Australian Criminal Justice

by Findlay, Mark; Odgers, Stephen; Yeo, Stanley

• ISBN13: 9780195508031
• ISBN10: 0195508033
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-19
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This revised and updated edition of Australian Criminal Justice provides an overview and critical examination of the Australian criminal justice process. It analyzes the influential matters that mold criminal justice, and examines the institutional and administrative features of its operation in Australian jurisdictions.

Author Biography

Mark Findlay is Deputy Director of the Institute of Criminology and head of department in the Faculty of Law at the University of Sydney.
Stephen Odgers teaches law at the University of Sydney and is a practicing barrister in New South Wales.
Stanley Yeo is a Professor of Law and Justice at Southern Cross University.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xi
Preface to second edition	xv
An introduction to criminal justice	xvii
Criminal responsibility	1	(32)
Introduction	1	(1)
Aims and functions of the criminal law	2	(5)
Moral wrongness approach	3	(1)
Individual autonomy approach	3	(1)
Community welfare approach	4	(1)
Major functions	5	(2)
Sources, prescriptions and influences on the criminal law	7	(6)
Sources of criminal law	7	(1)
Prescription of criminal law	8	(1)
Categories of crime	9	(2)
Influences on the perimeters of criminal responsibility	11	(2)
Elements of a crime	13	(12)
Conduct elements	13	(2)
Mental elements	15	(3)
Contemporaneity	18	(1)
Objective principles	18	(3)
Criminal defences	21	(4)
Extensions of criminal responsibility	25	(8)
Complicity	25	(1)
Attempt	26	(1)
Conspiracy	27	(1)
Conclusion	28	(5)
Investigation	33	(39)
Introduction	33	(3)
Balancing public interests	34	(2)
Other issues	36	(1)
Search and seizure	36	(6)
A case study	39	(2)
Some conclusions	41	(1)
Arrest and detention	42	(10)
Alternatives to arrest	44	(1)
Arrest and criminal investigation	45	(1)
Period of detention	46	(3)
Safeguards over detention	49	(3)
Interrogation	52	(9)
Verbals	53	(2)
Compulsion	55	(1)
Legal assistance	56	(1)
The `right to silence'	57	(4)
Eyewitness identification	61	(1)
Informers	62	(2)
Conclusion	64	(8)
The new investigators	72	(28)
Introduction	72	(2)
New methods, new agenda	74	(2)
The divestment of criminal justice	76	(1)
The National Crime Authority (NCA)	77	(4)
Functions and powers	78	(2)
Effectiveness of the NCA	80	(1)
The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC)	81	(8)
Organisation	82	(1)
Corrupt conduct	83	(3)
Powers of the ICAC	86	(1)
Accountability of the ICAC	87	(2)
The Australian Securities and Investment Commission	89	(4)
Enforcement policy	90	(2)
Relationship with the DPP: criminal v civil remedies	92	(1)
Ramifications for individual rights	93	(2)
Conclusion	95	(5)
Pre-trial	100	(34)
Introduction	100	(1)
Discretion	101	(2)
Pre-trial police decision making	103	(6)
Diversion and cautions	104	(1)
Decisions on arrest or summons	104	(1)
Charges and `bargaining'	105	(1)
Police and bail	106	(2)
Police and court delay	108	(1)
Pre-trial obligations of the prosecution and defence	109	(1)
Prosecutor's obligations	109	(1)
Defence's obligations	109	(1)
Prosecutor's pre-trial decision making	110	(3)
Bail	110	(1)
Charge and plea bargaining	110	(1)
Prosecutors in committal hearings	111	(1)
Finding a bill, and deciding `no bill'	112	(1)
Indictment	113	(1)
Defence pre-trial decision making	113	(4)
Legal aid	114	(2)
Right to defence counsel on arrest	116	(1)
Advice on construction of defence	116	(1)
Defence at committal hearings	117	(1)
Committal hearing	117	(5)
Procedure	117	(2)
Purposes of committal	119	(1)
Reform	120	(2)
Pre-trial discovery and disclosure	122	(3)
Abuse of process in pre-trial	125	(4)
Use of criminal informants	126	(2)
Bail conditions and remand	128	(1)
Unfair inducements to plead	128	(1)
Denial of a prisoner's rights	129	(1)
Conclusion	129	(5)
Trial	134	(36)
Introduction	134	(1)
The higher courts	135	(22)
The prosecution	138	(4)
The defence	142	(4)
The judge	146	(4)
The jury	150	(7)
The lower courts	157	(8)
The prosecution	159	(1)
The defence	160	(3)
The magistrate	163	(2)
Conclusion	165	(5)
Evidence	170	(34)
Introduction	170	(6)
Proof	176	(3)
Presenting evidence	179	(1)
Admission and use of evidence	180	(19)
Improperly obtained evidence	181	(3)
Confessions	184	(4)
Propensity evidence	188	(3)
Confidential communications privilege	191	(2)
Opinion evidence	193	(2)
Eyewitness identification evidence	195	(2)
Other types of potentially unreliable evidence	197	(2)
Conclusion	199	(5)
Punishment and penalty	204	(33)
Introduction	204	(1)
Crime and punishment	205	(6)
The social reality of punishment	206	(3)
Sanction and penalty	209	(1)
Tolerance and pardon	210	(1)
Principles of punishment	211	(5)
Just deserts	213	(1)
Denunciation	213	(1)
Less eligibility	214	(1)
Compromise	214	(2)
Penalty	216	(11)
Distribution of penalty	217	(1)
Institutions of punishment	218	(1)
Development of penalty options	219	(3)
Sentencing options: the construction of a penalty	222	(4)
Punishment without trial	226	(1)
Correctional models of punishment	227	(2)
Community corrections	228	(1)
Punishment and welfare	229	(1)
Penal reform	230	(1)
Conclusion	231	(6)
Sentencing	237	(41)
Introduction	237	(2)
Sentencing aims	239	(3)
Retribution	240	(1)
Deterrence	240	(1)
Rehabilitation	240	(2)
The sentencing hearing	242	(4)
Types of facts considered	243	(1)
Challenging the facts	244	(1)
Standard of proof of facts	244	(1)
The roles of prosecution and defence counsel	245	(1)
Facts relevant to sentencing	246	(9)
Facts concerning the nature of the offence	247	(2)
Facts concerning the nature of the offender	249	(3)
The effect of the offence and penalty	252	(2)
Judicial expression of facts relied upon in sentencing	254	(1)
Sentencing disparity and problems with quantum of punishment	255	(5)
Ambiguity of sentencing aims	256	(1)
Lack of legislative guidelines	257	(1)
Lack of judicial guidelines	258	(1)
A non-integrated criminla justice system	259	(1)
Remedies for achieving just sentencing	260	(8)
Establishing a hierarchy of sentencing aims	260	(2)
Legislative measures	262	(3)
Judicial measures	265	(3)
Sentencing policy and public opinion	268	(2)
Mandatory sentences	270	(2)
Conclusion	272	(6)
Appeal	278	(17)
Introduction	278	(2)
Appeal against conviction	280	(5)
Conditions of appeal	280	(1)
Basis of review	281	(3)
Powers of disposal	284	(1)
Other review mechanisms	284	(1)
Appeal against sentence	285	(8)
Conditions of appeal	286	(1)
Basis of review	287	(2)
Powers of disposal	289	(1)
Prosecution appeals	290	(1)
Sentencing disparity	291	(2)
Conclusion	293	(2)
And justice for all?	295	(61)
Introduction	295	(2)
Juveniles	297	(8)
Exaggerating the problem	297	(1)
A more accurate portrayal	298	(3)
Remedies	301	(4)
Aboriginal people	305	(7)
Over-policing	305	(2)
A more accurate portrayal	307	(3)
Remedies	310	(2)
Women	312	(8)
Women defendants and criminal defences	313	(5)
Sentencing women offenders	318	(2)
Intellectually disabled people	320	(8)
Public ignorance	320	(1)
A more accurate portrayal	321	(2)
Problems encountered and proposed remedies	323	(5)
Corporations	328	(5)
Disguising the problem	329	(1)
A more accurate portrayal	330	(1)
Remedies	331	(2)
Victims of crime	333	(12)
Juveniles as victims	334	(1)
Aborigines as victims	335	(1)
Women as victims	336	(3)
Intellectually disabled people as victims	339	(1)
The rights and needs of crime victims	340	(5)
Conclusion	345	(11)
References	356	(14)
Index	370