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| Preface | p. xiii |
| "If You Break Your Leg, Don't Come Running to Me!" (Spring and Summer) | |
| "Run between the raindrops-you won't get so wet!" | p. 3 |
| "Stay away from the windows during a thunderstorm!" | p. 4 |
| "Every day is Children's Day!" | p. 5 |
| "No swimming for an hour after lunch-you'll cramp up!" | p. 6 |
| "Remember, there's a chemical in the pool that turns pee blue-so we'll all know!" | p. 8 |
| "You can still get sunburned on a cloudy day, you know!" | p. 9 |
| "I don't care if we're indoors, I hear thunder. Out of the pool!" | p. 10 |
| "Don't run around barefoot, you'll get worms!" | p. 11 |
| "Was the nail you stepped on rusty? You'll get tetanus!" | p. 13 |
| "Put On a Sweater, I'm Cold!" (Autumn and Winter) | |
| "Don't touch your Halloween candy until we get it checked out!" | p. 17 |
| "Close the damn door! Are you frying to heat the whole outdoors?" | p. 19 |
| "Bundle up or you'll catch a cold!" | p. 21 |
| "Put on a hat-most of your body heat escapes through your head!" | p. 23 |
| "Don't eat snow-it'll make you sick!" | p. 24 |
| "Stay away from the Christmas poinsettia! The leaves are poisonous." | p. 25 |
| "Don't Make Me Get the Other Thermometer!" (Sickness unto Barf) | |
| "Feed a cold, starve a fever!" | p. 29 |
| "I'll bring you some chicken soup, you'll feel better!" | p. 30 |
| "You know what's good for that? Castor oil!" | p. 31 |
| "Don't hold in a sneeze, you'll hurt your ears!" | p. 33 |
| "You're better off catching chicken pox now-go play with your sick cousin!" | p. 34 |
| "Nope, nothing but soda! It'll settle your stomach." | p. 36 |
| "Don't Pick at That!" (Bumps and Bruises) | |
| "You need hydrogen peroxide on that!" | p. 41 |
| "I'll blow on the cut, if II feel better!" | p. 42 |
| Take off the Band-Aid and let the cut air out!" | p. 43 |
| "Big kids don't cry!" | p. 44 |
| "It might be a concussion-we need to make sure you don't fall asleep!" | p. 45 |
| "If your nose is bleeding, don't lean your head back!" | p. 46 |
| "When the scab itches, that means it's getting better!" | p. 47 |
| "Don't you dare pop that blister!" | p. 48 |
| Those are just growing pains!" | p. 49 |
| "Look Both Ways Before You Cross the Street!" (Grievous Bodily Harm) | |
| "Never run with scissors!" | p. 53 |
| "Don't play with plastic bags-you'll suffocate!" | p. 54 |
| "Stand in the middle of the escalator or you might get sucked under!" | p. 56 |
| "Don't talk to strangers!" | p. 57 |
| "Don't drop a coin from here-it'll fall so fast someone could get hurt!" | p. 60 |
| "Watch out for those kiddie drugs that 'pushers' give out near schools!" | p. 61 |
| "If you crack your knuckles, you'll get arthritis!" | p. 63 |
| "Always wear a helmet when you ride a bike!" | p. 64 |
| "Never play around refrigerators-you'll get trapped inside!" | p. 66 |
| "You're too young to lift weights. If II stunt your growth!" | p. 67 |
| "You Don't Know Where That's Been!" (Things Not to Put in Your Mouth) | |
| "Don't eat your boogers, ifs bad for you!" | p. 71 |
| "If you swallow watermelon seeds, they'll grow in your stomach!" | p. 72 |
| Those silica gel packets in pill bottles are poisonous!" | p. 73 |
| "Swallowed gum sits in your stomach undigested for seven years!" | p. 75 |
| "Don't suck helium out of those balloons, it kills brain cells!" | p. 77 |
| "Apple seeds are poisonous!" | p. 79 |
| Thumb sucking is bad for you!" | p. 80 |
| "You'll Eat It and You'll Like It!" (Mealtime Misinformation) | |
| "Breakfast is the most important meal of the day!" | p. 85 |
| "Ifs okay, just pick it up and eat it. Five-second rule!" | p. 87 |
| "Eat everything on your plate, there are children starving in Africa!" | p. 88 |
| "Eat your crusts, that's where the vitamins are!" | p. 90 |
| "No snacks, you'll ruin your dinner!" | p. 91 |
| "Dinner is not a race! Chew each bite thirty times!" | p. 92 |
| "No double-dipping, you'll spread germs!" | p. 94 |
| "Stay out of the cookie dough, you'll get worms!" | p. 95 |
| "Stop opening the door and peeking in the oven! All the heat goes out!" | p. 97 |
| "Sugar rots your teeth!" | p. 98 |
| "Finish Your Milk!" (And Other Drinking Problems) | |
| "You need eight glasses of water every day!" | p. 103 |
| "No soda! The sugar always makes you hyper!" | p. 105 |
| "Coffee will stunt your growth!" | p. 106 |
| "ItÆs too hot for milk, if II curdle in your stomach!" | p. 107 |
| "Quit shaking your pop cans, you'll make a mess!" | p. 108 |
| "Don't chew your ice, ifs bad for your teeth!" | p. 110 |
| "I Told You to Go Before We Left the House!" (Bathroom Badgering) | |
| "Put down the lid before you flush! You're spreading bacteria everywhere!" | p. 115 |
| "Wash your hands after you use the bathroom!" | p. 117 |
| "Light a match in there, it'll get rid of the smell!" | p. 118 |
| "Give your teeth a good hard brushing!" | p. 120 |
| "Don't swallow your toothpaste, it's bad for you!" | p. 122 |
| "Make sure you shampoo every day!" | p. 123 |
| "Pee on your athlete's foot in the shower!" | p. 125 |
| "Your Face Will Freeze Like That!" (Looks and Grooming) | |
| "Yuck, get a Q-tip and clean out your ears!" | p. 129 |
| "Brush your hair one hundred times every night before bed!" | p. 131 |
| "If you pick your nose, it gets bigger!" | p. 132 |
| "Wear your retainer or your teeth will get crooked again!" | p. 133 |
| "If you keep wearing lip balm, your lips get 'addicted' to it!" | p. 135 |
| "You're not fat. You're just big-boned!" | p. 136 |
| "Wash behind your ears! You could grow potatoes back there!" | p. 138 |
| "It's All Fun and Games Until Someone Loses an Eye!" (Vision and Supervision) | |
| "Don't cross your eyes or they'll stay like that!" | p. 141 |
| "Don't wear someone else's glasses-ifs bad for your eyes!" | p. 142 |
| "Finish your carrots, they're good for your eyesight!" | p. 143 |
| "Never sneeze with your eyes open-your eyeballs will pop out!" | p. 145 |
| "Ifs too dark to read in here, you'll hurt your eyes!" | p. 147 |
| "You're sitting too close to the TV!" | p. 149 |
| "Don't look in the microwave while ifs running!" | p. 150 |
| "Don't look at the sun, you'll go blind!" | p. 152 |
| "You'll shoot your eye out!" | p. 154 |
| "Don't Let the Bedbugs Bite!" '(The Science of Sleep) | |
| "Don't eat that right before bed, you'll have bad dreams!" | p. 159 |
| "You're yawning, must be bedtime!" | p. 161 |
| "Early to bed, early to rise!" | p. 163 |
| "Never wake a sleepwalker!" | p. 165 |
| ôThis Room Is a Pigsty!" (Kids and Other Animals) | |
| "Don't touch ifs wings, or the butterfly will die!" | p. 169 |
| "Don't pick up that dirty feather!" | p. 170 |
| "Don't feed the dog chocolate!" | p. 171 |
| "Don't give those bones to the dog!" | p. 172 |
| "If you touch that baby bird, its mommy will abandon it!" | p. 173 |
| "Don't feed the ducks!" | p. 174 |
| "ItÆs against the law to kill a praying mantis!" | p. 176 |
| "Quit Eating the Paste!" (School Days) | |
| "Sit up straight, ifs good for your back!" | p. 179 |
| "Don't sniff the Magic Markers!" | p. 180 |
| "This will go down on your permanent record!" | p. 182 |
| 'Your first answer is usually the right one!" | p. 184 |
| "Chew on your pencil and you'll get lead poisoning!" | p. 185 |
| "Just ignore bullies and they'll leave you alone!" | p. 186 |
| "Don't draw on your skin, you'll get blood poisoning!" | p. 188 |
| "Kids These Days!" (Technology and Modern Life) | |
| "Keep the fork out of the toaster or you'll get zapped!" | p. 193 |
| "Don't yank the plug out of the wall like that!" | p. 194 |
| "Start saving now and compound interest will make you rich!" | p. 195 |
| "Don't flick the light switches off and on, it wastes money!" | p. 198" |
| "Don't mix different types of batteries!" | p. 199 |
| "Never run the microwave empty!" | p. 201 |
| "Keep your arms inside the car, thatÆs dangerous!" | p. 202 |
| "Well, Life Isn't Fair!" (The Motivational Mom) | |
| "You are a special little snowflake!" | p. 207 |
| "We only use 10 percent of our brains, you know!" | p. 208 |
| "These are the best years of your life-enjoy them!" | p. 210 |
| "It's okay, even Einstein flunked math!" | p. 211 |
| "Your name just makes you more special!" | p. 213 |
| "If you're mad, just go let off some steam!" | p. 214 |
| "What If Your Friends All Jumped off a Cliff?" (The Awkward Age) | |
| "If you shave there, if II just grow in thicker!" | p. 219 |
| "Chocolate's making your skin break out!" | p. 220 |
| "If you pick your zits, you'll get a brain infection and die!" | p. 222 |
| "You can't use tampons. You're a virgin!" | p. 223 |
| "If you keep touching it, you'll get hairy palms and go blind!" | p. 225 |
| "If you sleep on your stomach, you'll be flat-chested!" | p. 226 |
| "Alcohol kills brain cells!" | p. 227 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 231 |
| Index | p. 233 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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Preface
I was sitting in my parents’ kitchen not long ago when my young son, Dylan, came whipping around the corner with a grape Tootsie Pop firmly clamped in his teeth.
“Whoa, slow down!” I said. “What if you tripped and fell on your face? The lollipop stick would get jammed right through the roof of your mouth!”
Dylan’s eyes got wide. “Could thatreallyhappen?”
I had to admit, I had no idea. This was something my mother had told me repeatedly while I was growing up, but it’s not like I’d ever dug into the relevant medical literature or consulted with surgeons. What do you do when a nine-year-old calls your bluff?
“Of course it’s true!” I told him. “Go sit down at the table until you’re done with your lollipop.” Just like with terrorists and bears! You can’t show any doubt or weakness!
I found my mom and asked her to back me up: it’s true about lollipop sticks and horrific puncture wounds, right? She had no idea. “That’s what Grandma used to tell us,” she said. “I think it also happens in a Chaim Potok novel.The Chosen,maybe?”
I was horrified. A fact I’d confidently passed along to my trusting children turned out to be thirdhand rumor confirmed only by anovelist? (A novelist-slash-rabbi, but still. And it turns out the lollipop injury isn’t inThe Chosen,anyway. It’s fromIn the Beginning.) What else had I been inadvertently misleading them about? Washing behind their ears? Chewing with their mouths closed? Was our whole life togethera huge lie?
That’s the dirty secret of parenting: it’s a big game of Telephone stretching back through the centuries and delivering garbled, well-intended medieval bromides to the present. Possible misinformation like the lollipop thing never gets corrected; it just goes into hibernation for a few decades and then jumps out to snare a new generation, like a seventeen-year cicada. Parents find themselves in these factual blind alleys because they have no other resource than the dimly remembered thirty-year-old lectures of their own childhoods.
Until now! In this book, I’ve compiled 125 of the nagging Mom- and Dad-isms that we all grew up with, and then I’ve meticulously researched the scientific evidence behind them. On some, I’m happy to deliver a clear-cut verdict one way or another: either confirming them as “True” or debunking them as “False.” More often, though, the truth falls somewhere in between: true with an “if,” false with a “but.” Some of these parental clichés turn out to be accidentally right for the wrong reason (see “Eat your crusts, that’s where the vitamins are!” on page 90 or “Never wake a sleepwalker!” on page 165). Others are time-tested and unimpeachably sensible . . . but still don’t always hold up well in real life (see “Don’t talk to strangers!” on page 57). So there are plenty of “Mostly False” and “Possibly True” verdicts in here as well.
Much of the gray area is a matter of risk assessment. Human beings, as a rule, are terrible students of probability. As a result, we develop paranoid, nightmare-inducing phobias about the unlikeliest things (plane crashes, strangers kidnapping our kids) while ignoring far more pressing risks (heart disease, car accidents). I’ve used the best statistics available to try to help you gauge the relative risks of different childhood activities, whether that’s going outside barefoot or swallowing gum or running with scissors, but the final decision is always going to be a judgment call—like so many other elements of parenting, an art and not a science.
Take my mom’s lollipop fear, for example. There is a fair bit of medical research on “pediatric oropharyngeal trauma,” which is what doctors call it when kids bash up their mouths on some foreign object. A 2006 study out of Edmonton estimated that fully 1 percent of childhood injuries are oropharyngeal traumas, and another study from Pittsburgh’s Children’s Hospital found that puncture wounds were indeed common outcomes. Twenty-nine percent of the injuries were serious: a large laceration, or a fistula (eww) or mucosal flap (don’t know what that is, but double eww). Brain damage and death are extremely rare complications, but both have happened.
So clearly I was justified in telling my son to sit down while finishing his lollipop, right? Well, maybe and maybe not. The Pittsburgh study also notes that most cases are minor and heal with no medical intervention at all, and then runs down the items that are most likely to cause this kind of trauma. Lollipops were one of the rarest culprits, causing less than 3 percent of the injuries studied and vastly outnumbered by pencils, musical instruments, toys, sticks, and so on. The hospital treated just one lollipop case every two years, on average. Meanwhile, the Tootsie Pop company alone makes twenty million lollipopsper day. I guarantee that lots of those lollipops get eaten by kids on the go—and yet injuries are rare. So the numbers suggest that, compared to lots of other common day-to-day activities, eating-a-lollipop-not-sitting-down isn’t terribly reckless. There’s a fine line between making kids cautious about dangerous horseplay and just making them panicky about totally normal stuff, like moving around with a pencil or harmonica or something in their mouths.
Parents love their kids, of course, and would like to keep them safe from everything. But even if that were an achievable goal—and it’s not—it might not be great in the long run for the poor kids involved. A 2009Timemagazine cover package on “helicopter parents” followed the first wave of hypercushioned, overparented American children into adulthood, and the results were depressing: mommy webcams in college dorms, employers like Ernst & Young preparing “parent packets” for the pushy parents of new twentysomething hires. By trying to protect our kids from every little thing, we may have created a generation of kids and young adults who don’t feel confident aboutanything. So the risks need to be measured against the rewards. What if there’s a 0.95 percent chance that a kid who bikes to school will get in a wreck, but a 95 percent chance that a kid who’snotallowed to bike to school will grow up more tentative, complacent, lazy, and/or unhappy, because riding your bike to school is awesome? I feel like those percentages might not be that far off.
So I hope this book serves as a reality check for potentially jittery parents. But even if you don’t have kids right now, you presumably were (or even are) one yourself. In that case, I hope this book helps inoculate you against the crazy things parents somehow still believe—and when you take away the authoritative intonation,lotsof parental wisdom is pretty nuts. Put butter on a burn? Wear a hat if your feet are cold? Drinkeightglasses of water a day? Is that even possible?
If you really want to know how silly much of our parental nagging sounds, ask someone from a different culture what parents harp on there. My Korean friends weren’t allowed to sleep with an electric fan in their rooms, because a fan, they were told, would somehow asphyxiate them while they slept. In Russia, kids are warned not to sit on cold surfaces, or they’ll freeze their gonads and wind up sterile. Germans and Czechs hear from a young age that they should never drink water after eating fruit, or they’ll get a bellyache. Filipino children don’t get to wear red when it’s stormy, because red clothing attracts lightning. A friend’s Iranian mother used to warn her against ever inhaling a cat hair. If you get one caught in your throat, she said, you’ll just keep vomiting repeatedlyuntil you die. I’m not poking fun at these superstitions—I just want you to realize how ridiculous our own old wives’ tales would sound to someone who’s never heard them before. Wait an hour after eating to swim? If you cross your eyes, they might stay that way? How, an outsider might wonder, does anyone actually believe this stuff ?
And yet there are times when the oddest and the oldest bits of parental folklore turn out to be true. There are now studies showing that cold, wet feet might indeed help cause a cold and that chicken soup can fight one. Double-dipping potato chips does spread germs. Breakfast really is the most important meal of the day. Occasionally, Mom knew what she was talking about.
I’ve intentionally limited this book to propositions that can easily be tested scientifically, by doctors and statisticians and so forth. I’ve tried to back away slowly from vaguer points of parental philosophy: minefields like homeschooling, circumcision, co-sleeping, TV banning. Anything your weird sister-in-law is always talking about on Facebook is out, basically. Sadly, I also had to avoid areas where the science is still hotly debated and inconclusive, which meant leaving out a lot of very modern parental worries: video games and social media and whatnot. In twenty years, maybe I can write a sequel in which we finally find out what was up with phthalates in plastic toys, predators on the Internet, and cell phones causing cancer. But I’m not sure how long that will take—TV is over sixty years old and expertsstilldisagree on how that affects kids. So don’t hold your breath. (Holding your breath for too longisbad for you, according to a broad scientific consensus.)
I know there’s no way one book can stamp outallthe lies parents tell their kids. You’re still going to have safety lies (“The car won’t run unless your seat belts are on!”) and cheapskate lies (“Honey, when the ice cream man is playing music, it means his truck is all out of ice cream”) and sympathy lies (“We sent your hamster to live on a farm”) and keep-your-kids-out-of-therapy lies (“We love you both exactly the same!”). But theaccidentallies should be easier to tackle. It’s time to shine the cold, hard light of truth onto controversial behaviors like sitting too close to the TV, eating toothpaste, and sneezing with your eyes open.
It’s not too late! Future generations will thank us.
“Run between the raindrops—you won’t get so wet!”
Growing up in rainy Seattle, my siblings and I were often instructed to “run between the raindrops” to stay as dry as possible between the car and our errand’s destination (usually some type of knitting store, if memory serves). Of course, literally running between raindrops isn’t possible unless you have the slender physique of former NBA center Manute Bol and the catlike reflexes never possessed by former NBA center Manute Bol. But my mom’s dictum does point to an interesting problem that has teased physicists and pedestrians alike for years: which keeps you drier in the rain, walking or running?
Consider: obviously a rain-runner will get to shelter faster than a rain-walker, but will the higher speed put him in contact with more drops as he sprints? The dilemma has been modeled mathematically several times, but there are so many variables: the speed and surface area of the walker, the angle at which the rain is falling, splashing and aerodynamic effects caused by faster movement, and so on. When Italy’s Alessandro De Angelis crunched the numbers, he came out in favor of walking, but the equations of Winnipeg’s Donald Craigen and British astrophysicist Nick Allen disagreed.
Luckily, this isn’t a hypothetical exercise, like modeling particles in the big bang. The world is full of real raindrops and real pedestrians, so any parking lot in April can become a laboratory. When the boys on TV’sMythBusterstried to answer the question, they got different answers each time, but viewers felt their first findings were suspect, since they used fake rain. “The Straight Dope” columnist Cecil Adams tried the experiment in 1992 (methodology: counting raindrops spattered on a piece of construction paper) and so did Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis, two meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, in 1997 (methodology: weighing their clothing after their “race” to see who got wetter), and both found a clear advantage for running. In the peer-reviewed North Carolina experiment, Dr. Peterson’s sweat suit absorbed seven and a half ounces of rain while he walked, 40 percent more than Dr. Wallis’s did running.
Why is running the way to go? If you stand still in vertical rain, you’ll only get wet on the top of your head, but once you start to move, your front starts getting wet as well. But—crucially—you don’t hit fewer raindrops by moving slower! Think about it this way: in every volume of space, there’s a certain density of raindrops. Your front will meet that density of drops when you get to it no matter what your speed, so going more slowly doesn’t help. It turns out that real-world effects do give runners a small increase in dampness—maybe the air currents caused by running suck in more rain than they repel, or heavier footsteps cause more splashing—but that’s a drop in the bucket, so to speak, compared to the wetness you’ll prevent by getting to shelter quicker.
So science has finally demonstrated that people without the sense to come in out of the rain ASAP are all wet. I wonder if the National Climatic Data Center can do a peer-reviewed study on why I only have an umbrella with me when itdoesn’train.
TRUE.
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