Audel Complete Building Construction

by Miller, Mark Richard; Miller, Rex; Leger, Eugene

• ISBN13: 9780764571114
• ISBN10: 0764571117
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-22
• Publisher: Audel

Summary

You can build on this foundationWhether construction is your livelihood or you're just planning a home addition, you need to know the latest about materials, methods, and more. From locating the structure on the site to installing roof shingles, this book helps you make responsible decisions about every stage of building construction. Fully updated with information about available resources, new materials, and recent code changes, it helps you build cost-effective, energy-efficient structures with confidence. Understand how different types of lots, covenants, and zoning will affect structure placement Consider the Air Freezing Index and Degree Days when planning foundations Look at the pros and cons of welded wire fabric in concrete work Explore low-E window glass, heat mirror, and switchable glazings Find out what insulation and ventilation procedures are most effective Learn about the properties of Gypsonitetrade; and FiberBondtrade; in interior construction Handle the radon hazard and other environmental issues

Author Biography

Rex Miller was a Professor of Industrial Technology at The State University of New York, College at Buffalo for more than 35 years. He has taught on the technical school, high school, and college level for more than 40 years. He is the author or coauthor of more than 100 textbooks ranging from electronics through carpentry and sheet metal work. He has contributed more than 50 magazine articles over the years to technical publications. He is also the author of seven civil war regimental histories.

Mark Richard Miller finished his B.S. degree in New York and moved on to Ball State University, where he obtained the Masters degree. He went to work in San Antonio. He taught high school and went to graduate school in College Station, Texas, where he finished the Doctorate. He took a position at Texas A&M University in Kingsville, Texas, where he now teaches in the Industrial Technology Department as a Professor and Department Chairman. He has coauthored 19 books and contributed many articles to technical magazines. His hobbies include refinishing a 1970 Plymouth Super Bird and a 1971 Road-Runner.

Eugene Leger is a long-time professional tradesman who specialized in building design and construction methods.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xix
About the Authors	xxi
Preface	xxiii
Chapter 1 Location of Structure on Site	1	(14)
Basic Conditions	1	(2)
Covenants	1	(1)
Zoning Ordinances	1	(1)
Wells and Septic Systems	1	(1)
Corner Lots	2	(1)
Nonconforming Lots	2	(1)
Natural Grades and Contours	3	(1)
Staking Out House Location	3	(7)
Staking Out from a Known Reference Line	3	(3)
Laying Out with a Transit Level	6	(3)
Batter Boards and Offset Stakes	9	(1)
Pythagorean Theorem Method	10	(1)
Other Important Documents	10	(2)
Certified Plot Plan	10	(2)
Certificate of Occupancy	12	(1)
Summary	12	(1)
Review Questions	12	(3)
Chapter 2 Concrete	15	(20)
Portland Cement	15	(1)
Cements	16	(1)
Types of Portland Cement	16	(1)
Normal Concrete	17	(3)
Essential Ingredients	17	(1)
Natural Cement	17	(1)
Admixtures	18	(2)
Air-Entraining	18	(1)
Accelerators	19	(1)
Retarders	19	(1)
Water Reducers	20	(1)
High-Range Water Reducers	20	(1)
Pozzolans	20	(1)
Handling and Placing Concrete	20	(10)
Methods of Placing	21	(1)
Consolidation	22	(1)
Reinforcing	23	(3)
Bar Supports	26	(10)
Welded-Wire Fabric	26	(3)
Chairs	29	(1)
Concrete Slump	30	(1)
Summary	31	(1)
Review Questions	32	(3)
Chapter 3 Foundations	35	(50)
Types of Foundations	35	(1)
Footings	35	(1)
Foundation Design Details	36	(14)
Sizing the Footings	38	(7)
Rule-of-Thumb	39	(1)
Calculation	39	(5)
Example	44	(1)
Problem	44	(1)
Reinforcing	45	(1)
Stepped Footings	46	(1)
Frost Protection	47	(2)
Adfreezing	49	(1)
Crawl Spaces	49	(1)
Slabs-on-Grade	50	(4)
Types	51	(2)
Site Preparation	53	(1)
Capillarity and Capillary Breaks	54	(12)
Rub-R-Wall	55	(1)
Damp Proofing	55	(3)
Waterproofing	58	(2)
Drain Screens	60	(2)
Subsurface Drainage System	62	(4)
Backfilling	66	(2)
Protecting the Wall During Backfilling	67	(1)
Correct Backfilling Practice	67	(1)
Permanent Wood Foundations	68	(5)
Site Preparation	69	(1)
Lumber Treatment	70	(1)
Fasteners	71	(1)
Wall Framing	71	(2)
Backfilling	73	(1)
Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations	73	(8)
Shallow Foundation Design Details	78	(1)
Site Preparation	78	(1)
Freezing Degree Days	78	(1)
Subslab Insulation	78	(2)
Foundation Wall Insulation Thickness	80	(1)
Ground Insulation	81	(1)
Summary	81	(3)
Review Questions	84	(1)
Chapter 4 Finishing and Curing Concrete	85	(16)
Screeding	85	(1)
Tamping or Jitterbugging	86	(1)
Finishing	86	(5)
Floating	86	(3)
Troweling	89	(1)
Brooming	89	(1)
Grooving and Edging	89	(2)
Finishing Air-Entrained Concrete	91	(2)
Curing	93	(5)
Curing Time	94	(2)
Curing Methods	96	(2)
Summary	98	(1)
Review Questions	99	(2)
Chapter 5 Concrete Block	101	(32)
Block Sizes	101	(1)
Decorative Block	101	(5)
Split Block	101	(3)
Slump Block	104	(1)
Grille Blocks	105	(1)
Screen Block	105	(1)
Patterned Block	106	(1)
Special Finishes	106	(1)
Standard Concrete Block	106	(3)
Wall Thickness	109	(1)
Foundations	110	(4)
Mortar	114	(2)
Building with Concrete Blocks	116	(8)
Laying Block at Corners	117	(1)
Building the Wall Between Corners	117	(1)
Applying Mortar to Blocks	118	(1)
Placing and Setting Blocks	119	(1)
Building Around Door and Window Frames	120	(1)
Placing Sills and Lintels	120	(4)
Basement Walls	124	(1)
Building Interior Walls	124	(1)
Building Techniques	124	(7)
Installation of Heating and Ventilating Ducts	125	(1)
Electrical Outlets	125	(1)
Fill Insulation	125	(3)
Flashing	128	(2)
Types of Joints	130	(1)
Tooling the Joints	131	(1)
Summary	131	(1)
Review Questions	132	(1)
Chapter 6 Chimneys and Fireplaces	133	(30)
Flues	136	(1)
Chimney Construction	137	(2)
Fireplaces	139	(8)
Fireplace Construction	147	(9)
Importance of a Hearth	148	(2)
Ready-Built Fireplace Forms	150	(5)
Other Fireplace Styles	155	(1)
Smoky Fireplaces	156	(5)
Prefabricated Fireplaces	157	(4)
Summary	161	(1)
Review Questions	162	(1)
Chapter 7 Woods Used in Construction	163	(24)
Cutting at the Mill	166	(2)
Defects	168	(1)
Selection of Lumber	169	(5)
Decay of Lumber	174	(2)
Plywood	176	(5)
Grade Designations	176	(1)
Sanded, Unsanded, and Touch-Sanded Panels	177	(1)
Exposure Durability	177	(4)
Particleboard	181	(1)
Hardboard	182	(2)
Specialty Hardboards	184	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Review Questions	186	(1)
Chapter 8 Framing Lumber	187	(22)
Standard Sizes of Bulk Lumber	187	(1)
Grades of Lumber	187	(2)
Select Lumber	187	(1)
Common Lumber	188	(1)
Framing Lumber	189	(1)
Computing Board Feet	189	(1)
Methods of Framing	190	(3)
Balloon-Frame Construction	190	(1)
Plank-and-Beam Construction	191	(1)
Western-Frame Construction	192	(1)
Foundation Sills	193	(5)
Size of Sills	194	(2)
Length of Sill	196	(1)
Anchorage of Sill	196	(1)
Splicing of Sill	196	(2)
Placing of Sill	198	(1)
Girders	198	(1)
Floor Joists	199	(1)
Interior Partitions	199	(1)
Partitions Parallel to Joists	199	(1)
Partitions at Right Angles to Joists	200	(1)
Framing Around Openings	200	(1)
Headers	200	(1)
Corner Studs	200	(1)
Roofs	200	(2)
Spacing of Rafters	201	(1)
Size of Rafters	201	(1)
Span of Rafters	201	(1)
Length of Rafters	202	(1)
Collar Beams	202	(1)
Size of Collar Beams	202	(1)
Hip Rafters	202	(1)
Dormers	202	(2)
Stairways	204	(1)
Fire and Draft Stops	205	(2)
Chimney and Fireplace Construction	207	(1)
Summary	207	(1)
Review Questions	208	(1)
Chapter 9 Girders and Engineered Lumber	209	(40)
Girders	209	(37)
Construction of Girders	209	(1)
Why Beam Ends Rot	209	(2)
Calculating the Size of a Girder	211	(5)
Tributary Area	216	(1)
Load Distribution	217	(1)
Example	218	(1)
Columns and Column Footings	218	(2)
Selecting the Girder	220	(1)
Selecting Girder Lumber and Fb	221	(1)
Solid Beams versus Built-up Beams	221	(18)
Column Spacing	239	(1)
Flitch Beams	240	(1)
Steel Beams	241	(1)
Steel Beams and Fire	241	(3)
Engineered Lumber	244	(1)
Laminated Layered Products	244	(1)
Glulam	245	(1)
Choosing an LVL or Glulam Beam	246	(1)
Summary	246	(1)
Review Questions	247	(2)
Chapter 10 Floor Framing	249	(20)
Alternative Methods and Materials	249	(2)
Cantilevered In-Line Joist System	251	(4)
Glued Floors	255	(4)
Nails to Use	259	(1)
Construction Adhesives	260	(1)
I-Joists	261	(6)
Advantages of Engineered Joists	263	(4)
Summary	267	(1)
Review Questions	268	(1)
Chapter 11 Outer Wall Framing	269	(22)
Value Engineering	269	(2)
The Arkansas House	271	(3)
The Engineered Framing System	274	(1)
Modular Framing	275	(2)
Reducing Wall Framing Costs	277	(1)
Mold and Mildew	277	(4)
Floating Interior Angle Application	281	(3)
Window and Door Framing	284	(1)
Interior/Exterior Wall Junction	285	(1)
Headers	286	(2)
Preframing Conferences	288	(1)
Summary	289	(1)
Review Questions	289	(2)
Chapter 12 Roof Framing	291	(36)
Types of Roofs	291	(5)
Roof Construction	296	(2)
Rafters	298	(24)
Length of Rafters	301	(4)
Example	301	(2)
Problem 1	303	(1)
Problem 2	303	(1)
Problem 3	303	(2)
Rafter Cuts	305	(9)
Common Rafter Cuts	305	(2)
Hip-and-Valley Rafter Cuts	307	(1)
Problem	308	(5)
Side Cuts of Hip and Valley Rafters	313	(1)
Backing of Hip Rafters	314	(1)
Jack Rafters	315	(5)
Shortest Jack Method	316	(1)
Longest Jack Method	316	(1)
Framing Table Method	316	(1)
Example	317	(1)
Jack-Rafter Cuts	317	(1)
Example	318	(1)
Method of Tangents	319	(1)
Octagon Rafters	320	(2)
Prefabricated Roof Trusses	322	(3)
Summary	325	(1)
Review Questions	325	(2)
Chapter 13 Roofing	327	(28)
Slope of Roofs	328	(1)
Roll Roofing	329	(2)
Built-Up Roof (BUR)	331	(2)
Wood Shingles	333	(6)
Hips	335	(2)
Valleys	337	(2)
Asphalt Shingles	339	(7)
Underlayment	339	(3)
Ice Dam Shields	342	(1)
Ice Dams	343	(1)
Drip-Edge Flashing	343	(1)
Installing Asphalt Shingles	344	(2)
Slate	346	(3)
Gutters and Downspouts	349	(1)
Selecting Roofing Materials	350	(1)
Detection of Roof Leaks	351	(1)
Summary	352	(1)
Review Questions	353	(2)
Chapter 14 Cornice Construction	355	(6)
Box Cornices	355	(1)
Closed Cornices	355	(1)
Wide Box Cornices	355	(1)
Open Cornices	356	(1)
Cornice Returns	357	(1)
Rake or Gable-End Finish	358	(1)
Summary	359	(1)
Review Questions	360	(1)
Chapter 15 Sheathing and Siding	361	(24)
Fiberboard Sheathing	361	(1)
Solid Wood Sheathing	361	(1)
Plywood Sheathing	361	(1)
Rigid Exterior Foam Sheathing	362	(5)
Sheathing Paper	367	(4)
Function of House Wraps	368	(3)
The Need for House Wraps	371	(1)
Wood Siding	371	(6)
Bevel Siding	372	(1)
Drop Siding	372	(1)
Square-Edge Siding	372	(1)
Vertical Siding	373	(1)
Plywood Siding	374	(1)
Treated Siding	375	(1)
Hardboard Siding	375	(1)
Moisture	375	(1)
Recommendations	376	(1)
Wood Shingles and Shakes	377	(1)
Installation of Siding	378	(3)
Types of Nails	379	(1)
Corner Treatment	380	(5)
Corner Boards	380	(1)
Mitered Corners	380	(1)
Metal Corners	381	(1)
Aluminum Siding	381	(1)
Vinyl Siding	382	(1)
Summary	382	(1)
Review Questions	383	(2)
Chapter 16 Windows	385	(18)
Basic Considerations and Recent
Developments	385	(11)
Multiple Glazings	385	(1)
Heat Transfer	386	(1)
Emissivity	387	(1)
Low-E Glazing	388	(1)
Gas-Filled Windows	389	(1)
Gas Leakage	389	(1)
Heat Mirror	389	(1)
Visionwall	390	(2)
Calculating R-Values	392	(2)
Aerogels	394	(1)
Switchable Glazings	394	(1)
Installing Windows	394	(1)
Purchasing Windows	395	(1)
Air Leakage	395	(1)
Window Types	396	(2)
Window Framing	397	(1)
Double-Hung Windows	398	(1)
Hinged or Casement Windows	399	(1)
Gliding, Bow, Bay, and Awning Windows	400	(1)
Summary	400	(1)
Review Questions	401	(2)
Chapter 17 Insulation	403	(56)
Types of Insulation	404	(26)
Mineral Fiber	404	(6)
Batts	404	(1)
High-Density Batts	405	(1)
Spray-in Mineral Fiber	405	(2)
Spray-Applied Rockwool	407	(1)
Loose-Fill Insulations	407	(2)
Problems with Cellulose	409	(1)
Solutions	409	(1)
Cellulose	410	(6)
Settling	411	(1)
Two Holes versus One Hole	411	(1)
Problem 1	412	(1)
Problem 2	412	(1)
Cellulose in Attics	412	(3)
Spray-in Cellulose	415	(1)
Story Jig	416	(1)
Cellular Plastics	416	(13)
Foil-Faced Insulations and Gypsum Board	424	(3)
Radiant Barriers	427	(1)
Insulating Concrete	428	(1)
Cotton Insulation	429	(1)
Vapor Diffusion Retarders	430	(4)
Barrier Versus Retarder	430	(1)
Necessity of VDRs	431	(3)
Heat Flow Basics	434	(3)
Attic Radiant Barriers	437	(20)
Introduction	437	(5)
Effect of Radiant Barriers on Heating and Cooling Bills	442	(10)
Examples of Use of Present Value Tables	447	(1)
Example 1	447	(5)
Example 2	452	(1)
Important Nonenergy Considerations	452	(2)
Potential for Moisture Condensation	452	(1)
Attic Ventilation	453	(1)
Effect of Radiant Barriers on Roof Temperatures	453	(1)
Fire Ratings	454	(1)
Installation Procedures	454	(3)
Safety Considerations	457	(1)
Summary	457	(1)
Review Questions	458	(1)
Chapter 18 Interior Walls and Ceilings	459	(70)
Plasterboard	459	(2)
Insulating Wallboards	459	(1)
Backer Board	460	(1)
Moisture-Resistant Board	460	(1)
Vinyl-Covered Plasterboard	460	(1)
Plasterboard Ratings	461	(1)
Construction with Plasterboard	461	(16)
Single Layer on Wood Studs	462	(2)
Two-Layer Construction	464	(3)
Other Methods of Installation	467	(5)
Wall Tile Backing	472	(1)
Plasterboard over Masonry	472	(5)
Fireproof Walls and Ceilings	477	(11)
Wall Partitions	479	(1)
Steel Frame Ceilings	479	(1)
Semisolid Partitions	479	(9)
Joint Finishing	488	(7)
Inside Corners	494	(1)
Outside Corners	494	(1)
Prefinished Wallboard	495	(13)
Installing Prefinished Wallboard	498	(4)
Gypsonite and FiberBond	502	(5)
Mudding	507	(1)
Paneling	508	(18)
Hardwood and Softwood Plywood	509	(2)
Groove Treatment	511	(2)
Figuring the Amount of Material Needed	513	(1)
Installation	514	(8)
Measuring and Cutting	515	(2)
Securing Panels	517	(2)
Adhesive Installation	519	(1)
Uneven Surfaces	519	(3)
Damp Walls	522	(2)
Problem Construction	524	(2)
Summary	526	(1)
Review Questions	527	(2)
Chapter 19 Stairs	529	(26)
Stair Construction	529	(10)
Ratio of Riser to Tread	530	(1)
Design of Stairs	531	(1)
Framing of Stairwell	531	(1)
Stringers or Carriages	532	(5)
Basement Stairs	537	(1)
Newels and Handrails	537	(1)
Exterior Stairs	537	(2)
Glossary of Stair Terms	539	(5)
Disappearing Stairs	544	(8)
Folding Stairs	544	(1)
Locating the Stairway	545	(1)
Making the Rough Opening	545	(3)
Temporary Support for the Stairway	548	(1)
Placing Stairway in the Rough Opening	548	(2)
Adjustments	550	(2)
Summary	552	(1)
Review Questions	553	(2)
Chapter 20 Flooring	555	(18)
Wood Strip Flooring	555	(2)
Installation of Wood Strip Flooring	557	(9)
Laminated Plank Floors	560	(1)
Installing Laminated Plank Floors	561	(2)
Installing the Flooring	563	(1)
Pre-finished vs. Unfinished	564	(1)
Solid Wood Flooring	564	(1)
Installation Method	565	(1)
Hardwood Long-strip Planks	565	(1)
Long-strip Standard Dimensions-Planks	565	(1)
Engineered Wood	566	(1)
Installation Method	566	(1)
Soundproof Floors	566	(1)
Parquet Flooring	566	(1)
Ceramic Tile	566	(2)
Other Finished Floorings	568	(2)
Summary	570	(2)
Review Questions	572	(1)
Chapter 21 Doors	573	(18)
Types of Doors	573	(2)
Paneled Doors	573	(1)
Flush Doors	573	(1)
Solid-Core Doors	573	(2)
Hollow-Core Doors	575	(1)
Louver Doors	575	(1)
Installing Doors	575	(4)
Door Frames	576	(1)
Door Jambs	577	(2)
Door Trim	579	(1)
Hanging Mill-Built Doors	579	(3)
Swinging Doors	582	(1)
Sliding Doors	582	(1)
Garage Doors	583	(5)
Patio Doors	588	(1)
Summary	589	(1)
Review Questions	590	(1)
Chapter 22 Ceramic Tile	591	(12)
Tile Applications	591	(1)
Types of Tile	592	(1)
Installing Tile	592	(9)
Plan the Layout	593	(1)
Apply Adhesive	594	(3)
Cutting Tile	597	(1)
Applying Grout	597	(3)
Doing a Floor	600	(1)
Corner Joints	600	(1)
Summary	601	(1)
Review Questions	602	(1)
Chapter 23 Attic Ventilation	603	(18)
Moisture Control	604	(1)
Summer Ventilation	604	(2)
Example	605	(1)
Airflow Patterns	606	(4)
Gable-End Louvered Vents	606	(1)
Soffit Vents	607	(1)
Gable/Soffit Vent Combination	608	(2)
Turbine Vents	610	(1)
Is There a Solution?	610	(2)
Ridge Vents	612	(3)
Soffit Vents	615	(2)
Drip-Edge Vents	617	(1)
Shingle-Over Ridge Vents	618	(1)
Hip Roofs	619	(1)
The Necessity of Attic Ventilation	619	(1)
Summary	620	(1)
Review Questions	620	(1)
Chapter 24 Radon	621	(10)
How Does Radon Get into a House?	621	(3)
Radon Reduction Methods	624	(4)
Site Evaluation	624	(2)
Subslab Ventilation	626	(2)
Summary	628	(1)
Review Questions	629	(2)
Appendix Reference Materials	631	(8)
Information Services	636	(3)
Glossary	639	(24)
Index	663