)
Outdoor Design Conditions	312	(14)
Winter	312	(1)
Summer	313	(13)
Interpolation among Stations	326	(1)
Weather-Oriented Design Factors	326	(2)
Summary	328	(1)
Review Questions	329	(2)
Chapter 13 Year-Round Central Air Conditioning	331	(38)
Central System Features	331	(7)
Air-Supply System	332	(1)
Mixing Chamber	332	(1)
Heating Coils	333	(1)
Preheaters	333	(1)
Cooling Coils	334	(1)
Air-Supply Fans	334	(1)
Filters	335	(1)
Air Washers	335	(1)
Control Method	335	(1)
Zone Control	336	(1)
System Selection	337	(1)
Absorption-Type Air Conditioning	338	(3)
Absorption versus Compression	338	(1)
Cycle of Operation	339	(2)
Reverse-Cycle Air Conditioning (Heat Pumps)	341	(13)
Reversing Valve Operation	342	(3)
Control Equipment	345	(1)
Defrost-Cycle Operation	346	(1)
Installation and Maintenance	347	(1)
Indoor Arrangement	347	(1)
Refrigerant Tubing	348	(2)
Quick-Connect Couplings	350	(3)
System Troubles	353	(1)
Reversing-Valve Troubleshooting Guide	354	(1)
Nonportable Air Conditioners	354	(7)
Construction Principles	358	(1)
Plumbing Connections	358	(1)
Water-Cooling Tower	359	(2)
Heating Coils	361	(1)
Suspended-Type Air Conditioners	361	(2)
Casings	362	(1)
Coils	362	(1)
Filters	363	(1)
Controls	363	(1)
Air-Conditioning Troubleshooting Guide	363	(3)
Summary	366	(1)
Review Questions	366	(3)
Chapter 14 Automobile Air Conditioning	369	(30)
Air-Conditioning System Operation	373	(2)
Component Description	375	(9)
Compressors	375	(1)
Condensers	376	(1)
Receiver-Dehydrator	377	(1)
Thermostatic Expansion Valves	377	(3)
Evaporators	380	(1)
Solenoid Control	380	(1)
Magnetic-Clutch Control	381	(1)
Suction-Throttle Control	382	(2)
Air Distribution	384	(1)
Air-Conditioner Control System	384	(1)
Service and Maintenance	384	(5)
Insufficient or No Cooling	385	(1)
Air Output Not Normal	385	(1)
Air Output Normal	385	(1)
Checking Suction Pressures	386	(1)
Checking Control Systems	386	(1)
Air Distribution	386	(1)
Defective Compressor	386	(1)
Compressor Clutch	387	(1)
Condenser	387	(1)
Thermostatic Expansion Valve	387	(1)
Evaporator	388	(1)
Refrigerant Lines	388	(1)
Suction-Throttle Valve	388	(1)
Use of Receiver Sight Glass for Diagnosis	389	(1)
Installation Procedure	389	(6)
Troubleshooting Guide	395	(1)
Summary	395	(1)
Review Questions	396	(3)
Chapter 15 Motors and Motor Controls	399	(32)
Motor Voltage	399	(1)
Polyphase Motors	399	(7)
Squirrel Cage Motors	400	(1)
Wound-Rotor Motors	401	(2)
Synchronous Motors	403	(3)
Single-Phase Motors	406	(7)
Split-Phase Motors	406	(1)
Capacitor-Start Motors	407	(1)
Two-Value Capacitor Motors	408	(1)
Permanent Split-Capacitor Motors	408	(1)
Repulsion Induction Motors	409	(1)
Repulsion-Start Induction Motors	409	(2)
Capacitors	411	(2)
AC Motor Controls	413	(5)
Squirrel Cage Motors	413	(1)
Wound-Rotor Motors	414	(2)
Synchronous Motors	416	(2)
Single-Phase Motor Controls	418	(2)
Overload Protectors	418	(1)
Start Relays	419	(1)
Compressor Motor Controls	420	(2)
Temperature-Motor Control	420	(1)
Pressure-Motor Control	421	(1)
Solenoid Valves	421	(1)
Condensing-Water Controls	421	(1)
Belt Drives	422	(1)
Motor Maintenance	422	(1)
Horsepower Calculations	423	(2)
Motor Horsepower Calculated from Meter Readings	423	(1)
Horsepower Calculated from Load (Mechanics' Data)	424	(1)
Horsepower Calculations for Specific Applications (Approximate)	424	(1)
Power-Conversion Factors	425	(1)
Troubleshooting Guide	425	(1)
Summary	425	(3)
Review Questions	428	(3)
Chapter 16 Maintenance	431	(22)
General Procedure	431	(1)
Head Pressures	432	(1)
Suction Pressure	433	(1)
Back Pressure	434	(1)
Refrigerant Charge	434	(1)
Compressor Service Valves	435	(1)
Gages	436	(1)
Combination Gages	437	(1)
Adding Refrigerant	437	(2)
Removing Refrigerant	439	(1)
Adding Oil	439	(1)
Removing Oil	439	(1)
System Pump-Down	440	(1)
Purging System of Noncondensables	441	(1)
Leak Test	441	(2)
Halide-Torch Method (For Freon Refrigerants)	441	(1)
Electronic Leak Detector	442	(1)
Evacuating the System	443	(1)
Checking Compressor Valves	444	(1)
Troubleshooting Guide	444	(6)
Summary	450	(1)
Review Questions	451	(2)
Appendix A Professional Organizations	453	(6)
Glossary	459	(22)
Index	481