Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

by Himmelblau, David M.; Riggs, James B.

• ISBN13: 9780131406346
• ISBN10: 0131406345
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover w/CD
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Chemical engineering principles and techniques: A practical and up-to-date introduction. The scope of chemical engineering has expanded considerably in recent years to encompass a wide range of topics. This book provides a complete, practical, and student-friendly introduction to the principles and techniques of contemporary chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering. The authors introduce efficient and consistent methods for problem solving, analyzing data, and developing a conceptual understanding of a wide variety of processes. This seventh edition is revised to reflect the latest technologies and educational strategies that develop a student's abilities for reasoning and critical thinking. Coverage includes: Short chapters (29) to provide a flexible modular sequence of topics for courses of varying length A thorough coverage of introductory material, including unit conversions, basis selection, and process measurements Consistent, sound strategies for solving material and energy balance,problems Key concepts ranging from stoichiometry to enthalpy Behavior of gases, liquids, and solids: ideal/real gases, single component two-phase systems, gas-liquid systems, and more New examples and problems covering environmental, safety, semiconductor processing, nanotechnology, and biotechnology Extensive tables and charts, plus glossaries in every chapter Self-assessment tests, thought/discussion problems, and homework problems for each chapter 13 appendices providing helpful reference information Practically orientated and student friendly, "Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, Seventh Edition" is the definitive chemical engineering introduction forstudents, license candidates, practicing engineers, and scientists. CD-ROM INCLUDED UPDATED Polymath software for solving linear/nonlinear/differential equations and regression problems NEW physical property database contai

Table of Contents

Preface

Read Me

Frequently Asked Questions

Introduction

Dimensions, Units, and Their Conversion

Units and Dimensions

Operations with Units

Conversion of Units and Conversion Factors

Dimensional Consistency (Homogeneity)

Significant Figures

Validation of Problem Solutions

Moles, Density, and Concentration

The Mole

Density

Specific Gravity

Flow Rate

Mole Fraction and Mass (Weight) Fraction

Analyses of Multicomponent Solutions and Mixtures

Concentration

Choosing A Basis

Temperature

Pressure

Pressure and Its Units

Measurement of Pressure

Differential Pressure Measurements

Material Balances

Introduction to Material Balances

The Concept of a Material Balance

Open and Closed Systems

Steady-State and Unsteady-State Systems

Multiple Component Systems

Accounting for Chemical Reactions in Material Balances

Material Balances for Batch and Semi-Batch Processes

A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems

Problem Solving

The Strategy for Solving Problems

Solving Material Balance Problems for Single Units without Reaction

The Chemical Reaction Equation and Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry

Terminology for Applications of Stoichiometry

Material Balances for Processes Involving Reaction

Species Material Balances

Element Material Balances

Material Balances Involving Combustion

Material Balance Problems Involving Multiple Units

Recycle, Bypass, Purge, and the Industrial Application Of Material Balances

Introduction

Recycle without Chemical Reaction

Recycle with Chemical Reaction

Bypass and Purge

The Industrial Application of Material Balances

GASES, VAPORS, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS

Ideal Gases

The Ideal Gas Law

Ideal Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressure

Material Balances Involving Ideal Gases

Real Gases: Compressibility

Real Gases: Equations of State

Single Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure)

Phase Diagrams

Modeling and Predicting Vapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature

Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Systems (Saturation, Condensation, and Vaporization)

Saturation

Condensation

Vaporization

Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Systems (Partial Saturation and Humidity)

Terminology Involved for Partial Saturation

Material Balance Problems Involving Partial Saturation

The Phase Rule and Vapor-Liquid Equilibria

The Gibbs Phase Rule

Vapor-Liquid Equlibria in Binary Systems

Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids

Energy Balances

Energy: Terminology, Concepts, and Units

The Terminology Associated with Energy Balances

Types of Energy

Introduction to Energy Balances For Processes Without Reaction

The Concept of the Conservation of Energy

Energy Balances for Closed, Unsteady-State Systems

Energy Balances for Closed, Steady-State Systems

Energy Balances for Open, Unsteady-State Systems

Energy Balances for Open, Steady-State Systems

Calculation of Enthalpy Changes

Phase Transitions

Heat Capacity Equations

Tables and Charts to Retrieve Enthalpy Values

Computer Databases

Application Of Energy Balances in the Absence of Chemical Reactions

Simplifications of the General Energy Balance

The Strategy for Solving Energy Balance Problems

Application of the Energy Balance to Closed Systems

Application of the Energy Balance to Open Systems

Energy Balances: How to Account for Chemical Reaction

The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation

The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction

Merging the Heat of Formation with the Sensible Heat of a Compound in Making an Energy Balance

The Heat of Combustion

Energy Balances That Include the Effects of Chemical Reaction

Analysis of the Degrees of Freedom to Include the Energy Balance with Reaction

Applications of Energy Balances in Processes that Include Reactions

Ideal Processes, Efficiency, and the Mechanical Energy Balance

Ideal Reversible Processes

Efficiency

The Mechanical Energy Balance

Heats of Solution and Mixing

Heats of Solution, Dissolution, and Mixing

Introducing the Effects of Mixing into the Energy Balance

Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts and Their Use

Terminology

The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart

Applications of the Humidity Chart

Supplementary Material (On The Accompanying Cd)

Analysis of the Degrees of Freedom in a Steady-State Process

Solving Material and Energy Balances Using Process Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes)

Unsteady-State Material and Energy Balances

Appendices

Answers To Self-Assessment Tests

Atomic Weights and Numbers

Table of the Pitzer Z0 and Z1 Factors

Physical Properties of Various Organic and Inorganic Substances

Heat Capacity Equations

Heats of Formation and Combustion

Vapor Pressures

Heats of Solution and Dilution

Enthalpy-Concentration Data

Thermodynamic Charts

Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions

Solution of Sets of Equations

Fitting Functions to Data

Answers to Selected Problems

Index

Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

Preface This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the principles and techniques used in the field of chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering. Although the range of subjects deemed to be in the province of "chemical engineering" has broadened over the last decade, the basic principles involved in chemical engineering remain the same. This book lays a foundation of certain information and skills that can be repeatedly employed in subsequent courses as well as in professional life. New Features in the Seventh Edition The seventh edition is a completely rewritten and revised version of Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering. Instead of five long chapters, the book is now comprised of 32 short chapters, each typically corresponding to one class session in a schedule of three meetings a week. New features include: A consistent, sound strategy for solving material balance and energy balance problems, one can be used again and again as a framework for solving word problems, which is explained in Chapter 7. All of the examples in this book showing how to solve material and energy balances have been formulated according to this strategy. The examples and problems in each chapter have been augmented to include expanded areas of importance to chemical engineers such as safety, semiconductor processing, and biotechnology. The chapters on material balances have been revised to offer practice in finding out what the problem is, defining it, collecting data to be used in the problem, analyzing the information pertaining to the problem in order to relate it to what you know about similar problems, and, in effect, doing everything but testing the solution experimentally. The extent of reaction has been added to the tools used to solve problems involving chemical reactions. The degree of freedom analysis in solving problems has been emphasized and simplified. A glossary has been added to each chapter. On the CD that accompanies this book is A new version of Polymath, a self-documented, widely used software package that runs on PCs and can solve linear, nonlinear, and differential equations as well as regression problems. A new physical properties database that contains retrievable physical properties (such as vapor pressures and heat capacities and enthalpies for 740 compounds plus the steam tables). Our Motivation for Writing This Book Far too many chemical engineering textbooks have become difficult, dry, and demoralizing for their readers. With this book, we have maintained a conversational style and detailed explanation of principles both in the text and examples to provide a readable yet comprehensive text. We have strived to maintain a suitable balance between understanding and developing skills. Our vision is to avoid comments (from a student about a different text) such as: "My text is useless, well not really, I use it to kill roaches in my room." Piaget has argued that human intelligence proceeds in stages from the concrete to the abstract and that one of the biggest problems in teaching is that the teachers are formal reasoners (using abstraction) while many students are still concrete thinkers or at best in transition to formal operational thinking. We believe that there is considerable truth in this viewpoint. Consequently, we initiate most topics with simple examples that illustrate the basic ideas. In this book the topics are presented in order of assimilation. We start with easy material followed by more difficult material to give readers a "breather" before passing over each hump. Assumed Prerequisites The level of the book is directed to the first course in chemical engineering, which usually occurs in a student's sophomore year. We have assumed that you as a reader to have completed the second part of calculus and started organic che