Autonomous Software-Defined Radio Receivers for Deep Space Applications

by Hamkins, Jon; Simon, Marvin K.; Yuen, Joseph H.

• ISBN13: 9780470082126
• ISBN10: 0470082127
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-10-13
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

This book introduces the reader to the concept of an autonomous software-defined radio (SDR) receiver. Each distinct aspect of the design of the receiver is treated in a separate chapter written by one or more leading innovators in the field. Chapters begin with a problem statement and then offer a full mathematical derivation of an appropriate solution, a decision metric or loop-structure as appropriate, and performance results.

Author Biography

JON HAMKINS, PhD, is the Technical Supervisor of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Information Processing Group. Dr. Hamkins, a Senior Member of the IEEE, has been awarded several NASA Tech Briefs for his innovations in signal processing, coding theory, and optical communications.

MARVIN K. SIMON, PhD, is a Senior Research Engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. His research in modulation, coding, and synchronization has been instrumental in the design of many of NASA's deep space and near earth missions, for which he has been awarded dozens of patents and awards. This is Dr. Simon's twelfth book.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii
Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
Contributors	xix
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview	1	(18)
by Jon Hamkins and Marvin K. Simon
1.1 Preliminaries	3	(5)
1.1.1 Signal Model	3	(2)
1.1.2 Anatomy of the Received Signal	5	(3)
1.2 Radio Receiver Architectures	8	(4)
1.2.1 A Conventional Radio Receiver	8	(2)
1.2.2 Electra	10	(1)
1.2.3 An Autonomous Radio	10	(2)
1.3 Estimators and Classifiers of the Autonomous Radio	12	(2)
1.3.1 Carrier Phase Tracking	12	(1)
1.3.2 Modulation Classification	13	(1)
1.3.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation	13	(1)
1.3.4 Frequency Tracking	14	(1)
1.4 An Iterative Message-Passing Architecture	14	(2)
1.4.1 Messages from the Symbol-Timing Estimator	15	(1)
1.4.2 Messages from the Phase Tracker	15	(1)
1.4.3 Messages from the Modulation Classification	15	(1)
1.4.4 Messages from the Decoder	15	(1)
1.5 A Demonstration Testbed	16	(1)
References	16	(3)
Chapter 2: The Electra Radio	19	(26)
by Edgar Satorius, Tom Jedrey, David Bell, Ann Devereaux, Todd Ely, Edwin Grigorian, Igor Kuperman, and Alan Lee
2.1 Electra Receiver Front-End Processing	20	(5)
2.1.1 AGC	22	(2)
2.1.2 ADC	24	(1)
2.1.3 Digital Downconversion and Decimation	25	(1)
2.2 Electra Demodulation	25	(14)
2.2.1 Frequency-Acquisition and Carrier-Tracking Loop	27	(3)
2.2.2 Navigation: Doppler Phase Measurement	30	(1)
2.2.3 Symbol-Timing Recovery	30	(3)
2.2.4 Viterbi Node Sync and Symbol SNR Estimation	33	(6)
2.3 Electra Digital Modulator	39	(3)
References	42	(3)
Chapter 3: Modulation Index Estimation	45	(18)
by Marvin K. Simon and Jon Hamkins
3.1 Coherent Estimation	46	(8)
3.1.1 BPSK	46	(4)
3.1.2 M-PSK	50	(4)
3.2 Noncoherent Estimation	54	(2)
3.3 Estimation in the Absence of Knowledge of the Modulation, Data Rate, Symbol Timing, and SNR	56	(5)
3.4 Noncoherent Estimation in the Absence of Carrier Frequency Knowledge	61	(2)
Chapter 4: Frequency Correction	63	(22)
by Dariush Divsalar
4.1 Frequency Correction for Residual Carrier	63	(9)
4.1.1 Channel Model	64	(1)
4.1.2 Optimum Frequency Estimation over an AWGN Channel	64	(1)
4.1.3 Optimum Frequency Estimation over a Raleigh Fading Channel	65	(1)
4.1.4 Open-Loop Frequency Estimation.	66	(1)
4.1.5 Closed-Loop Frequency Estimation	67	(5)
4.2 Frequency Correction for Known Data-Modulated Signals	72	(6)
4.2.1 Channel Model	72	(2)
4.2.2 Open-Loop Frequency Estimation	74	(1)
4.2.3 Closed-Loop Frequency Estimation	74	(4)
4.3 Frequency Correction for Modulated Signals with Unknown Data	78	(5)
4.3.1 Open-Loop Frequency Estimation	79	(1)
4.3.2 Closed-Loop Frequency Estimation	80	(3)
References	83	(2)
Chapter 5: Data Format and Pulse Shape Classification	85	(36)
by Marvin K. Simon and Dariush Divsalar
5.1 Coherent Classifiers of Data Format for BPSK	86	(8)
5.1.1 Maximum-Likelihood Coherent Classifier of Data Format for BPSK	86	(2)
5.1.2 Reduced-Complexity Data Format BPSK Classifiers	88	(1)
5.1.3 Probability of Misclassification for Coherent BPSK	89	(5)
5.2 Coherent Classifiers of Data Format for QPSK	94	(4)
5.2.1 Maximum-Likelihood Coherent Classifier of Data Format for QPSK	94	(2)
5.2.2 Reduced-Complexity Data Format QPSK Classifiers	96	(1)
5.2.3 Probability of Misclassification for Coherent QPSK	97	(1)
5.3 Noncoherent Classification of Data Format for BPSK	98	(10)
5.3.1 Maximum-Likelihood Noncoherent Classifier of Data Format for BPSK	98	(7)
5.3.2 Probability of Misclassification for Noncoherent BPSK	105	(3)
5.4 Maximum-Likelihood Noncoherent Classifier of Data Format for QPSK	108	(1)
5.5 Maximum-Likelihood Coherent Classifier of Data Format for BPSK with Residual and Suppressed Carriers	109	(4)
5.6 Maximum-Likelihood Noncoherent Classifier of Data Format for BPSK with Residual and Suppressed Carriers	113	(4)
5.7 Maximum-Likelihood Pulse Shape Classification	117	(2)
References	119	(2)
Chapter 6: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation	121	(72)
by Marvin K. Simon and Samuel Dolinar
6.1 Signal Model and Formation of the Estimator	123	(6)
6.1.1 Sampled Version	123	(3)
6.1.2 I&D Version	126	(3)
6.2 Methods of Phase Compensation	129	(2)
6.3 Evaluation of h±	131	(1)
6.4 Mean and Variance of the SNR Estimator	132	(13)
6.4.1 Exact Moment Evaluations	132	(4)
6.4.2 Asymptotic Moment Evaluations	136	(9)
6.5 SNR Estimation in the Presence of Symbol Timing Error	145	(5)
6.5.1 Signal Model and Formation of the Estimator	146	(3)
6.5.2 Mean and Variance of the SNR Estimator	149	(1)
6.6 A Generalization of the SSME Offering Improved Performance	150	(6)
6.7 A Method for Improving the Robustness of the Generalized SSME	156	(2)
6.8 Special Case of the SSME for BPSK-Modulated Data	158	(3)
6.9 Comparison with the Cramer–Rao Lower Bound on the Variance of SNR Estimators	161	(4)
6.10 Improvement in the Presence of Frequency Uncertainty	165	(6)
6.11 The Impact of the Ov3rsampling Factor on the Performance of the Modified SSME in the Presence of Symbol Timing Error	171	(4)
6.12 Other Modulations	175	(5)
6.12.1 Offset QPSK	175	(4)
6.12.2 QAM	179	(1)
6.13 The Time-Multiplexed SSME	180	(8)
6.13.1 An Adaptive SSME	184	(4)
References	188	(2)
Appendix 6-A Derivation of Asymptotic Mean and Variance of SSME	190	(3)
Chapter 7: Data Rate Estimation	193	(34)
by Andre Tkacenko and Marvin K. Simon
7.1 Data Rate Estimation Based on the Mean of the SSME SNR Estimator	194	(7)
7.1.1 Signal Model and Assumptions	194	(2)
7.1.2 Relation of the SSME SNR Estimator to Data Rate Estimation	196	(4)
7.1.3 SSME Data Rate Estimation Algorithm	200	(1)
7.1.4 GLRT-Type SSME Data Rate Estimation Algorithm	201	(1)
7.2 Effects of Symbol-Timing Error on Estimating the Data Rate	201	(3)
7.2.1 Accounting for the Symbol-Timing Error	202	(2)
7.3 Quantization of the Symbol-Timing Error	204	(5)
7.3.1 All-Digital Implementation of the SSME-Based Data Rate Estimator	205	(3)
7.3.2 SSME Data Rate/SNR/Symbol-Timing Error Estimation Algorithm	208	(1)
7.3.3 GLRT-Type SSME Data Rate/SNR/Symbol-Timing Error Estimation Algorithm	209	(1)
7.4 Simulation Results for the SSME-Based Estimation Algorithms	209	(17)
7.4.1 Performance Metrics Used for Evaluating the Estimation Algorithms	210	(3)
7.4.2 Behavior of the SSME-Based Data Rate Estimation Algorithms as a Function of SNR	213	(7)
7.4.3 Behavior of the SSME-Based Data Rate Estimation Algorithms as a Function of Symbol-Timing Error	220	(6)
References	226	(1)
Chapter 8: Carrier Synchronization	227	(44)
by Marvin K. Simon and Jon Hamkins
8.1 Suppressed versus Residual Carrier Synchronization	229	(1)
8.2 Hybrid Carrier Synchronization	230	(3)
8.3 Active versus Passive Arm Filters	233	(14)
8.4 Carrier Synchronization of Arbitrary Modulations	247	(17)
8.4.1 MPSK	247	(12)
8.4.2 QAM and Unbalanced QPSK	259	(5)
8.4.3 π/4 Differentially Encoded QPSK	264	(1)
References	264	(2)
Appendix 8-A Cramer–Rao Bound on the Variance of the Error in Estimating the Carrier Phase of a BPSK Signal	266	(5)
Chapter 9: Modulation Classification	271	(50)
by Jon Hamkins and Marvin K. Simon
9.1 Preliminaries	272	(2)
9.1.1 Signal Model	272	(1)
9.1.2 Conditional-Likelihood Function	273	(1)
9.2 Modulation Classifiers	274	(4)
9.2.1 ML Classifiers	274	(2)
9.2.2 Suboptimum Classifiers	276	(2)
9.3 Threshold Optimization	278	(3)
9.3.1 Suboptimality of Previously Derived Thresholds	278	(1)
9.3.2 Empirical Threshold Optimization	279	(2)
9.4 Complexity	281	(2)
9.4.1 ML Classifier	281	(1)
9.4.2 Coarse Integral Approximate ML Classifier	282	(1)
9.4.3 qGLRT Classifier	282	(1)
9.4.4 qLLR and nqLLR	282	(1)
9.5 Classification Error Floor	283	(1)
9.6 Numerical Results	284	(5)
9.7 Unknown Symbol Timing	289	(3)
9.8 BPSK/π/4-QPSK Classification	292	(3)
9.8.1 ML Noncoherent Classifier Averaging over Data, then Carrier Phase	292	(1)
9.8.2 ML Noncoherent Classifier Averaging over Carrier Phase, then Data	293	(1)
9.8.3 Suboptimum Classifiers	294	(1)
9.9 Noncoherent Classification of Offset Quadrature Modulations	295	(13)
9.9.1 Channel Model and Conditional-Likelihood Function	296	(3)
9.9.2 Classification of OQPSK versus BPSK	299	(2)
9.9.3 Suboptimum (Simpler to Implement) Classifiers	301	(5)
9.9.4 Classification of MSK versus QPSK	306	(2)
9.10 Modulation Classification in the Presence of Residual Carrier Frequency Offset	308	(1)
References	309	(2)
Appendix 9-A Parameter Estimation for the GLRT	311	(4)
Appendix 9-B ML Estimation of Carrier Phase for n/4-QPSK Modulation	315	(6)
Chapter 10: Symbol Synchronization	321	(70)
by Marvin K. Simon
10.1 MAP-Motivated Closed-Loop Symbol Synchronization	323	(2)
10.2 The DTTL as an Implementation of the MAP Estimation Loop for Binary NRZ Signals at High SNR	325	(3)
10.3 Conventional versus Linear Data Transition Tracking Loop	328	(10)
10.3.1 The Loop S-Curve	331	(2)
10.3.2 Noise Performance	333	(2)
10.3.3 Mean-Squared Timing-Error Performance	335	(3)
10.4 Simplified MAP-Motivated Closed-Loop Symbol Synchronizers for M-PSK	338	(1)
10.5 MAP Sliding-Window Estimation of Symbol Timing	339	(8)
10.5.1 A Brief Discussion of Performance and Its Bounds for Open- and Closed-Loop Symbol-Timing Techniques	341	(2)
10.5.2 Formulation of the Sliding-Window Estimator	343	(3)
10.5.3 Extension to Other Pulse Shapes	346	(1)
10.6 Symbol Synchronization in the Absence of Carrier Phase Information	347	(30)
10.6.1 Suboptimum Schemes	347	(12)
10.6.2 The Noncoherent DTTL	359	(18)
10.7 The Impact of Carrier Frequency Offset on Performance	377	(9)
10.7.1 S-Curve Performance	381	(3)
10.7.2 Noise Performance	384	(1)
10.7.3 Mean-Squared Timing-Error Performance	384	(1)
10.7.4 A Final Note	385	(1)
10.8 Coarse Estimation of Symbol Timing for Use in SNR Estimation	386	(3)
References	389	(2)
Chapter 11: Implementation and Interaction of Estimators and Classifiers	391	(20)
by Jon Hamkins and Hooman Shirani-Mehr
11.1 Signal Model	392	(1)
11.2 Interaction of Estimator and Classifiers	393	(2)
11.3 Coarse and Fine Estimators/Classifiers	395	(13)
11.3.1 Modulation Index Estimation	395	(2)
11.3.2 Frequency Correction	397	(1)
11.3.3 Joint Estimation of Data Rate, Data Format, SNR, and Coarse Symbol Timing	398	(2)
11.3.4 Modulation Classification	400	(3)
11.3.5 Carrier Synchronization	403	(3)
11.3.6 Symbol Synchronization	406	(2)
Reference	408	(3)
Acronyms and Abbreviations	411	(6)
Index	417