Biological Anthropology : The Natural History of Humankind

by Stanford, Craig; Allen, John S.; Anton, Susan C.

• ISBN13: 9780131828926
• ISBN10: 0131828924
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

The only book that integrates the foundations and the most current innovations in the field from the ground up. Over the past twenty years, this field has rapidly evolved from the study of physical anthropology into biological anthropology, incorporating the evolutionary biology of humankind based on information from the fossil record and the human skeleton, genetics of individuals and of populations, our primate relatives, human adaptation, and human behavior . Stanford combines the most up-to-date, comprehensive coverage of the foundations of the field with the modern innovations and discoveries.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
About the Authors	xix
Part I Foundations
Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology?	1	(16)
The Scope of Biological Anthropology	3	(5)
Paleoanthropology	3	(1)
Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology	4	(1)
Paleopathology	4	(1)
Forensic Anthropology	5	(1)
Primatology	6	(1)
Human Biology	7	(1)
The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology	8	(1)
Anthropology and its Other Subfields	9	(2)
Cultural Anthropology	9	(2)
Box 1.1 A Paradigm Split in Anthropology?	11	(4)
Archaeology	12	(2)
Linguistic Anthropology	14	(1)
Biological Anthropology Today	15	(2)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Origins of Evolutionary Thought	17	(24)
What Is Science?	19	(1)
The Early Thinkers	20	(3)
The Roots of Modern Science	20	(2)
Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life	22	(1)
The Road to the Darwinian Revolution	23	(3)
The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell	25	(1)
The Darwinian Revolution	26	(6)
The Galapagos	27	(2)
Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection	29	(3)
Box 2.1 Darwin versus Wallace?	32	(2)
The Response to Darwin	34	(1)
The Science and Creationism Question	35	(2)
Box 2.2 What Is Intelligent Design?	37	(4)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Part II Mechanisms of Evolution
Genetics: Cells and Molecules	41	(31)
Genetics	43	(2)
The Study of Genetics	43	(1)
Genetic Metaphors: Blueprints, Recipes, or What?	44	(1)
The Cell	45	(2)
Cell Anatomy	46	(1)
Box 3.1 Cloning Controversies	47	(1)
DNA Structure and Function	48	(12)
DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level	48	(3)
DNA Function I: Replication	51	(1)
DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis	52	(5)
DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division	57	(3)
Box 3.2 Biochemical Individuality	60	(4)
Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research	64	(8)
Indirect Methods	64	(2)
Direct Sequencing Methods	66	(1)
PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA	66	(6)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype	72	(27)
From Genotype to Phenotype	74	(3)
The ABO Blood Type System	75	(1)
Obesity: A Complex Interaction	76	(1)
Mendelian Genetics	77	(6)
Mendel's Postulates	79	(2)
Linkage and Crossing Over	81	(2)
Mutation	83	(6)
Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease	83	(2)
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases	85	(1)
Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good	86	(2)
X-Linked Disorders	88	(1)
Mendelian Genetics in Humans	88	(1)
Genetics Beyond Mendel	89	(2)
Box 4.1 State Fair Mendelism and the Eugenics Movement	91	(1)
Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment	92	(3)
Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance	94	(1)
Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts	95	(4)
Genes and Environments	96	(3)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species	99	(27)
How Evolution Works	100	(9)
Where Does Variation Come From?	101	(1)
How Natural Selection Works	101	(2)
Other Ways in Which Evolution Happens	103	(6)
Classification and Evolution	109	(7)
Taxonomy and Speciation	109	(4)
What Is a Species?	113	(1)
A Guide to Species Concepts	113	(2)
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms	115	(1)
The Origin of Species: How Species Are Formed	115	(1)
Box 5.1 What's in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics, and Conservation	116	(7)
The Tempo of Speciation	119	(1)
Adaptation	120	(1)
Is Everything Adaptive?	120	(1)
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	121	(2)
Levels of Selection	123	(3)
Inclusive Fitness	123	(3)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability	126	(37)
Human Variation at the Individual and Group Level	128	(2)
What Is a Population?	128	(2)
Historical Perspectives on Human Variation	130	(6)
Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations	131	(1)
The Monogenism-Polygenism Debate	131	(3)
The Race Concept in the Twentieth Century	134	(1)
Changing Attitudes toward Race in Anthropology	135	(1)
Box 6.1 Traits in Folk Taxonomies	136	(1)
Population Genetics	137	(9)
Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems	137	(5)
Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms	142	(3)
Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies	145	(1)
Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations	146	(7)
The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance	147	(2)
Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle Cell and Other Conditions	149	(4)
Adaptation and Adaptability	153	(2)
Levels of Adaptability	153	(1)
Heat and Cold	153	(2)
Box 6.2 Technology and Extreme Environments	155	(8)
Body Size and Shape	156	(1)
Living at High Altitude	157	(2)
Adaptability to Water	159	(4)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Part III Primates
The Primates	163	(45)
The Primate Radiation	164	(10)
The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates	165	(1)
What Exactly Is a Primate?	166	(1)
Anatomical Traits	166	(6)
Life History Traits	172	(2)
Behavioral Traits	174	(1)
A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates	174	(2)
The Strepsirhines	174	(2)
Special Feature Primates in the New World	176	(6)
The Haplorhines	181	(1)
Box 7.1 The Rarest of the Rare	182	(10)
The New World Monkeys	184	(2)
The Old World Monkeys	186	(1)
The Hominoids	187	(5)
Box 7.2 The Impending Extinction of the Great Apes?	192	(4)
Primate Ecology	196	(8)
Diet	197	(1)
The Cycles of a Tropical Forest	198	(1)
You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies	199	(1)
Diet and Activity Budgets	200	(1)
Feeding Competition	200	(4)
Primate Communities	204	(4)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Primate Behavior	208	(25)
Studying Primates	210	(8)
Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social?	212	(1)
The Paradox of Sociality	212	(3)
Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies	215	(3)
Box 8.1 The Infanticide Wars	218	(3)
The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior	221	(1)
Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry	221	(1)
Box 8.2 Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus?	222	(11)
Male Reproductive Strategies	224	(2)
Female Reproductive Strategies	226	(3)
Reconstructing the Evolution of Primate Societies	229	(4)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Part IV The Fossil Record
Fossils in Geological Context	233	(34)
Monte L. McCrossin
How to Become a Fossil	234	(2)
The Importance of Context	236	(6)
Stratigraphy	236	(2)
The Geologic Time Scale	238	(3)
How Old Is It?	241	(1)
Relative Dating Techniques	241	(1)
Special Feature Key Changes in Evolution	242	(4)
Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques	245	(1)
Box 9.1 The Piltdown Hoax	246	(2)
Box 9.2 Dating Controversies	248	(9)
Chronometric Dating Techniques	249	(8)
The Earth in the Cenozoic	257	(10)
Continents and Land Masses	257	(1)
How Cold Was It?	258	(4)
Overview of Climatic Changes during the Cenozoic	262	(5)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Origin of Primates	267	(31)
Monte L. McCrossin
The Mesozoic and Beyond	269	(1)
Dawn of the Age of Mammals	269	(1)
The Crater of Doom: What Happened at the K-T Boundary?	269	(1)
After the Crater of Doom: Changes in the Paleocene	270	(3)
Questionable Primates: The Plesiadapiforms	270	(1)
Why Primates?	271	(2)
Early Primates of the Eocene	273	(2)
Adapoids (Strepsirhine Ancestors)	273	(1)
Omomyoids (Haplorhine Ancestors)	274	(1)
Box 10.1 Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar	275	(2)
Continental Drift and Eocene Primates	276	(1)
Selective Pressures Favoring the Strepsirhine-Haplorhine Split	276	(1)
Evolution of Higher Primates	277	(12)
The First Monkeys?	277	(2)
New World Monkeys	279	(2)
Old World Monkeys	281	(2)
What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids?	283	(1)
The Earliest Apes	283	(5)
Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes	288	(1)
The Monkey's Tale: What Happened to Primate Diversity in the Miocene?	289	(1)
Molecular Evolution in Primates	289	(1)
Special Feature Primate Evolution	290	(8)
A Primate Molecular Phylogeny	293	(1)
Molecular Phylogeny and Human Origins	294	(1)
Gene Function and Human Origins	295	(3)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Becoming Human: The Ape-Hominid Transition	298	(22)
Becoming a Biped	300	(9)
Anatomical Changes	301	(5)
Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan	306	(1)
Locomotion of the Last Common Ancestor	306	(1)
Why Bipeds?	307	(2)
Box 11.1 Overheated Radiator?	309	(2)
Box 11.2 What Did Love Have to Do with It?	311	(1)
The Transition to Human Behavior	311	(9)
Primate Intelligence: Why Are Humans So Smart?	312	(5)
What Made Humans Human?	317	(3)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Early Hominids	320	(32)
Will You Know a Hominid When You See One?	321	(1)
Box 12.1 A Rose by Any Other Name: Hominids versus Hominins	322	(2)
The First Hominids?	324	(4)
Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7.0--6.0 mya)	325	(2)
Orrorin tugenensis (6.0 mya)	327	(1)
Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya) and Ardipithecus kadabba (5.8--5.2 mya)	327	(1)
Box 12.2 Treasures of the Afar Triangle	328	(1)
Australopithecus and Kin	329	(3)
Australopithecus anamensis (4.2--3.9 mya)	330	(1)
Australopithecus afarensis (3.9--2.9 mya)	331	(1)
Special Feature Early Hominid Evolution	332	(13)
Australopithecus bahrelghazali (3.5--3.0 mya)	335	(1)
Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5 mya)	335	(1)
Australopithecus garhi (2.5 mya)	336	(1)
Australopithecus africanus (3.5--<2.0 mya)	337	(4)
The Robust Australopithecines (or Paranthropines)	341	(4)
Understanding the Australopithecine Radiation	345	(4)
Cohabitation	345	(1)
Tools and Intelligence	346	(1)
Ancestors and Descendants	347	(2)
Questions for Future Paleoanthropologists	349	(3)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Rise of the Genus Homo	352	(31)
Defining the Genus Homo	353	(1)
Earliest Genus Homo	354	(5)
Early Tool Use	356	(2)
Hunting and Scavenging	358	(1)
Box 13.1 Understanding the Meat-Eating Past through the Present	359	(2)
Who Was Homo Erectus?	361	(4)
Anatomical Features	362	(3)
Homo erectus versus Homo ergaster	365	(1)
Homo Erectus Around the World	365	(1)
Special Feature The Genus Homo through Time	366	(10)
African Origins	368	(1)
The First African Diaspora: Republic of Georgia	369	(1)
Dispersal into East Asia	370	(5)
The Status of Homo erectus in Europe	375	(1)
The Lifeways of Homo Erectus	376	(7)
Homo erectus and the Early Stone Age	376	(2)
A Higher-Quality Diet: Homo erectus Subsistence	378	(1)
Homo erectus Life History	379	(1)
Homo erectus Leaves Africa	380	(3)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Archaic Homo Sapiens and Neandertals	383	(34)
Hominid Evolution in the Mid-To Late Pleistocene	385	(2)
Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens	386	(1)
Archaic Homo Sapiens	387	(4)
European Archaic Homo sapiens	387	(3)
African Archaic Homo sapiens	390	(1)
Asian Archaic Homo sapiens	391	(1)
Behavior of Archaic Homo Sapiens	391	(4)
Stone Tools	392	(1)
Tools from Organic Materials	393	(1)
Big Game Hunting	393	(2)
Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites	395	(1)
The Neandertals	395	(3)
Geographic and Temporal Distribution	396	(1)
History of Neandertal Discovery	397	(1)
Box 14.1 Neandertal Image Makeovers	398	(7)
Neandertal Anatomy: Built for the Cold	399	(4)
Growth and Development	403	(1)
Health and Disease	404	(1)
Neandertal DNA	405	(1)
Neandertal Behavior	405	(6)
Material Culture	405	(1)
Coping with Cold	406	(1)
Hunting and Subsistence	407	(1)
Cannibalism	408	(1)
Burials	409	(2)
Ritual and Symbolic Behavior	411	(1)
Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview	411	(1)
Special Feature Hominid Evolution in the Mid-to-Late Pleistocene	412	(5)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo Sapiens	417	(30)
The Emergence of Modern Humans	419	(1)
Models of Modern Human Origins	420	(1)
Multiregional and Replacement Models	420	(1)
Predictions of the Two Models	420	(1)
Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans	421	(6)
Africa	421	(2)
Near East	423	(1)
Europe	423	(2)
Asia and Southeast Asia	425	(1)
Australia	426	(1)
Box 15.1 The Little People of Flores	427	(1)
Archaeology of Modern Human Origins	428	(8)
Stone and Other Tools	428	(3)
Subsistence	431	(1)
Settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands	431	(2)
Symbolism	433	(3)
Molecular Genetics and Human Origins	436	(3)
Mitochondrial DNA	437	(1)
The Y Chromosome	438	(1)
MRCAs for Nuclear Genes	438	(1)
Box 15.2 The Genghis Khan Effect	439	(2)
Ancient DNA	440	(1)
Interpreting Models of Human Origins	441	(6)
Paleontology and Archaeology	441	(1)
Molecular Genetics	442	(5)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Part V Biology and Behavior of Modern Humans
Evolution of the Brain and Language	447	(29)
Overview of the Brain	449	(4)
Major Divisions of the Cerebrum	451	(1)
Primary and Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex	451	(1)
Methods for Studying Brain Structure and Function	452	(1)
Issues in Hominid Brain Evolution	453	(6)
Brain Size and Encephalization	453	(3)
Brain Size and the Fossil Record	456	(3)
Box 16.1 The Ten Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy	459	(3)
Brain Reorganization	459	(3)
Language: Biology and Evolution	462	(6)
What Is Language?	463	(1)
The Evolution of Grammar	463	(2)
Language in the Brain	465	(1)
Language in the Throat	466	(1)
Language Ability and the Fossil Record	467	(1)
Box 16.2 Ape Language Studies	468	(4)
Scenarios of Language Evolution	470	(2)
Brain Size, Language, and Intelligence	472	(4)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Biomedical Anthropology	476	(33)
Epidemiology: Basic Tools for Biomedical Anthropology	478	(3)
Rates: Mortality, Incidence, and Prevalence	478	(2)
Epidemiological Transitions	480	(1)
Biocultural and Evolutionary Approaches to Disease	481	(2)
The Biocultural Approach	481	(1)
The Evolutionary Approach	482	(1)
Birth, Growth, and Aging	483	(10)
Human Childbirth	483	(1)
Patterns of Human Growth	484	(1)
Stages of Human Growth	485	(3)
The Secular Trend in Growth	488	(1)
Menarche and Menopause	489	(2)
Aging	491	(2)
Human Variation and Health: Skin Color	493	(4)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Light and Dark Skin Color	495	(1)
Skin Color and Health: Evolutionary Synthesis	496	(1)
Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution	497	(1)
Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Disease	497	(1)
Box 17.1 Kuru, Cannibalism, and Prion Diseases	498	(5)
Infectious Disease and the Evolutionary Arms Race	500	(3)
Diet and Disease	503	(6)
The Paleolithic Diet	503	(2)
Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency	505	(1)
Agriculture and Abundance: Thrifty, Nonthrifty, and Thrifty-Pleiotropic Genotypes	505	(4)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
The Evolution of Human Behavior	509	(30)
Studying the Evolution of Human Behavior	512	(3)
The Evolution of Human Behavior: Four Approaches	512	(2)
Behavioral Patterns and Evolution	514	(1)
Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective	515	(5)
Quantification in Evolutionary Ecological Research	515	(4)
Hunting, Gathering, and the Sexual Division of Labor	519	(1)
Box 18.1 ``Man the Hunter''	520	(2)
Sexual Selection and Human Behavior	522	(4)
Risk-Taking Behavior	523	(1)
Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos	524	(2)
Language-Related Cross-Cultural Behaviors	526	(1)
Motherese or Infant-Directed Speech	526	(1)
Box 18.2 Reading, Writing, and Evolution	527	(2)
Basic Color Terms	528	(1)
Behavioral Disease	529	(6)
Depression and Natural Selection	529	(2)
Schizophrenia	531	(1)
Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse	532	(3)
Epilogue	535	(4)
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Reading
Appendix A Forensic Anthropology	539	(7)
Appendix B Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy	546	(5)
Appendix C The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	551	(3)
Appendix D Metric-Imperial Conversions	554	(1)
Glossary	555	(10)
Bibliography	565	(18)
Credits	583	(2)
Index	585