Basic Criminal Procedures

by Peoples, Edward E.

• ISBN13: 9780131731929
• ISBN10: 0131731920
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-06-14
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Explains the procedural aspects of the criminal justice system systematically, making the concepts easy to apply to any staters"s specific procedural laws. This edition continues its detailed coverage of the Exclusionary Rule and the Miranda procedures, includes compelling human-interest stories and offers more balanced coverage of consensual encounter, detention and arrest.Examines procedures systematically, beginning from the point of an individualrs"s first contact with police, through the law enforcement process, the courts, the correctional system, and back into the community on probation or parole. Defines terms and helps readers develop fluency in the legalese that is used by professionals in the field. It is ideal for those new to criminal procedures because its writing is clear, its appellate excerpts and citations are understandable, and it introduces unfamiliar concepts and terms before they are discussed within the chapter.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Acknowledgments	xxiii
Criminal Procedures in Perspective	1	(12)
Key Terms and Concepts	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(2)
A Brief History of Selected Procedures	3	(8)
Role of the Sheriff	3	(1)
Early Methods of Trial	3	(1)
The Norman Conquest	4	(1)
The State Becomes the Victim	5	(1)
A Court Structure and Procedures Emerge	6	(1)
Common Law	7	(1)
The Doctrine of Precedent	7	(1)
Defense Counsel	8	(1)
The Magna Carta	8	(1)
A Court Structure Is Completed	9	(1)
The Bill of Rights---1791	10	(1)
Summary	11	(1)
Issues for Discussion	12	(1)
Internet References	12	(1)
Case Decisions	12	(1)
Fundamental Concepts of Law	13	(17)
Key Terms and Concepts	13	(1)
Introduction	13	(1)
Types of Crimes	14	(3)
Crime	14	(1)
Elements of a Crime	14	(1)
Degrees of Crime	15	(1)
Enhancements	16	(1)
Mala En Se Versus Mala Prohibita Crimes	17	(1)
Types of Laws	17	(5)
Substantive Law	17	(1)
Procedural Law	17	(1)
Statutory Law	18	(1)
Case Law	18	(1)
Procedural Versus Substantive Law	18	(1)
The Social Contract	19	(2)
The USA Patriot Act of 2001	21	(1)
Parties to a Crime	22	(1)
Degrees of Proof	23	(2)
Reasonable Suspicion	24	(1)
Probable Cause	24	(1)
Preponderance of Evidence	24	(1)
Clear and Convincing Evidence	25	(1)
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt	25	(1)
Ex Post Facto and Retroactive Laws	25	(1)
Jurisdiction and Venue	25	(1)
Corpus Delicti	26	(1)
Independent State Grounds	26	(1)
Summary	26	(2)
Issues for Discussions	28	(1)
References	28	(1)
Internet References	28	(2)
The Exclusionary Rule	30	(21)
Key Terms and Concepts	30	(1)
Introduction	30	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	31	(1)
Cases Leading to the Exclusionary Rule	32	(6)
Weeks v. United States, 1914	32	(1)
Wolf v. Colorado, 1949	33	(1)
Mapp v. Ohio, 1961	34	(4)
Exceptions to the Rule	38	(10)
The Inevitable Discovery Exception	39	(4)
The Public Safety Exception	43	(2)
The Good Faith Exception	45	(3)
Summary	48	(1)
Issues for Discussion	49	(1)
References	49	(1)
Internet References	49	(1)
Case Decisions	50	(1)
Police-Citizen Contacts: Consensual Encounters and Detentions	51	(17)
Key Terms and Concepts	51	(1)
Introduction	51	(1)
Police-Citizen Transactions	52	(6)
Consensual Encounter	52	(1)
Consent Search	53	(1)
Detention	53	(3)
Detention Factors	56	(2)
Consensual Encounter Versus Detention	58	(1)
Consent Searches Revisited	59	(1)
Investigative Car Stops	60	(1)
Pretext Carstop Detentions	60	(1)
Warrant Checks During Traffic Stops	60	(1)
Probable Cause Searches During Traffic Stops	60	(1)
Sobriety, Border, and Informational Checkpoints	61	(3)
Racial Profiling	64	(1)
Summary	65	(1)
Issues for Discussion	65	(1)
References	66	(1)
Internet References	66	(1)
Case Decisions	66	(2)
The Laws and Procedures of Arrest	68	(18)
Key Terms and Concepts	68	(1)
Introduction	68	(1)
The Arrest	69	(15)
Peace Officer's Authority to Arrest	69	(1)
Reasonable/Probable Cause	70	(1)
Exceptions to the Requirement of PC in Misdemeanor Arrests	70	(1)
Probable Cause Versus Reasonable Suspicion	71	(2)
Arrests by Warrant	73	(2)
Private Person Arrest	75	(1)
In-Field Showup or Drive-by	75	(1)
Requesting Help When Arresting	76	(1)
Acceptance by Police of Private Person Arrest	76	(1)
Informing the Person Arrested	76	(1)
Effecting an Arrest with Force	77	(1)
Abuse of Authority by a Peace Officer	77	(1)
Entry for an Arrest: Knock-and-Notice Requirements	78	(3)
Fresh Pursuit	81	(1)
Resisting Arrest	81	(1)
Interfering with an Officer	81	(1)
Exceptions to Peace Officer Powers of Arrest	82	(1)
Delivery of a Person after Arrest	83	(1)
Release Procedures without a Charge after Arrest	83	(1)
Summary	84	(1)
Issues for Discussion	84	(1)
Reference	84	(1)
Internet References	85	(1)
Case Decisions	85	(1)
Miranda: Its Meaning and Application	86	(19)
Key Terms and Concepts	86	(1)
Introduction	86	(1)
Forerunners to Miranda	87	(3)
Prompt Arraignment Cases	87	(1)
The On-the-Spot Counsel Case	88	(2)
The Miranda Case	90	(12)
Miranda v. Arizona, 1966	90	(2)
The Meaning of Miranda	92	(1)
The Miranda Warning	93	(3)
The Beheler Admonition	96	(1)
More on Miranda	97	(1)
When Miranda Is Not Required	98	(1)
The Reaffirmation of Miranda	98	(2)
Miranda in Juvenile Cases	100	(1)
Miranda in Federal Juvenile Cases	101	(1)
Summary	102	(1)
Issues for Discussion	102	(1)
References	102	(1)
Internet References	103	(1)
Case Decisions	103	(2)
Booking and Jail Custody Procedures	105	(13)
Key Terms and Concepts	105	(1)
Introduction	106	(1)
The Jail Population	106	(1)
Custody	107	(1)
Booking	107	(2)
Validating the Legality of the Arrest	108	(1)
Medical Prescreening of Arrested Persons	109	(1)
Prisoners' Rights to Phone Calls	109	(1)
Soliciting for Attorneys or Bail Bond People	110	(1)
Required Visits for Inmates	110	(1)
Cite-and-Release Program Procedures	110	(1)
Classification	111	(2)
Separation by Class and Gender	111	(1)
Separation by Gang Affiliation	112	(1)
Separation for Inmate Safety	112	(1)
Detention Searches	113	(1)
Patdown and Metal Detector Searches	113	(1)
Strip and Body Cavity Searches	113	(1)
Treatment of Prisoners by Peace Officers	114	(1)
Weapons Control in Jails	115	(1)
Summary	115	(1)
Issues for Discussion	116	(1)
References	116	(1)
Internet References	117	(1)
The Adversary System: Roles of the Prosecution and Defense	118	(16)
Key Terms and Concepts	118	(1)
Introduction	118	(1)
The Prosecution of Criminal Cases	119	(3)
The Prosecuting Attorney	119	(1)
Enhancements	120	(1)
Factors to Consider in Charging	120	(2)
Traditional Versus Vertical Prosecution	122	(1)
Counsel for the Defense	122	(5)
Role of a Defense Attorney	122	(1)
The Right to Counsel Cases	123	(4)
Types of Defense Representation	127	(2)
Private Counsel	127	(1)
Public Defender	127	(1)
Contract Counsel System	128	(1)
Self-Representation	128	(1)
The Conflict Attorney	128	(1)
Pretrial Motions	129	(2)
Motion for Discovery	129	(1)
Present Sanity Motion	129	(1)
Motion to Consolidate	130	(1)
Motion for Severance	130	(1)
The Kelly-Frye Motion	130	(1)
The Pitchess Motion	130	(1)
Change of Venue Motion	130	(1)
Motion to Quash Inflammatory Evidence	131	(1)
Motion to Compel Exemplars	131	(1)
Summary	131	(1)
Issues for Discussion	132	(1)
References	132	(1)
Case Decisions	133	(1)
The Court Structure and Pretrial Procedures	134	(22)
Key Terms and Concepts	134	(1)
Introduction	135	(1)
The Federal Courts	135	(3)
The U.S. Supreme Court	135	(1)
The U.S. Courts of Appeals	136	(1)
The Federal Trial Courts	136	(2)
The Structure of the State Courts	138	(5)
The State Supreme Court	138	(1)
The Courts of Appeals	138	(2)
The Felony Trial Courts	140	(2)
The Lower Trial Courts	142	(1)
The Court Consolidation Model	142	(1)
The Accusatory Pleadings	143	(9)
The Complaint Process	143	(1)
Arraignment	144	(1)
The Defendant's Response to the Charges	144	(1)
Bail and OR Investigations	145	(2)
The Preliminary Hearing	147	(1)
The Information	148	(1)
The Grand Jury Process	149	(1)
The Preplea Referral	150	(1)
Plea Bargaining	151	(1)
Alternatives to Prosecution	152	(2)
Diversion	152	(2)
Deferred Judgment Cases	154	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
Issues for Discussion	155	(1)
References	155	(1)
Internet References	155	(1)
Case Decision	155	(1)
Trial Procedures	156	(18)
Key Terms and Concepts	156	(1)
Introduction	156	(1)
Trial Preparation	157	(6)
A Speedy and Public Trial	157	(1)
Challenging the Judge	158	(1)
The Selection of Jurors	158	(1)
The Venire List	159	(1)
The Jury Size	159	(1)
Qualifying the Jurors: The Voir Dire Process	160	(1)
Challenging the Prospective Juror	161	(1)
The Gag Order	161	(1)
Scientific Jury Selection	162	(1)
A Court Trial	163	(1)
Let the Trial Begin	164	(7)
The Attachment of Jeopardy	165	(1)
The Prosecutor's Case-in-Chief	165	(6)
Summary	171	(1)
Issues for Discussion	172	(1)
References	172	(1)
Internet References	172	(1)
Case Decisions	172	(2)
Defense Strategies and Trial Outcomes	174	(9)
Key Terms and Concepts	174	(1)
Introduction	174	(1)
Defense Strategies	175	(3)
A Motion for a Direct Verdict	175	(1)
Not Guilty by the Evidence	175	(1)
Guilty but to Some Lesser Charge	176	(1)
Not Guilty Because of Legal Justification	176	(1)
Testimony by the Defendant	177	(1)
Conclusions of the Trial	178	(3)
The Rebuttal	178	(1)
The Closing Arguments	178	(1)
Instructions to the Jury	178	(1)
Jury Deliberation	179	(1)
Polling the Jury	180	(1)
Unanimous Versus Nonunanimous Verdicts	180	(1)
Another Motion for a Direct Verdict	181	(1)
Summary	181	(1)
Issues for Discussion	181	(1)
References	182	(1)
Internet References	182	(1)
Case Decisions	182	(1)
Sentencing Procedures and Alternatives	183	(17)
Key Terms and Concepts	183	(1)
Introduction	183	(1)
The Sentencing Process	184	(1)
The Goals of Sentencing	184	(1)
Sentencing Laws	185	(2)
The Mandatory Sentence Law	185	(1)
The Indeterminate Sentence Law	185	(1)
The Determinate Sentence Law	186	(1)
The Pre-Sentencing Process	187	(2)
The Presentence Report	187	(1)
The Sentencing Hearing	188	(1)
Sentencing Options	188	(1)
The Grant of Probation	189	(7)
The Terms of Probation	189	(1)
Types of Probation	190	(1)
Conditions of Probation	191	(1)
Probation Searches	191	(2)
Police Searches of Probationers	193	(1)
Modification of Probation Orders	194	(1)
Violations of Probation	194	(1)
Record Expungement	195	(1)
Federal Sentencing Procedures	196	(1)
The Federal Sentencing Commission	196	(1)
Federal Sentencing Guidelines	196	(1)
Results of the Guidelines	197	(1)
Summary	197	(1)
Issues for Discussion	198	(1)
References	198	(1)
Internet References	198	(1)
Case Decisions	199	(1)
Post-Sentencing Procedures	200	(21)
Key Terms and Concepts	200	(1)
Introduction	200	(1)
Misdemeanor Cases	201	(1)
The Misdemeanor Sentence	201	(1)
County Parole	201	(1)
Felony Cases	202	(1)
Reviewing Felony Prison Sentences	202	(1)
The Boards of Parole	202	(1)
Parole Procedures	203	(2)
Discretionary Release	204	(1)
Mandatory Release	204	(1)
Parole Conditions	205	(1)
Sexually Violent Predator Laws	205	(2)
Police Searches of Parolees	207	(2)
Parole Revocation Procedures	209	(1)
Sex Offender Registration	209	(3)
The Death Penalty	212	(2)
A Brief History of the Death Penalty	212	(2)
Writs and the Appellate Process	214	(2)
Writ of Certiorari	215	(1)
Writ of Habeas Corpus	215	(1)
Writ of Mandamus	215	(1)
Writ of Prohibition	215	(1)
Executive Clemency	216	(1)
Pardon	216	(1)
Reprieve	216	(1)
Commutation	217	(1)
Amnesty	217	(1)
Indemnification	217	(1)
Summary	218	(1)
Issues for Discussion	218	(1)
References	218	(1)
Internet References	219	(1)
Case Decisions	219	(2)
Subject Index	221	(4)
Case Index	225