Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology: Quantitative Modeling

by Johnson; Arthur T.

• ISBN13: 9781574449068
• ISBN10: 1574449060
• eBook ISBN(s): 9781040169131
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-03-09
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Whether you are a bioengineer designing prosthetics, an aerospace scientist involved in life support, a kinesiologist training athletes, or an occupational physician prescribing an exercise regimen, you need the latest edition of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology: Quantitative Modeling. Using numerous worked examples to demonstrate what and when to calculate, this book covers more than the fundamentals of exercise physiology and shows you how to calculate responses magnitudes. The second edition improves upon the first edition with inclusion of numerical examples, homework problems, margin notes, and updated material.The five sections cover the energetics of exercise, biomechanics, circulation, respiration, and thermoregulation. The author explains physiological models, demonstrating the conversion of physiology into quantitative form. Tables of values, diagrams, and figures make this book helpful for estimating magnitudes, determining trends, and illustrating concepts. The book emphasizes quantitative mathematical models if possible and conceptual models when mathematical models are not available.Covering a broad scope of material, the author emphasizes quantitative description as much as possible. The book demonstrates the vast amount of physiological material that can be quantitatively predicted and how to translate this information into applications.

Table of Contents

Exercise Limitations	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Exercise Intensity and Duration	p. 3
Muscle Metabolism	p. 10
Muscle Fiber Structure	p. 10
Muscle Energy Sources	p. 11
Oxygen Debt	p. 14
Maximal Oxygen Uptake	p. 17
Anaerobic Threshold	p. 26
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics	p. 30
A Bioenergetics Model	p. 39
Chemical Responses	p. 41
Training	p. 42
Cardiovascular Exercise Limitation	p. 42
Respiratory Limitation	p. 44
Thermal Limitation	p. 45
Prolonged Exercise	p. 45
Variability of Responses	p. 47
Symbols	p. 48
Homework Problems	p. 49
References	p. 53
Exercise Biomechanics	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Physics of Movement	p. 57
Equilibrium and Stability	p. 57
Muscles and Levers	p. 60
Energy and Motion	p. 63
Translational Motion	p. 63
Angular Motion	p. 70
The Energy Cost of Movement	p. 76
Cost of Transport	p. 76
Muscular Efficiency	p. 79
Walking and Running	p. 82
Basic Analysis	p. 82
Optimal Control of Walking	p. 86
Experimental Results	p. 93
Carrying Loads	p. 95
Load Position	p. 96
Lifting and Carrying	p. 97
Biomechanical Model	p. 98
Using Carts	p. 100
Sustained Work	p. 104
Aging and Training	p. 106
Gender	p. 107
Genetics	p. 107
Symbols	p. 108
Homework Problems	p. 109
References	p. 113
Cardiovascular Responses	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Cardiovascular Mechanics	p. 118
Blood Characteristics	p. 118
Composition	p. 118
Oxygen-Carrying Capacity	p. 118
Carbon Dioxide Transport	p. 124
Viscosity	p. 125
Vascular Characteristics	p. 133
Organization	p. 133
Resistance	p. 134
Very Small Vessels	p. 136
Heart Characteristics	p. 146
Starling's Law	p. 147
Blood Pressure	p. 148
Heart Rate	p. 150
Cardiac Output	p. 152
Energetics	p. 155
Cardiovascular Control	p. 160
Neural Regulation	p. 161
Sensors	p. 161
Controller	p. 162
Effector Organs	p. 166
Reflexes	p. 166
Humoral Regulation	p. 171
Other Regulatory Effects	p. 172
Exercise	p. 172
Heat and Cold Stress	p. 175
Cardiovascular Mechanical Models	p. 176
Robinson's Ventricle Model	p. 177
Comprehensive Circulatory System Model	p. 183
Vascular System Models	p. 184
Transmission Line Analogs	p. 184
Two Compartment Model	p. 184
Fractal Vascularity	p. 184
Model of Pulmonary Hemorrhage	p. 186
Optimization Models	p. 189
Heart Rate Models	p. 198
Transient Response	p. 198
Heat Effects	p. 200
Comparison between the Two Heart Rate Models	p. 204
Cardiovascular Control Models	p. 205
The Heart	p. 206
The Ventricles	p. 206
The Atria	p. 212
Heart Rate Control	p. 214
Coronary Blood Flow and Heart Performance	p. 216
Systemic and Pulmonary Vessels	p. 218
Mechanics	p. 218
Vascular Resistance Control	p. 221
Control of Capillary Pressure and Blood Volume	p. 221
Nonlinear Resistances	p. 222
Model Performance	p. 225
Numerically Solving Differential Equations	p. 226
Approximations to Derivatives	p. 226
Integral Equations	p. 227
Initial Values	p. 227
Time Step	p. 228
Pontryagin Maximum Principle	p. 229
The Laplace Transform	p. 232
Symbols	p. 234
Homework Problems	p. 239
References	p. 247
Respiratory Responses	p. 253
Introduction	p. 253
Respiratory Mechanics	p. 254
Respiratory Anatomy	p. 254
Lungs	p. 255
Conducting Airways	p. 255
Alveoli	p. 260
Pulmonary Circulation	p. 262
Respiratory Muscles	p. 263
Lung Volumes and Gas Exchange	p. 267
Lung Volumes	p. 267
Perfusion of the Lung	p. 269
Gas Partial Pressures	p. 271
Respiratory Exchange Ratio	p. 274
Lung Diffusion	p. 278
Gas Mixing in the Airways	p. 282
Diffusion Capacity	p. 284
Blood Gases	p. 286
Pulmonary Gas Exchange	p. 288
Mechanical Properties	p. 295
Respiratory System Models	p. 295
Resistance	p. 298
Compliance	p. 313
Inertance	p. 318
Natural Frequency	p. 318
Time Constant	p. 319
Muscle Pressures	p. 320
Respiratory Work	p. 321
Control of Respiration	p. 327
Respiratory Receptors	p. 330
Chemoreceptors	p. 330
Mechanoreceptors	p. 335
Other Inputs	p. 337
Respiratory Controller	p. 337
Respiratory Rhythm	p. 337
Airflow Waveshape	p. 339
Control Signals	p. 344
Effector Organs	p. 345
Respiratory Muscles	p. 345
Airway Muscles	p. 346
Local Effectors	p. 346
Exercise	p. 346
Initial Rise	p. 347
Transient Increase	p. 348
Steady State	p. 349
Cessation of Exercise	p. 357
Anaerobic Ventilation	p. 358
Peak Flow	p. 360
Ventilatory Loading	p. 361
Dyspnea and Second Wind	p. 366
Optimization of Breathing	p. 369
Summary of Control Theories	p. 380
Respiratory Mechanical Models	p. 386
Respiratory Mechanics Models	p. 386
Jackson-Milhorn Computer Model	p. 386
Expiratory Flow Model	p. 397
Ventilation Distribution Model with Nonlinear Components	p. 402
Theory of Resistive Load Detection	p. 406
Gas Concentration Models	p. 414
Concentration Dynamics Model	p. 414
Respiratory Control Models	p. 422
System Models	p. 422
Grodins Model	p. 422
Saunders Modification of Grodins Model	p. 433
Topor et al. Modification of Grodins Model	p. 441
Yamamoto CO[subscript 2] Model	p. 446
Fujihara Control Model	p. 458
Optimization Models	p. 461
Yamashiro and Grodins Model	p. 461
Hamalainen Model	p. 465
The Change in Initial Lung Volume during Exercise	p. 471
Respiratory Work Rate	p. 473
Brief Discussion of Respiratory Control Models	p. 478
Lagrange Multipliers	p. 479
Method of Calculus of Variations	p. 480
Symbols	p. 482
Homework Problems	p. 490
References	p. 501
Thermal Responses	p. 513
Introduction	p. 513
Passive Heat Loss	p. 513
Active Responses	p. 515
Thermal Mechanics	p. 516
Convection	p. 517
Body Surface Area	p. 519
Respiratory Convective Heat Loss	p. 520
Conduction	p. 524
Clothing	p. 525
Mean Skin Temperature	p. 527
Radiation	p. 530
Radiant Heat Transfer Coefficient	p. 532
Solar Heat Load	p. 534
Evaporation	p. 541
Respiratory Evaporation	p. 544
Sweating	p. 545
Clothing	p. 546
Rate of Heat Production	p. 557
Basal Metabolic Rate	p. 557
Food Ingestion	p. 560
Muscular Activity	p. 561
Rate of Change of Stored Heat	p. 570
Thermoregulation	p. 575
Thermoreceptors	p. 575
Hypothalamus	p. 576
Heat Loss Mechanisms	p. 581
Vasodilation	p. 581
Sweating	p. 584
Heat Maintenance and Generation	p. 587
Vascular Responses	p. 587
Shivering	p. 589
Nonshivering Thermogenesis	p. 589
Acclimatization	p. 590
Circadian Rhythm	p. 591
Exercise and Thermoregulation	p. 592
Thermoregulatory Models	p. 593
Cylindrical Models	p. 593
Gagge Model	p. 593
Wyndham-Atkins Model	p. 597
Multicompartment Model	p. 605
External Thermoregulation	p. 614
Body Temperature Response	p. 616
Equilibrium Temperature	p. 616
Metabolic Heat Load	p. 617
Radiation and Convection Heat Exchange	p. 619
Sweating	p. 620
Equilibrium Body Temperature	p. 621
Variation of Rectal Temperature with Time	p. 621
Changes at Rest Under Heat Stress	p. 621
Elevation during Work	p. 621
Recovery after Work	p. 622
Effect of Acclimatization	p. 623
Model Limitations and Performance	p. 624
Symbols	p. 631
Homework Problems	p. 634
References	p. 641
Index	p. 649
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