Basic Statistical Analysis

by Sprinthall, Richard C.

• ISBN13: 9780205495979
• ISBN10: 0205495974
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This user-friendly text demystifies statistics by helping students understand the rules of evidence and the logic behind those rules. The book is divided into three major units: Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, and Advanced Topics in Inferential Statistics. Studentsrs" academic success is reinforced with an extensive glossary, problems and test questions throughout the text, and a summary at the end of each chapter. Herers"s whatrs"s new in the Eighth Edition: Incorporation of SPSS throughout the text New "Spotlight on SPSS" boxes, detailing how to use SPSS to do each example shown New section on reading SPSSrs"s scientific notation New section on SPSSrs"s use of bootstrapping, jack-knifing, and the Monte Carlo method More emphasis on research strategies involved in forensic psychology and criminal justice New section on how the general linear model can be interpreted in the context of ANOVA New section on how to treat tie scores when doing the Spearman correlation New section on reading percentages and calculating per-capita rates INSTRUCTORS: DONrs"T MISS THIS GREAT VALUEPACK OPTION! SPSS for Windows Student Version CD-ROM can be packaged with this text.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
UNIT I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS	1	(140)
Introduction to Statistics	1	(23)
Stumbling Blocks to Statistics	2	(13)
A Brief Look at the History of Statistics	15	(1)
Gertrude Cox (1900--1978)	16	(2)
Benefits of a Course in Statistics	18	(1)
General Field of Statistics	19	(2)
Summary	21	(1)
Key Terms and Names	21	(1)
Problems	21	(3)
Percentages, Graphs and Measures of Central Tendency	24	(29)
Percentages	24	(2)
Comparing Increases with Decreases	26	(1)
Scientific Notation	27	(1)
Graphs	28	(7)
Measures of Central Tendency	35	(8)
Appropriate Use of the Mean, the Median, and the Mode	43	(4)
Spotlight on SPSS	47	(1)
Summary	48	(1)
Key Terms	49	(1)
Problems	49	(2)
Computer Problems	51	(2)
Variability	53	(20)
Measures of Variability	54	(7)
Grouped Data	61	(2)
Graphs and Variability	63	(3)
Kurtosis: Some Examples	66	(1)
Spotlight on SPSS	67	(1)
Summary	68	(1)
Key Terms	69	(1)
Problems	69	(3)
Computer Problems	72	(1)
The Normal Curve and z Scores	73	(24)
The Normal Curve	73	(3)
z Scores	76	(1)
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777--1855)	77	(7)
Translating Raw Scores into z Scores	84	(1)
The Equation for the Normal Curve	85	(1)
Spotlight on SPSS	86	(3)
z Score Translations in Practice	89	(5)
Summary	94	(1)
Key Terms and Names	94	(1)
Problems	95	(2)
z Scores Revisited: T Scores and Other Normal Curve Transformations	97	(22)
Other Applications of the z Score	97	(1)
The Percentile Table	98	(8)
T Scores	106	(4)
Normal Curve Equivalents	110	(1)
Stanines	111	(2)
Grade-Equivalent Scores: A Note of Caution	113	(1)
The Importance of the z Score	114	(1)
Summary	114	(1)
Key Terms	115	(1)
Problems	116	(3)
Probability	119	(22)
The Definition of Probability	119	(3)
Blaise Pascal (1623--1662)	122	(5)
Probability and Percentage Areas of the Normal Curve	127	(1)
Combinations, Permutations, and Statistical Inference	128	(5)
Combining Probabilities for Independent Events	133	(3)
A Reminder about Logic	136	(1)
Summary	137	(1)
Key Terms	137	(1)
Problems	137	(4)
UNIT II INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	141	(258)
Statistics and Parameters	141	(26)
Generalizing from the Few to the Many	141	(1)
Key Concepts of Inferential Statistics	142	(2)
Techniques of Sampling	144	(8)
Sampling Distributions	152	(2)
Infinite versus Finite Sampling	154	(3)
Galton and the Concept of Error	157	(2)
Back to z	159	(4)
Some Words of Encouragement	163	(1)
Summary	163	(1)
Key Terms	164	(1)
Problems	164	(3)
Parameter Estimates and Hypothesis Testing	167	(29)
Estimating the Population Standard Deviation	167	(3)
Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean	170	(3)
Estimating the Population Mean: Interval Estimates and Hypothesis Testing	173	(1)
The t Ratio	174	(4)
The Type 1 Error	178	(1)
The Alpha Levels	179	(3)
Spotlight on SPSS	182	(2)
Effect Size	184	(1)
Interval Estimates: No Hypothesis Test Needed	185	(4)
Summary	189	(1)
Key Terms	190	(1)
Problems	190	(3)
Computer Problems	193	(3)
The Fundamentals of Research Methodology	196	(41)
Research Strategies	196	(2)
Independent and Dependent Variables	198	(2)
The Cause-and-Effect Trap	200	(1)
Theory of Measurement	201	(5)
Research: Experimental versus Post Facto	206	(1)
The Experimental Method: The Case of Cause and Effect	207	(1)
Creating Equivalent Groups: The True Experiment	208	(2)
Designing the True Experiment	210	(3)
The Hawthorne Effect	213	(2)
Repeated-Measures Designs with Separate Control Groups	215	(2)
Requirements for the True Experiment	217	(2)
Post-Facto Research	219	(3)
Combination Research	222	(1)
Research Errors	223	(2)
Experimental Error: Failure to Use an Adequate Control Group	225	(1)
Post-Facto Errors	226	(1)
Meta-Analysis	227	(3)
Methodology as a Basis for More Sophisticated Techniques	230	(1)
Summary	230	(2)
Key Terms	232	(1)
Problems	233	(4)
The Hypothesis of Difference	237	(42)
Sampling Distribution of Differences	237	(4)
Estimated Standard Error of Difference	241	(2)
Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples	243	(3)
Spotlight on SPSS	246	(2)
Significance	248	(1)
William Sealy Gossett (1876--1937)	249	(3)
Two-Tail t Table	252	(2)
Alpha Levels and Confidence Levels	254	(3)
The Minimum Difference	257	(1)
Outliers	257	(1)
One-Tail t Test	257	(4)
Importance of Having at Least Two Samples	261	(1)
Power	262	(1)
Effect Size	263	(6)
Summary	269	(1)
Key Terms	270	(1)
Problems	270	(5)
Computer Problems	275	(4)
The Hypothesis of Association: Correlation	279	(44)
Cause and Effect	279	(3)
The Pearson r	282	(1)
Interclass versus Intraclass	282	(2)
Karl Pearson (1857--1936)	284	(7)
Spotlight on SPSS	291	(9)
Missing Data	300	(1)
Correlation Matrix	300	(3)
The Spearman rs	303	(1)
Spotlight on SPSS	304	(5)
Spotlight on SPSS	309	(2)
An Important Difference Between the Correlation Coefficient and the t Test	311	(1)
Summary	311	(1)
Key Terms and Names	312	(1)
Problems	312	(6)
Computer Problems	318	(5)
Analysis of Variance	323	(43)
Advantages of ANOVA	323	(1)
Bonferroni Test	324	(1)
Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890--1962)	325	(1)
Analyzing the Variance	326	(13)
Spotlight on SPSS	339	(2)
Applications of ANOVA	341	(1)
The Factorial ANOVA	342	(7)
Eta Square and d	349	(1)
Graphing the Interaction	350	(1)
Spotlight on SPSS	351	(5)
Spotlight on SPSS	356	(1)
Summary	357	(1)
Key Terms and Names	358	(1)
Problems	358	(4)
Computer Problems	362	(4)
Nominal Data and the Chi Square	366	(33)
Chi Square and Independent Samples	366	(3)
Spotlight on SPSS	369	(4)
Spotlight on SPSS	373	(4)
Locating the Difference	377	(3)
Chi Square and Percentages	380	(1)
Chi Square and z Scores	381	(1)
Chi Square and Dependent Samples	381	(6)
Requirements for Using the Chi Square	387	(1)
Summary	387	(1)
Key Terms	388	(1)
Problems	388	(7)
Computer Problems	395	(4)
UNIT III ADVANCED TOPICS IN INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	399	(184)
Regression Analysis	399	(44)
Regression of Y on X	399	(9)
Sir Francis Galton (1822--1911)	408	(3)
Standard Error of Estimate	411	(3)
Multiple R (Linear Regression with More Than Two Variables)	414	(6)
Spotlight on SPSS	420	(3)
Path Analysis, The Multiple R, and Causation	423	(1)
Partial Correlation	424	(4)
Spotlight on SPSS	428	(3)
Spotlight on SPSS	431	(2)
Standard Error	433	(1)
Summary	434	(1)
Key Terms and Names	435	(1)
Problems	435	(5)
Computer Problems	440	(3)
Repeated-Measures and Matched-Subjects Designs With Interval Data	443	(31)
Problem of Correlated or Dependent Samples	443	(1)
Repeated Measures	444	(1)
Paired t Ratio	445	(4)
Spotlight on SPSS	449	(1)
Confidence Interval for Paired Differences	450	(7)
Within-Subjects F Ratio	457	(2)
Spotlight on SPSS	459	(1)
Within-Subjects Effect Size	460	(2)
Testing Correlated Experimental Data	462	(1)
Summary	463	(1)
Key Terms	464	(1)
Problems	464	(5)
Computer Problems	469	(5)
Nonparametrics Revisited: The Ordinal Case	474	(22)
Mann-Whitney U Test for Two Ordinal Distributions with Independent Selection	475	(2)
Spotlight on SPSS	477	(2)
Kruskal-Wallis H Test for Three or More Ordinal Distributions with Independent Selection	479	(2)
Spotlight on SPSS	481	(1)
Wilcoxon T Test for Two Ordinal Distributions with Correlated Selection	482	(2)
Spotlight on SPSS	484	(1)
Friedman ANOVA By Ranks for Three or More Ordinal Distributions with Correlated Selection	485	(3)
Spotlight on SPSS	488	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Tests	489	(1)
Summary	489	(1)
Key Terms	490	(1)
Problems	490	(4)
Computer Problems	494	(2)
Tests and Measurements	496	(44)
Norm and Criterion Referencing: Relative Versus Absolute Performance Measures	497	(2)
The Problem of Bias	499	(2)
Test Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Theory	501	(2)
Spotlight on SPSS	503	(4)
Spotlight on SPSS	507	(5)
Spotlight on SPSS	512	(2)
Test Validity	514	(5)
Spotlight on SPSS	519	(3)
Item Analysis	522	(9)
Summary	531	(2)
Key Terms	533	(1)
Problems	533	(5)
Computer Problems	538	(2)
Computers and Statistical Analysis	540	(16)
Computer Literacy	542	(1)
The Statistical Programs	543	(2)
Ada Lovelace (nee Byron, 1815--1852)	545	(6)
Logic Checkpoints	551	(1)
Problems	551	(3)
Answers	554	(1)
Recommended Reading	555	(1)
Research Simulations: Choosing the Correct Statistical Test	556	(27)
Methodology: Research's Bottom Line	556	(1)
Checklist Questions	557	(2)
Critical Decision Points	559	(1)
Research Simulations: From A to Z	559	(22)
The Research Enterprise	581	(1)
A Final Thought: The Burden of Proof	582	(1)
Special Unit: The Binomial Case	583	(14)
Appendix A	597	(14)
Appendix B	611	(7)
Glossary	618	(14)
References	632	(10)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Items (and Within-Chapter Exercises)	642	(10)
Index	652