Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism

by MacLaren, Donald; Morton, James

• ISBN13: 9780470091852
• ISBN10: 0470091851
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-12-12
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

How do our muscles produce energy for exercise and what are the underlying biochemical principles involved? These are questions that students need to be able to answer when studying for a number of sport related degrees. This can prove to be a difficult task for those with a relatively limited scientific background. Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism addresses this problem by placing the primary emphasis on sport, and describing the relevant biochemistry within this context. The book opens with some basic information on the subject, including an overview of energy metabolism, some key aspects of skeletal muscle structure and function, and some simple biochemical concepts. It continues by looking at the three macromolecules which provide energy and structure to skeletal muscle - carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. The last section moves beyond biochemistry to examine key aspects of metabolism - the regulation of energy production and storage. Beginning with a chapter on basic principles of regulation of metabolism it continues by exploring how metabolism is influenced during high-intensity, prolonged, and intermittent exercise by intensity, duration, and nutrition. Key Features: A clearly written, well presented introduction to the biochemistry of muscle metabolism. Focuses on sport to describe the relevant biochemistry within this context. In full colour throughout, it includes numerous illustrations, together with learning objectives and key points to reinforce learning. Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism will prove invaluable to students across a range of sport-related courses, who need to get to grips with how exercise mode, intensity, duration, training status and nutritional status can all affect the regulation of energy producing pathways and, more important, apply this understanding to develop training and nutrition programmes to maximise athletic performance.

Author Biography

Don MacLaren is currently Professor of Sports Nutrition at Liverpool. He has taught physiology, biochemistry and nutrition at JMU for a number of years. He is Chair of the BASES Sports Nutrition interest group and is a member of the Sport & Exercise Nutrition working party under the auspices of the Nutrition Society.

James Morton is a lecturer in sports metabolism. He has twice received 'Young Investigator Awards' from the European College of Sports Science, in 2006 and 2008.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics	p. 1
Energy sources for muscular activity	p. 3
Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency	p. 3
Energy continuum	p. 4
Energy supply for muscle contraction	p. 4
Energy systems and running speed	p. 7
Why can't a marathon be sprinted?	p. 7
Energy sources and muscle	p. 8
Can muscle use protein for energy?	p. 9
Key points	p. 10
Skeletal muscle structure and function	p. 11
Skeletal muscle structure	p. 12
Gross anatomical structure	p. 12
The muscle fibre	p. 13
Muscle contraction	p. 18
Propagation of the action potential	p. 18
Excitation-contraction coupling	p. 18
The sliding filament mechanism	p. 20
Muscle fibre types	p. 21
General classification of muscle fibres	p. 21
Muscle fibre distribution	p. 23
Muscle fibre recruitment	p. 24
Muscles in action	p. 26
Types of muscle contraction	p. 26
The twitch contraction	p. 26
The length-tension relationship	p. 27
Tetanus contractions	p. 27
Force-velocity relationship	p. 28
Muscle fatigue	p. 29
Key points	p. 29
Biochemical concepts	p. 31
Organization of matter	p. 32
Matter and elements	p. 32
Atoms and atomic structure	p. 32
Atomic number and mass number	p. 34
Atomic mass	p. 34
Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients	p. 34
Chemical bonding	p. 35
Ionic bonds	p. 36
Covalent bonds	p. 36
Molecular formulae and structures	p. 38
Functional groups	p. 39
Chemical reactions, ATP and energy	p. 40
Energy	p. 40
ATP	p. 41
Units of energy	p. 42
Types of chemical reactions	p. 43
Water	p. 45
General functions of water	p. 45
Water as a solvent	p. 46
Solutions and concentrations	p. 46
Acid-base balance	p. 47
Acids, bases and salts	p. 47
pH Scale	p. 48
Buffers	p. 49
Cell structure	p. 49
The plasma membrane	p. 50
The nucleus	p. 51
Cytoplasm and organelles	p. 51
Key points	p. 53
Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry	p. 55
Proteins	p. 57
Protein function	p. 58
General protein function	p. 59
Amino acids	p. 62
Amino acid structure	p. 62
Protein structure	p. 62
Primary structure	p. 62
Secondary structure	p. 65
Tertiary structure	p. 65
Quaternary structure	p. 65
Proteins as enzymes	p. 67
Mechanisms of enzyme action	p. 67
Factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions	p. 68
Coenzymes and cofactors	p. 70
Classification of enzymes	p. 70
Regulation of enzyme activity	p. 72
Protein turnover	p. 73
Overview of protein turnover	p. 73
DNA structure	p. 73
Transcription	p. 74
The genetic code	p. 74
Translation	p. 76
Amino acid metabolism	p. 78
Free amino acid pool	p. 79
Transamination	p. 79
Deamination	p. 80
Branched chain amino acids	p. 82
Glucose-alanine cycle	p. 82
Glutamine	p. 82
The urea cycle	p. 85
Key points	p. 85
Carbohydrates	p. 87
Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and exercise	p. 88
Types and structure of carbohydrates	p. 90
Monosaccharides	p. 90
Disaccharides and polysaccharides	p. 91
Metabolism of carbohydrates	p. 92
Glycogenolysis	p. 93
Glycolysis	p. 95
Lactate metabolism	p. 98
The 'link' reaction; production of acetyl-CoA	p. 98
The TCA (or Krebs) cycle	p. 98
Electron transport chain	p. 98
Oxidative phosphorylation	p. 100
Calculation of ATP generated in glucose oxidation	p. 101
Overview of glucose oxidation	p. 102
Fructose metabolism	p. 102
Gluconeogenesis	p. 102
Glycogenesis	p. 103
Key points	p. 107
Lipids	p. 109
Relevance of lipids for sport and exercise	p. 110
Structure of lipids	p. 112
Classification of lipids	p. 112
Compound lipids	p. 115
Derived lipids	p. 115
Metabolism of lipids	p. 115
Lipolysis	p. 115
ß-oxidation	p. 118
Ketone body formation	p. 119
Formation of fatty acids	p. 119
Triglyceride synthesis	p. 122
Key points	p. 124
Metabolic Regulation in Sport and Exercise	p. 127
Principles of metabolic regulation	p. 129
How are catabolic and anabolic reactions controlled?	p. 130
Hormones	p. 130
Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation	p. 133
Adrenaline activation of glycogenolysis	p. 134
Adrenaline activation of lipolysis	p. 135
Insulin activation of glycogen synthase	p. 135
Insulin inhibition of lipolysis	p. 137
Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis	p. 137
Steroid hormones and regulation	p. 138
Allosteric effectors	p. 140
Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase	p. 140
Regulation of PFK	p. 140
Regulation of PDH	p. 140
Regulation of CPT1	p. 142
AMPK as a metabolic regulator	p. 142
Key points	p. 144
High-intensity exercise	p. 145
Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in high-intensity exercise	p. 145
Definition of high-intensity exercise	p. 145
Energy production during high-intensity exercise	p. 146
Evidence of energy sources used in HIE	p. 148
Metabolic regulation during high-intensity exercise	p. 152
Effects of exercise duration	p. 152
Effects of nutritional status	p. 153
Can nutritional ergogenic aids help HIE?	p. 154
Effects of training	p. 155
Mechanisms of fatigue	p. 157
Reduced ATP	p. 158
Reduced PCr	p. 159
Increased Pi	p. 159
Lactate and H+	p. 160
Key points	p. 161
Endurance exercise	p. 163
Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in endurance exercise	p. 164
Definition and models of endurance exercise	p. 164
Energy production in endurance exercise	p. 164
Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance exercise	p. 165
Effects of exercise intensity	p. 166
CHO metabolism	p. 166
Lipid metabolism	p. 168
Effects of exercise duration	p. 172
Effects of nutritional status	p. 174
CHO-loading and muscle glycogen availability	p. 174
Fat-loading strategies	p. 176
Pre-exercise and during-exercise CHO ingestion	p. 178
Pre-exercise FFA availability	p. 181
Effects of training status	p. 183
CHO metabolism	p. 183
Lipid metabolism	p. 184
Protein metabolism	p. 188
Mechanisms of fatigue	p. 189
Key points	p. 192
High-intensity intermittent exercise	p. 195
Overview of energy production in intermittent exercise	p. 196
Definition and models of intermittent exercise	p. 196
Energy systems utilized in intermittent exercise	p. 197
Metabolic regulation in intermittent exercise	p. 197
Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity and ratio	p. 202
Effects of nutritional status	p. 206
Muscle glycogen availability	p. 207
Pre-exercise CHO ingestion	p. 207
CHO ingestion during exercise	p. 209
Muscle adaptations to interval training	p. 210
Mechanisms of fatigue	p. 215
Carbohydrate availability	p. 216
PCr depletion	p. 217
Acidosis	p. 218
Extracellular potassium	p. 220
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)	p. 221
Pi accumulation and impaired Ca2+ release	p. 223
Key points	p. 224
References and suggested readings	p. 227
Index	p. 241
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