Basic Statistical Analysis

by Sprinthall, Richard C.

• ISBN13: 9780205296415
• ISBN10: 0205296416
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This user-friendly, readable revision is presented as simply as possible to ensure that students will gain a solid understanding of statistical procedures. The goal of this book is to demystify statistics. The student is presented with rules of evidence and the logic behind those rules. The book is divided into three major units: Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, and Advanced Topics in Inferential Statistics.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
UNIT I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS	1	(126)
1 Introduction to Statistics	3	(16)
Stumbling Blocks to Statistics	4	(8)
A Brief Look at the History of Statistics	12	(2)
Benefits of a Course in Statistics	14	(1)
General Field of Statistics	14	(2)
Summary	16	(1)
Key Terms and Names	17	(1)
Problems	17	(2)
2 Graphs and Measures of Central Tendency	19	(24)
Graphs	19	(7)
Measures of Central Tendency	26	(9)
Appropriate Use of the Mean, the Median, and the Mode	35	(4)
Summary	39	(1)
Key Terms	40	(1)
Problems	40	(2)
Computer Problems	42	(1)
3 Variability	43	(18)
Measures of Variability	44	(9)
Graphs and Variability	53	(3)
Summary	56	(1)
Key Terms	57	(1)
Problems	57	(3)
Computer Problems	60	(1)
4 The Normal Curve and z Scores	61	(24)
The Normal Curve	61	(4)
z Scores	65	(8)
Translating Raw Scores into z Scores	73	(4)
z Score Translations in Practice	77	(5)
Summary	82	(1)
Key Terms and Names	82	(1)
Problems	82	(3)
5 z Scores Revisited: T Scores and Other Normal Curve Transformations	85	(22)
Other Applications of the z Score	85	(1)
The Percentile Table	86	(9)
T Scores	95	(3)
Normal Curve Equivalents	98	(1)
Stanines	98	(1)
Grade-Equivalent Scores: A Note of Caution	99	(3)
The Importance of the z Score	102	(1)
Summary	103	(1)
Key Terms	104	(1)
Problems	104	(3)
6 Probability	107	(20)
The Definition of Probability	107	(7)
Probability and Percentage Areas of the Normal Curve	114	(5)
Combining Probabilities for Independent Events	119	(3)
A Reminder about Logic	122	(1)
Summary	122	(1)
Key Terms	123	(1)
Problems	123	(4)
UNIT II INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	127	(236)
7 Statistics and Parameters	129	(27)
Generalizing from the Few to the Many	129	(1)
Key Concepts of Inferential Statistics	130	(2)
Techniques of Sampling	132	(8)
Sampling Distributions	140	(8)
Back to z	148	(3)
Some Words of Encouragement	151	(1)
Summary	151	(1)
Key Terms	152	(1)
Problems	152	(4)
8 Parameter Estimates and Hypothesis Testing	156	(23)
The Standard Deviation Revisited	156	(2)
Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean	158	(1)
Estimating the Population Mean: Interval Estimates and Hypothesis Testing	159	(1)
The t Ratio	160	(5)
The Type 1 Error	165	(1)
Alpha Levels	166	(3)
Effect Size	169	(1)
Interval Estimates: No Hypothesis Test Needed	170	(4)
Summary	174	(1)
Key Terms	174	(1)
Problems	175	(2)
Computer Problems	177	(2)
9 The Fundamentals of Research Methodology	179	(40)
Research Strategies	180	(1)
Independent and Dependent Variables	181	(2)
The Causes and-Effect Trap	183	(1)
Theory of Measurement	184	(5)
Research: Experimental versus Post-Facto	189	(1)
The Experimental Method: The Case of Cause and Effect	189	(3)
Creating Equivalent Groups: The True Experiment	192	(2)
Designing the True Experiment	194	(3)
The Hawthorne Effect	197	(1)
Sequencing Effects	198	(1)
Counterbalancing	198	(1)
Repeated Measures Designs with Separate Control Groups	199	(2)
Requirements for the True Experiment	201	(1)
Post-Facto Research	202	(3)
Combination Research	205	(1)
Research Errors	206	(2)
Experimental Error: Failure To Use an Adequate Control Group	208	(1)
Post-Facto Errors	209	(2)
Meta-Analysis	211	(2)
Methodology as a Basis for More Sophisticated Techniques	213	(1)
Summary	213	(2)
Key Terms	215	(1)
Problems	216	(3)
10 The Hypothesis of Difference	219	(36)
Sampling Distribution of Differences	220	(3)
Estimated Standard Error of Difference	223	(2)
Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples	225	(3)
Significance	228	(4)
Two-Tail t Table	232	(2)
Alpha and Confidence Levels	234	(2)
The Minimum Difference	236	(1)
Outliers	236	(1)
One-Tail t Test	237	(4)
Importance of Having at Least Two Samples	241	(1)
Power	242	(1)
Effect Size	243	(4)
Summary	247	(1)
Key Terms	248	(1)
Problems	249	(3)
Computer Problems	252	(3)
11 The Hypothesis of Association: Correlation	255	(40)
Cause and Effect	255	(3)
The Pearson r	258	(1)
Interclass versus Intraclass	258	(17)
Correlation Matrix	275	(2)
The Spearman r(s)	277	(7)
An Important Difference between the Correlation Coefficient and the t Test	284	(1)
Summary	284	(1)
Key Terms and Names	285	(1)
Problems	285	(6)
Computer Problems	291	(4)
12 Analysis of Variance	295	(37)
Advantages of ANOVA	295	(2)
Analyzing the Variance	297	(14)
Applications of ANOVA	311	(1)
The Factorial ANOVA	312	(7)
Eta squared and d	319	(1)
Graphing the Interaction	320	(4)
Summary	324	(1)
Key Terms and Names	325	(1)
Problems	325	(4)
Computer Problems	329	(3)
13 Nominal Data and the Chi Square	332	(31)
Chi Square and Independent Samples	331	(11)
Locating the Difference	342	(2)
Chi Square and Percentages	344	(2)
Chi Square and z Scores	346	(1)
Chi Square and Dependent Samples	346	(6)
Requirements for Using the Chi Square	352	(1)
Summary	352	(1)
Key Terms and Names	353	(1)
Problems	353	(6)
Computer Problems	359	(4)
UNIT III ADVANCED TOPICS IN INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	363	(162)
14 Regression Analysis	365	(37)
Regression of Y on X	365	(12)
Standard Error of Estimate	377	(3)
Confidence Interval Equation	380	(1)
Multiple R (Linear Regression with More Than Two Variables)	381	(7)
Path Analysis, the Multiple R, and Causation	388	(1)
Partial Correlation	389	(4)
Summary	393	(1)
Key Terms and Names	394	(1)
Problems	394	(5)
Computer Problems	399	(3)
15 Repeated-Measures and Matched-Subjects Designs with Interval Data	402	(30)
Problem of Correlated or Dependent Samples	402	(2)
Repeated Measures	404	(1)
Paired t Ratio	404	(12)
Within-Subjects F Ratio	416	(3)
Within-Subjects Effect Size	419	(2)
Testing Correlated and Experimental Data	421	(1)
Summary	422	(1)
Key Terms	423	(1)
Problems	423	(5)
Computer Problems	428	(4)
16 Nonparametrics Revisited: The Ordinal Case	432	(16)
Mann-Whitney U Test for Two Ordinal Distributions with Independent Selection	433	(3)
Kruskal-Wallis H Test for Three or More Ordinal Distributions with Independent Selection	436	(2)
Wilcoxon T Test for Two Ordinal Distributions with Correlated Selection	438	(2)
Friedman ANOVA by Ranks for Three or More Ordinal Distributions with Correlated Selection	440	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Tests	442
Summary	422
Key Terms	443	(1)
Problems	443	(5)
17 Tests and Measurements	448	(38)
Norm and Criterion Referencing: Relative versus Absolute Performance Measures	449	(1)
The Problem of Bias	450	(1)
Test Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Theory	451	(12)
Test Validity	463	(6)
Item Analysis	469	(8)
Summary	477	(2)
Key Terms and Names	479	(1)
Problems	479	(5)
Computer Problems	484	(2)
18 Computers and Statistical Analysis	486	(12)
Computer Literacy	487	(2)
The Statistical Programs	489	(4)
Logic Checkpoints	493	(3)
Answers	496	(1)
Recommended Reading	497	(1)
19 Research Simulations: Choosing the Correct Statistical Test	498	(27)
Methodology: Research's Bottom Line	498	(1)
Checklist Questions	499	(2)
Critical Decision Points	501	(1)
Research Simulations: From A to Z	501	(22)
The Research Enterprise	523	(1)
A Final Thought: The Burden of Proof	524	(1)
Special Unit: The Binomial Case	525	(14)
Appendix A	539	(18)
Appendix B	557	(32)
Glossary	589	(13)
References	602	(5)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Items (and Within-Chapter Exercises)	607	(10)
Index	617