Bioterrorism and Food Safety

by Rasco; Barbara A.

• ISBN13: 9780849327872
• ISBN10: 0849327873
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-28
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Written by specialists in the fields of food bioterrorism and industry preparedness, Bioterrorism and Food Safety focuses on developing rational and implementable food security strategies. The book examines the risks associated with the intentional contamination of food. It provides implementation strategies to reduce food security risks and discusses the underlying legal issues tied to product liability and regulatory compliance. The text includes current hazards, provisions of the Bioterrorism Act, guidance documents from the FDA and USDA, and more. Risk management models are presented and workable strategies for addressing food safety risks are developed through case studies.

Table of Contents

Foods and the Bioterrorist Threat	1	(40)
What Is Food Terrorism?	1	(1)
Where Does the Threat Come From?	2	(21)
Terrorist Strategies and Tactics	6	(1)
Property Destruction: Arson and Vandalism	7	(3)
Extortion	10	(1)
Ecotage, Environmental Extortion, and Fraud	11	(3)
Information Warfare	14	(7)
Terrorist Motivation	21	(1)
New Laws Tied to Food Terrorism	22	(1)
Anti-Terrorism Laws	23	(1)
Contaminating Food	24	(7)
References	31	(2)
Notes	33	(8)
Potential Biological and Toxic Chemical Agents	41	(44)
Biological Agents	42	(15)
Specific Diagnosis Issues with Biological Agents	57	(1)
Reporting	57	(3)
Illness Investigations	58	(1)
Organizational Readiness: Generally	59	(1)
Chemical Agents	60	(3)
Biological Toxins	63	(9)
Blood Agents	72	(1)
Nerve Agents	73	(1)
Blister or Vesicant Agents	74	(1)
Urticant or Nettle Agents	75	(1)
Choking Agents	76	(1)
Toxic Metals	76	(2)
Pesticides	78	(1)
Sanitizers	79	(1)
Managing Exposure to an Unknown Chemical	80	(1)
References	81	(2)
Notes	83	(2)
Bioterrorism Regulations and Their Impact on the Safety of the Food Supply and Trade	85	(48)
Registration (Section 305 of the Act;12 Interim Final Rule, 21 CFR Part 1, Section 1.225 et seq.; 68 FR 58893-58974)	89	(5)
Records and Record Retention23 (Section 306 of the Act; Proposed Regulations, 21 CFR Part 1, Section 1.326 et seq.)	94	(5)
Prior Notice for Imported Food (Section 307 of the Act;33 Pending 21 CFR Part 1, Section 1276 et seq.; Interim Final Rule, 68 FR 58975-59007)	99	(4)
Administrative Detention50 (21 CFR Part 1, Section 1.377 et seq., Parts 10, 16; 69 FR 31702-31705)	103	(2)
Marking Articles (Section 308 of the Act59)	105	(1)
Permissive Debarment (Section 304 of the Act64)	106	(3)
References	109	(1)
Notes	110	(23)
Effective Food Security Strategies and Plans for Production Agriculture and Food Processing	133	(68)
Introduction	133	(9)
Awareness and Warning	136	(1)
Intelligence Operations and Analysis Capabilities	137	(1)
Mitigation Strategies	137	(1)
Response Planning and Product Recovery	138	(4)
The Impact of Small Strategic Attacks	142	(4)
Examples of Targets	146	(1)
Current Level of Readiness	147	(2)
Current Government Programs	149	(5)
Terrorism Insurance	154	(1)
Prevention Is the First Line of Defense	155	(1)
Development of a Food Security Plan Based upon HACCP Principles	156	(5)
Governmental Emergency Response Systems	161	(2)
Evaluating Security Risks and Identifying Hazards	163	(2)
Managing the Risk: Preventive Measures	165	(1)
Suggested Steps for Developing a Security Plan	165	(2)
Security Strategies	167	(1)
Surveying a Site	167	(1)
Specific Suggestions	167	(1)
Farming Operations: Agricultural Production and Harvesting	167	(2)
Manufacturing or Food Preparation Operations	169	(1)
Facilities Configuration	170	(1)
Facilities Access	171	(1)
The Water and Air Supplies	171	(1)
Suppliers: Letters of Guarantee	172	(1)
Distribution and Transit	172	(1)
Wholesale and Retail Distribution	173	(1)
Employee Screening	174	(1)
Contractor Screening	175	(1)
Personal Items	176	(1)
Compartmentalizing Job Functions	176	(1)
Visitors and Inspectors	176	(1)
Keys and Access Cards	177	(1)
Parking	177	(1)
Employee Vigilance and Employee Training	177	(1)
Security Checks	178	(2)
Data Security	178	(1)
Mail Handling Procedures	179	(1)
Emergency Evacuation Plans	180	(1)
Research and Quality Control Labs	180	(1)
Costs of Implementation	181	(1)
Civil Liberties	182	(2)
Government Response	184	(1)
References	185	(2)
An Example
Production and Retail Distribution of Frozen Pacific Cod Fillets	187	(4)
Production of Frozen Fish Fillets --- Hazard Analysis Worksheet	191	(2)
Food Security Plan Form	193	(5)
Notes	198	(3)
Security Improvements by Tracking Food	201	(22)
Government Strategies	203	(4)
Traceability Systems Overall	207	(2)
Tamper-Evident Package Features	209	(3)
Optically Active Packaging Features	212	(1)
Taggants	212	(1)
Physical Tagging Systems	212	(3)
Bar Codes and Microtext	215	(1)
Electronic Tags and Smart Labels	215	(1)
Radio Frequency Identification Devices	216	(1)
Information Management Systems	217	(1)
International Standards	218	(1)
References	219	(1)
Notes	220	(3)
Appendix A --- Food Safety and Security: Operational Risk Management Systems Approach	223	(26)
Appendix B --- FSIS Safety and Security Guidelines for the Transportation and Distribution of Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products	249	(22)
General Guidance	251	(1)
Transportation Safety Plan	252	(1)
Storage Food Safety System	253	(1)
Vehicles Used to Transport Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products	253	(1)
Pre-Loading	254	(1)
Loading	255	(2)
In-Transit	257	(1)
Unloading	257	(1)
General Guidance	258	(1)
Security Plan	259	(2)
Assess Vulnerabilities	259	(1)
Develop and Implement Procedures	259	(1)
Emergency Operations	260	(1)
Train and Test	260	(1)
Screen and Educate Employees	261	(1)
Secure the Facility	261	(2)
Access	261	(1)
Shipping/Receiving	262	(1)
Facility	263	(1)
Monitor Operations	263	(2)
Employees	263	(1)
Shipping/Receiving	263	(1)
Storage/Water	264	(1)
Respond	265	(1)
Additional Guidance for Specific Modes of Transportation	265	(6)
General Guidance for All Modes	266	(1)
Aviation	266	(1)
Truck	267	(1)
Maritime	268	(1)
Rail	269	(2)
Appendix C --- FSIS Security Guidelines for Food Processors	271	(8)
Food Security Plan Management	272	(1)
Outside Security	273	(1)
Inside Security	274	(1)
General Inside Security	274	(1)
Slaughter and Processing Security	274	(1)
Storage Security	275	(1)
Shipping and Receiving Security	275	(1)
Water and Ice Supply Security	276	(1)
Mail Handling Security	276	(1)
Personnel Security	277	(2)
Appendix D --- Emergency Preparedness Competencies (Annotated)	279	(6)
Public Health Professionals	279	(4)
Suggestions for Improving Food Security	283	(2)
Appendix E --- Terrorist Threats to Food --- Guidelines for Establishing and Strengthening Prevention and Response Systems	285	(2)
Executive Summary	285	(2)
Appendix F --- The Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Terrorism	287	(6)
Ten Essential Services for Public Health	287	(1)
Key Elements of a Public Health Preparedness Program	288	(1)
Key Preparedness Elements	289	(1)
Enhanced Collaboration among Public Health Partners	289	(1)
Surveillance Partners	289	(1)
Epidemiologic Clues that May Signal a Covert Bioterrorism Attack	290	(3)
Appendix G --- Retail Food Stores and Food Service Establishments: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance	293	(14)
Draft Guidance	293	(3)
Purpose and Scope	293	(1)
Limitations	294	(1)
Structure	294	(1)
Related Guidance	294	(1)
Additional Resources	294	(2)
Retail Food Store and Food Service Establishment Operations	296	(9)
Management	296	(1)
Human Element --- Staff	297	(1)
Human Element --- Public	297	(1)
Facility	297	(1)
Operations	297	(8)
Emergency Point of Contact	305	(2)
Appendix H --- Food Producers, Processors, and Transporters: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance	307	(14)
Purpose and Scope	307	(1)
Limitations	308	(1)
Structure	308	(1)
Related Guidance	308	(1)
Additional Resources	308	(2)
Food Establishment Operations	310	(9)
Management	310	(1)
Human Element --- Staff	310	(4)
Human Element --- Public	314	(1)
Facility	314	(2)
Operations	316	(3)
Emergency Point of Contact	319	(2)
Appendix I --- Importers and Filers: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance	321	(14)
Purpose and Scope	321	(1)
Limitations	322	(1)
Structure	322	(1)
Related Guidance	322	(1)
Additional Resources	322	(1)
Food Importing Operations	323	(10)
Management	323	(2)
Human Element --- Staff	325	(3)
Human Element --- Public	328	(1)
Facility	328	(2)
Operations	330	(3)
Emergency Point of Contact	333	(2)
Appendix J --- Cosmetics Processors and Transporters: Cosmetics Security Preventive Measures Guidance	335	(14)
Draft Guidance	335	(2)
Purpose and Scope	335	(1)
Limitations	336	(1)
Structure	336	(1)
Related Guidance	336	(1)
Additional Resources	336	(1)
Cosmetics Establishment Operations	337	(10)
Management	337	(2)
Human Element --- Staff	339	(2)
Human Element --- The Public	341	(1)
Facility	342	(2)
Operations	344	(3)
Emergency Point of Contact	347	(2)
Appendix K --- Traceability in the U.S. Food Supply: Economic Theory and Industry Studies	349	(50)
Introduction and Methodology	351	(2)
Efficient Traceability Systems Vary	353	(9)
Industry Studies: Private Sector Traceability Systems Balance Private Costs and Benefits	362	(28)
Fresh Produce	362	(10)
Grain and Oilseeds	372	(5)
Cattle and Beef	377	(8)
Market Failure in the Supply of Traceability: Industry and Government Response	385	(5)
Conclusions	390	(2)
Appendix: Select Milestones in U.S. Traceability Requirements for Foods	392	(4)
References	396	(3)
Index	399