Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology

by Forbes, Sahm & Weissfeld

• ISBN13: 9780323016780
• ISBN10: 0323016782
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-03-06
• Publisher: Mosby

Summary

The classic text known as the 'gold standard' in microbiology is now revised, reorganized, and up-to-date. Always comprehensive and current, this edition features even more new information on hot topics such as identification systems, quality control organisms, antiparasitic agents, HIV viral load testing, HIV genotyping, Hepatitis C virus, antivirals, and a new procedure for the motility test. In addition, thoroughly revised material reflects the latest advances and developments. New clinical case studies challenge students to think critically and apply what they've learned in realistic situations, and a compartmentalized organization keeps related topics together so information is easy to find.

Table of Contents

PART I GENERAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
General Issues and Role of Laboratorians	2	(17)
Role of the Microbiologist: Responsibility to the Patient and Clinician	2	(1)
General Concepts for Specimen Collection and Handling	3	(11)
Specimen Processing	14	(5)
Laboratory Safety	19	(16)
Sterilization and Disinfection	19	(2)
Chemical Safety	21	(2)
Fire Safety	23	(1)
Electrical Safety	23	(1)
Handling of Compressed Gases	23	(1)
Biosafety	23	(1)
Exposure Control Plan	23	(8)
Classification of Biologic Agents Based on Hazard	31	(1)
Mailing Biohazardous Material	32	(3)
Laboratory Physical Design, Management, and Organization	35	(23)
Space Requirements and Organization of Work Flow	35	(2)
Laboratory Design with Respect to Safety	37	(1)
Design of Air Handling System	37	(1)
Design of Mechanical Systems	37	(1)
Walls, Floors, Ceilings, and Furniture	38	(1)
Instrumentation	38	(1)
Regulation of the Microbiology Laboratory	39	(1)
Accrediting Agencies	39	(1)
CLIA '88	39	(3)
Selection of Diagnostic Tests	42	(3)
Cost Accounting	45	(1)
Budgeting	46	(2)
Inventory Control	48	(1)
Interviewing and Hiring Employees	48	(1)
Employee Job Performance Standards and Appraisals	48	(1)
Personnel Records	49	(1)
Organization of the Microbiology Laboratory	49	(9)
Quality in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory	58	(10)
QC Program	58	(5)
QA Program	63	(5)
Infection Control	68	(9)
Incidence of Nosocomial Infections	68	(1)
Types of Nosocomial Infections	68	(1)
Emergence of Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms	69	(1)
Hospital Infection Control Programs	70	(1)
Role of the Microbiology Laboratory	70	(1)
Characterizing Strains Involved in an Outbreak	70	(2)
Preventing Nosocomial Infections	72	(1)
Surveillance Cultures	72	(5)
PART II SCIENTIFIC AND LABORATORY BASIS FOR CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Microbial Taxonomy	77	(3)
Classification	77	(1)
Nomenclature	77	(1)
Identification	78	(2)
Bacterial Genetics, Metabolism, and Structure	80	(21)
Bacterial Genetics	80	(13)
Bacterial Metabolism	93	(3)
Structure and Function of the Bacterial Cell	96	(5)
Host-Microorganism Interactions	101	(18)
The Encounter Between Host and Microorganism	101	(2)
Microorganism Colonization of Host Surfaces	103	(5)
Microorganism Entry, Invasion, and Dissemination	108	(7)
Outcome and Prevention of Infectious Diseases	115	(4)
Role of Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases	119	(14)
Bright-Field (Light) Microscopy	119	(7)
Phase Contrast Microscopy	126	(1)
Fluorescent Microscopy	127	(3)
Dark-Field Microscopy	130	(1)
Electron Microscopy	130	(3)
Laboratory Cultivation and Isolation of Bacteria	133	(15)
Principles of Bacterial Cultivation	133	(10)
Bacterial Cultivation	143	(5)
Overview of Conventional Methods for Bacterial Identification	148	(21)
Principles of Identification	148	(8)
Principles of Phenotype-Based Identification Schemes	156	(6)
Commercial Identification Systems	162	(7)
Molecular Methods for Microbial Identification and Characterization	169	(20)
Nucleic Acid-Based Methods	169	(17)
Nonnucleic Acid-Based Analytic Methods	186	(3)
Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection	189	(13)
Production of Antibodies for Use in Laboratory Testing	189	(2)
Principles of Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection	191	(11)
Serologic Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases	202	(12)
Features of the Immune Response	202	(2)
Serodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases	204	(1)
Principles of Serologic Test Methods	205	(9)
Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance	214	(15)
Antimicrobial Action	214	(6)
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance	220	(9)
Laboratory Methods for Detection of Antibacterial Resistance	229	(22)
Goal and Limitations	229	(1)
Testing Methods	230	(21)
Laboratory Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing	251	(9)
Relevance	251	(4)
Accuracy	255	(3)
Communication	258	(2)
PART III BACTERIOLOGY
Overview of Bacterial Identification Methods and Strategies	260	(25)
Rationale for Approaching Organism Identification	260	(1)
Approach to Using Part III	260	(25)
Section 1 Catalase-Positive, Gram-Positive Cocci
Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Similar Organisms	285	(13)
General Characteristics	285	(1)
Epidemiology	285	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	285	(2)
Laboratory Diagnosis	287	(5)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	292	(1)
Prevention	292	(6)
Section 2 Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci
Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Similar Organisms	298	(19)
General Characteristics	298	(1)
Epidemiology	298	(2)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	300	(2)
Laboratory Diagnosis	302	(10)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	312	(2)
Prevention	314	(3)
Section 3 Non-Branching, Catalase-Positive, Gram-Positive Bacilli
Bacillus and Similar Organisms	317	(8)
General Characteristics	317	(1)
Epidemiology	317	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Diseases	317	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	317	(7)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	324	(1)
Prevention	324	(1)
Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Similar Organisms	325	(17)
General Characteristics	325	(1)
Epidemiology	325	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Diseases	325	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	325	(14)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	339	(1)
Prevention	339	(3)
Section 4 Non-Branching, Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Bacilli
Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, and Similar Organisms	342	(9)
General Characteristics	342	(1)
Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Spectrum of Diseases	342	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	342	(3)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	345	(3)
Prevention	348	(3)
Section 5 Branching or Partially Acid-Fast, Gram-Positive Bacilli
Nocardia, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, Oerskovia, and Similar Organisms	351	(14)
General Characteristics	351	(3)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis	354	(1)
Spectrum of Disease	355	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	356	(5)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	361	(1)
Prevention	362	(3)
Section 6 Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Positive, Oxidase-Negative)
Enterobacteriaceae	365	(13)
Genera and Species to Be Considered	365	(1)
General Characteristics	365	(1)
Epidemiology	365	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Diseases	365	(5)
Laboratory Diagnosis	370	(5)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	375	(1)
Prevention	375	(3)
Acinetobacter, Chryseomonas, Flavimonas, and Stenotrophomonas	378	(7)
General Characteristics	378	(1)
Epidemiology	378	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	378	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	379	(1)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	380	(2)
Prevention	382	(3)
Section 7 Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Positive, Oxidase-Positive)
Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Similar Organisms	385	(14)
General Characteristics	385	(1)
Epidemiology	385	(2)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	387	(2)
Laboratory Diagnosis	389	(5)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	394	(3)
Prevention	397	(2)
Achromobacter, Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, and Similar Organisms	399	(7)
General Characteristics	399	(1)
Epidemiology	399	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	399	(2)
Laboratory Diagnosis	401	(1)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	402	(3)
Prevention	405	(1)
Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Similar Organisms	406	(5)
General Characteristics	406	(1)
Epidemiology	406	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	406	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	407	(1)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	408	(2)
Prevention	410	(1)
Alcaligenes, Bordetella (Nonpertussis), Comamonas, and Similar Organisms	411	(12)
General Characteristics	411	(1)
Epidemiology	411	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	411	(3)
Laboratory Diagnosis	414	(2)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	416	(1)
Prevention	416	(7)
Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Chromobacterium violaceum	423	(12)
General Characteristics	423	(1)
Epidemiology	423	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	424	(2)
Laboratory Diagnosis	426	(5)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	431	(2)
Prevention	433	(2)
Section 8 Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Nagative, Oxidase-Positive)
Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Similar Organisms	435	(3)
General Considerations	435	(1)
Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy	435	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	435	(2)
Prevention	437	(1)
Moraxella and Elongated Neisseria	438	(5)
General Characteristics	438	(1)
Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy	438	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	438	(4)
Prevention	442	(1)
Eikenella corrodens and Similar Organisms	443	(4)
General Characteristics	443	(1)
Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy	443	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	443	(3)
Prevention	446	(1)
Pasteurella and Similar Organisms	447	(6)
General Characteristics	447	(1)
Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy	447	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	447	(5)
Prevention	452	(1)
Actinobacillus, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Similar Organisms	453	(9)
General Characteristics	453	(1)
Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy	453	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	454	(6)
Prevention	460	(2)
Section 9 Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Negative, Oxidase-Variable)
Haemophilus	462	(8)
General Characteristics	462	(1)
Epidemiology	462	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Diseases	462	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	462	(4)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	466	(2)
Prevention	468	(2)
Section 10 Gram-Negative Bacilli That Are Optimally Recovered on Special Media
Bartonella and Afipia	470	(4)
Bartonella	470	(3)
Afipia felis	473	(1)
Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter	474	(8)
Campylobacter and Arcobacter	474	(5)
Helicobacter	479	(3)
Legionella	482	(5)
General Characteristics	482	(1)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis	482	(1)
Spectrum of Disease	483	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	483	(2)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	485	(1)
Prevention	486	(1)
Brucella	487	(4)
General Characteristics	487	(1)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis	487	(1)
Spectrum of Disease	488	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	488	(1)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	489	(1)
Prevention	489	(2)
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis	491	(4)
General Characteristics	491	(1)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis	491	(1)
Spectrum of Disease	491	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	492	(1)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	493	(1)
Prevention	494	(1)
Francisella	495	(3)
General Characteristics	495	(1)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis	495	(1)
Spectrum of Disease	495	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	496	(1)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	497	(1)
Prevention	497	(1)
Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus	498	(4)
Streptobacillus moniliformis	498	(1)
Spirillum minus	499	(3)
Section 11 Gram-Negative Cocci
Neisseria and Moraxella catarrhalis	502	(9)
General Characteristics	502	(1)
Epidemiology	502	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	502	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	502	(6)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	508	(1)
Prevention	509	(2)
Section 12 Anaerobic Bacteriology
Overview and General Considerations	511	(9)
General Characteristics	511	(1)
Epidemiology	511	(1)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	511	(1)
Specimen Collection and Transport	511	(6)
Anaerobic Media	517	(1)
Prevention	518	(2)
Laboratory Considerations	520	(18)
Macroscopic Examination of Specimens	520	(1)
Direct Detection Methods	520	(1)
Cultivation	520	(8)
Approach to Identification	528	(6)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	534	(4)
Section 13 Mycobacteria and Other Bacteria with Unusual Growth Requirements
Mycobacteria	538	(34)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex	538	(3)
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria	541	(5)
Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections	546	(16)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	562	(2)
Prevention	564	(8)
Obligate Intracellular and Nonculturable Bacterial Agents	572	(15)
Chlamydia	572	(8)
Rickettsia, Orientia, and Ehrlichia	580	(3)
Coxiella	583	(1)
Tropheryma whippelii	583	(1)
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis	584	(3)
Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma	587	(8)
General Characteristics	587	(1)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis	587	(2)
Spectrum of Disease	589	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	589	(3)
Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	592	(1)
Prevention	592	(3)
The Spirochetes	595	(9)
Treponema	595	(3)
Borrelia	598	(3)
Leptospira	601	(3)
PART IV PARASITOLOGY
Laboratory Methods for Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections	604	(107)
General Characteristics	606	(9)
Epidemiology	615	(5)
Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease	620	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	620	(12)
Approach to Identification	632	(18)
Organism Identification	650	(48)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	698	(1)
Prevention	698	(13)
PART V MYCOLOGY
Laboratory Methods in Basic Mycology	711	(88)
Overview of Clinical Mycology	711	(1)
General Features of the Fungi	711	(3)
Taxonomy of the Fungi	714	(1)
Practical Classification of the Fungi	715	(2)
Virulence Factors of the Medically Important Fungi	717	(8)
General Considerations for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections	725	(11)
Extent of Identification of Fungi Recovered from Clinical Specimens	736	(1)
General Considerations for the Identification of Molds	736	(6)
General Morphologic Features of the Molds	742	(3)
Hyaline, Aseptate or Sparsely Septate Molds: The Zygomycetes	745	(2)
Hyaline, Septate, Monomorphic Molds: The Dermatophytes	747	(7)
Hyaline, Septate, Monomorphic Molds: The Opportunistic Mycoses	754	(5)
Hyaline, Septate, Dimorphic Molds: Systemic Mycoses	759	(11)
Septate, Dematiaceous Molds	770	(8)
Pneumocystis carinii (an Atypical Fungus)	778	(1)
The Yeasts	779	(5)
Commercially Available Yeast Identification Systems	784	(2)
Conventional Yeast Identification Methods	786	(1)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy	787	(1)
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing	788	(11)
PART VI VIROLOGY
Laboratory Methods in Basic Virology	799	(66)
General Characteristics	799	(3)
Viruses That Cause Human Diseases	802	(17)
Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infection	819	(35)
Antiviral Therapy	854	(1)
Prevention of Viral Infection	854	(11)
PART VII DIAGNOSIS BY ORGAN SYSTEM
Bloodstream Infections	865	(19)
General Considerations	865	(6)
Detection of Bacteremia	871	(9)
Special Considerations for Other Relevant Organisms Isolated from Blood	880	(4)
Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract	884	(15)
General Considerations	884	(3)
Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract	887	(5)
Laboratory Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections	892	(7)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Other Infections of the Oral Cavity and Neck	899	(8)
General Considerations	899	(1)
Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract, Oral Cavity, and Neck	899	(4)
Diagnosis of the Upper Respiratory Tract Infections	903	(2)
Diagnosis of Infections in the Oral Cavity and Neck	905	(2)
Meningitis and Other Infections of the Central Nervous System	907	(10)
General Considerations	907	(5)
Laboratory Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Infections	912	(5)
Infections of the Eyes, Ears, and Sinuses	917	(10)
Eyes	917	(6)
Ears	923	(2)
Sinuses	925	(2)
Infections of the Urinary Tract	927	(12)
General Considerations	927	(1)
Infections of the Urinary Tract	927	(3)
Laboratory Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections	930	(9)
Genital Tract Infections	939	(15)
General Considerations	939	(1)
Genital Tract Infections	939	(7)
Laboratory Diagnosis of Genital Tract Infections	946	(8)
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections	954	(18)
General Considerations	954	(1)
Gastroenteritis	954	(10)
Other Infections of the GI Tract	964	(3)
Laboratory Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections	967	(5)
Skin, Soft Tissue, and Wound Infections	972	(13)
General Considerations	972	(1)
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections	972	(10)
Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures	982	(3)
Normally Sterile Body Fluids, Bone and Bone Marrow, and Solid Tissues	985	(10)
Specimens from Sterile Body Sites	985	(5)
Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures	990	(5)
Appendix: Case Studies	995	(17)
Glossary	1012