Bond's Biology Of Fishes

by Barton,Michael

• ISBN13: 9780120798759
• ISBN10: 0120798751
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-04
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Master the study of fishes with BOND'S BIOLOGY OF FISHES! Providing an excellent background for the study of more advanced works on fishes, this fish biology text gives you a clear and concise introduction to the study of fishes and provides you with tools that you need to succeed.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
PART ONE AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FISHES	1	(67)
Ichthyologists and What They Do	3	(16)
A History of Ichthyology	4	(8)
Diversification of Ichthyological Research	12	(1)
Methods in Fish Biology	13	(6)
Taxonomic Convention---Naming Fishes and Rules of Nomenclature	14	(1)
Common Names	15	(1)
Higher Classification of Fish Groups	15	(1)
Centers for the Study of Fishes	15	(4)
Origins of Fishes	19	(12)
Fishes---The First Vertebrates	20	(1)
Origins of Vertebrates	20	(5)
Major Groups of Living Fishes	25	(6)
Jawless Fishes	27	(1)
Cartilaginous Gnathostomes	27	(1)
Bony Fishes	28	(3)
The Architecture of Fishes	31	(37)
Environmental Constraints on the Design of Fishes	32	(1)
General Body Form and Fins	32	(12)
The Head	33	(2)
Body Form	35	(1)
Topography of the Body	36	(1)
Fins	37	(7)
Skin and Scales	44	(4)
Epidermis	44	(4)
Dermis	48	(1)
Scales	48	(1)
Internal Support: The Skeletal System	48	(16)
The Axial Skeleton	48	(12)
Fins and Associated Appendicular Skeleton	60	(4)
Skeletal Muscle	64	(1)
General Relationships of Internal Organs	64	(4)
Alimentary Canal and Associated Structures	64	(1)
Urogenital Organs	65	(1)
The Heart	65	(3)
PART TWO THE DIVERSITY OF FISHES	68	(212)
Evolution and Systematics	71	(209)
Foundations of Evolutionary Theory	72	(1)
Processes of Selection	72	(8)
Speciation Phenomena in Fishes	74	(5)
Ecological Character Displacement	79	(1)
Macro- versus Microevolution	80	(1)
Systematic Studies: Tracing Evolutionary Histories	80	(5)
Application of Molecular and Computational Advances	81	(4)
An Integrated Approach to Understanding Evolution	85	(4)
Jawless Fishes
Early Vertebrate Experiments and Descendant Forms	89	(1)
The First Fishes: Relationships of Modern and Extinct Forms	90	(1)
The Hagfishes and Lampreys: A Monophyletic Group?	90	(6)
Hagfishes and Conodonts	92	(1)
Order Myxiniformes	92	(2)
Order Petromyzontiformes (Hyperoartia)	94	(2)
The ``Ostracoderm'' Fishes: Proto-Gnathostomes?	96	(9)
The †Pteraspidomorphi	97	(2)
The †Cephalaspidomorphi	99	(6)
The Gnathostomes
Fishes with Jaws	105	(1)
Origin of the Jaws	106	(1)
Gnathostomes at the Silurian/Ordovician Transition	106	(3)
Class †Placodermi	107	(2)
Class Chondrichthyes (Elasmoranchiomorphi)	109	(20)
Evolution of the Jaw Suspensorium in Gnathostome Fishes	109	(2)
Subclass Euchondrocephali	111	(3)
Subclass Elasmobranchii	114	(15)
The Bony Fishes (Teleostomi)
Acanthodians and Sarcopterygians	129	(1)
Introduction to the Teleostomi	130	(1)
Class †Acanthodii	130	(1)
Class Sarcopterygii: Lobe-Finned Fishes and the Tetrapods	131	(7)
The †Onychodontiformes: Fishes of Uncertain Affinities	132	(2)
Subclass Coelacanthimorpha	134	(2)
Taxon Dipnomorpha	136	(2)
Subclass †Rhizodontimorpha	138	(1)
Subclass †Osteolepimorpha (†Rhipidistia)	138	(1)
The Origins of Tetrapods	138	(9)
Introduction to the Actinopterygian Fishes
Origins and Modern Diversity	147	(1)
Adaptations of the Actinopterygians	148	(1)
Origins of the Actinopterygii	148	(1)
Class Actinopterygii	149	(10)
Subclass Chondrostei	149	(7)
Subclass Neopterygii	156	(3)
Teleostean Fishes
Early Members of the Most Diverse Assemblage of Fishes	159	(1)
What Are the Teleosts?	160	(1)
Division Teleostei: Identifying Features	160	(1)
Extinct Primitive Teleosts	160	(1)
Order †Pholidophoriformes	160	(1)
Order †Leptolepidiformes	161	(1)
Order †Tselfatiformes	161	(1)
Order †Ichthyodectiformes	161	(1)
Diversity of Living Teleosts	161	(16)
Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha: The ``Bonytongues''	162	(4)
Subdivision Elopomorpha: Tarpons, Ladyfishes, Eels, and Relatives	166	(6)
Subdivision Clupeomorpha: Herrings and Relatives	172	(5)
The Ostariophysi
Masters of the Freshwater Domain	177	(1)
Ostariophysi as a Sister Group of the Clupeomorpha?	178	(1)
Superorder Ostariophysi	178	(15)
Series Anotophysi	178	(1)
Series Otophysi	179	(14)
The Euteleostei
Argentiniform and Salmoniform Fishes	193	(1)
Classification of the Euteleostei	194	(11)
Order Argentiniformes	194	(2)
Order Salmoniformes	196	(9)
Faster and Deeper
Esociformes and Some Basal Neoteleosts (Stomiiformes, Aulopiformes, Myctophiformes, Lampridiformes, and Polymixiiformes)	205	(1)
Straddling the Neoteleostean Fence	206	(1)
Esociformes: Sister Group of the Neoteleosts	206	(1)
Stop the Presses! Sister Group to the Salmonoids After All?	206	(1)
Order Esociformes	206	(1)
Neoteleostci	207	(5)
Superorder Stenopterygii	207	(3)
Superorder Cyclosquamata	210	(2)
Superorder Scopelomorpha	212	(1)
Acanthomorph Fishes	212	(5)
Superorder Lampridomorpha	212	(1)
Superorder Polymixiomorpha	213	(4)
The Paracanthopterygii
Cods, Toadfishes, and Other Bottom-Dwelling Teleosts	217	(1)
Paracanthopterygians at a Glance	218	(1)
Superorder Paracanthopterygii	218	(11)
Order Percopsiformes (Salmopercae)	218	(1)
Order Gadiformes (Anacanthini)	219	(3)
Order Amblyopsiformes (Anacanthini)	222	(1)
Order Ophidiiformes (Anacanthini)	222	(1)
Order Batrachoidiformes (Anacanthini, Pediculati)	223	(1)
Order Lophiiformes (Anacanthini, Pediculati)	224	(5)
Acanthopterygian Fishes
Stephanoberyciformes, Zeiformes, and Beryciformes--Possibly Percomorphs, Possibly Not	229	(1)
Introducing the Acanthopterygians	230	(1)
Percomorph Fishes	230	(5)
Order Stephanoberyciformes	230	(2)
Order Zeiformes (Zeomorphi)	232	(1)
Order Beryciformes (Berycomorphi)	233	(2)
More Acanthopterygians
The Synbranchiformes, Elassoma, Gasterosteiformes, Mugilomorpha, and Atherinomorpha	235	(1)
The Smegmamorpha: Housecleaning among the Percomorphs, or Just a Spurious Notion?	236	(3)
Order Synbranchiformes	236	(2)
Order Gasterosteiformes	238	(1)
Series Mugilomorpha	239	(1)
Order Mugiliformes	239	(1)
Series Atherinomorpha	240	(11)
Order Atheriniformes	240	(2)
Order Beloniformes (Synentognathi or Exocoetoidei)	242	(2)
Order Cyprinodontiformes (Microcyprini)	244	(7)
Perciform Fishes
Perches and a Whole Lot More	251	(1)
The Perciformes: An Embarrassment of Riches	252	(17)
Suborder Percoidei	252	(2)
Suborder Labroidei	254	(1)
Suborder Trachinoidei	255	(2)
Suborder Pholidichthyoidei	257	(1)
Suborder Blennioidei	257	(1)
Suborder Zoarcoidei	257	(1)
Suborder Notothenioidei	258	(1)
Suborder Icosteoidei	258	(1)
Suborder Gobiesocoidei	258	(1)
Suborder Callionymoidei	259	(1)
Suborder Gobioidei	259	(2)
Suborder Kurtoidei	261	(1)
Suborder Acanthuroidei	261	(1)
Suborder Scombrolabracoidei	262	(1)
Suborder Scombroidei	262	(1)
Suborder Stromateoidei	263	(1)
Suborder Anabantoidei	264	(1)
Suborder Channoidei	264	(5)
The Spiny and the Strange
Scorpaenoid, Pleuronectiform, and Tetraodontiform Fishes	269	(1)
The Scorpaenoidei: Welcome to the Perciformes---Again	270	(2)
Relationships of ``Scorpaeniform'' Fishes	270	(1)
Suborder Scorpaenoidei	270	(2)
The Most Highly Derived Teleosts?	272	(8)
Order Pleuronectiformes (Heterosomata)	272	(3)
Order Tetraodontiformes (Plectognathi)	275	(5)
PART THREE FORM AND FUNCTION	280	(62)
The Integument of Fishes
Skin, Scales, and Associated Structures	283	(1)
Integumentary Composition and Embryonic Origins	284	(3)
The Epidermis	284	(1)
The Dermis	284	(1)
Phylogeny of Scale Types	285	(2)
Hydrodynamics of Fishes	287	(4)
Color	291	(9)
Occurrence of Color in Fishes	291	(2)
Color Change	293	(3)
Significance of Color	296	(4)
Bioluminescence	300	(5)
Occurrence of Bioluminescence	300	(2)
Production of Light	302	(1)
Control of Luminescence	303	(1)
Significance of Bioluminescence	303	(2)
Venomous Fishes	305	(6)
Muscles, Locomotion, and Buoyancy	311	(31)
Musculoskeletal System	312	(6)
Musculature of the Trunk and Appendages	312	(4)
Neural Control of the Musculoskeletal System	316	(2)
Modes of Locomotion	318	(14)
Swimming	318	(8)
Fin-Swimming Modes	326	(1)
Swimming Speed	327	(2)
Nonswimming Locomotion	329	(3)
The Swim Bladder and the Regulation of Buoyancy	332	(10)
Buoyancy: Gas Bladder and Retes, Fats, and Oils	332	(10)
PART FOUR ADAPTATION TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT	342	(62)
The Sensory Arsenal of Fishes I
Vision	345	(1)
Integrating Sensory Biology with the Ecology and Behavior of Fishes	346	(1)
General Morphology of Fish Eyes	346	(2)
Structure and Function of Fish Visual Systems	348	(8)
Adaptation of the Eye to the Optical Properties of Water	348	(1)
Visual Cells and Pigments	348	(4)
Focus, Accommodation, and Regulation of Light	352	(4)
Visual Adaptation in the Lives of Fishes	356	(7)
Visual Adaptations of Deep-Ocean Fishes	357	(1)
``Dual-Purpose'' Eyes in Fishes	357	(2)
Sensitivity to Light in the Ultraviolet Range	359	(1)
Sensitivity to Polarized Light	359	(1)
Some Alternative Photoreceptors	359	(4)
The Sensory Arsenal of Fishes II
Systems for the Detection and Production of Auditory, Mechanical, and Electrical Stimuli	363	(1)
Structure of Auditory, Mechanosensory, and Electrosensory Systems	364	(6)
Auditory Systems: The Inner Ear	364	(2)
The Lateral Line System	366	(4)
Other Sensory Receptors	370	(1)
Function of Auditory, Mechanosensory, and Electrosensory Systems	370	(6)
Membranous Labyrinth	370	(3)
Equilibrium	373	(1)
Mechanosensory Function	374	(1)
Electrosensory System Function	374	(2)
Production of Electricity	376	(4)
Electrogenic Fishes	376	(1)
Structure of Electric Organs	377	(2)
Functions of Electric Organs	379	(1)
Sound Production in Fishes	380	(9)
Nature of Sounds	380	(4)
Significance of Sound Production	384	(5)
The Sensory Arsenal of Fishes III
Olfaction, Taste, and Other Chemical Senses	389	(1)
Chemosensation in Fishes	390	(1)
Olfaction	390	(7)
Structure of Receptor Organs	390	(4)
Function and Significance of Olfaction	394	(3)
Taste	397	(2)
Taste Receptors	397	(1)
Function and Significance of Taste	397	(2)
Other Chemosensory Receptors	399	(1)
Coda: Relating Sensory Adaptations to the Environment	400	(4)
PART FIVE HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS	404	(110)
Use and Acquisition of Food	407	(34)
Metabolism and Growth	408	(3)
Energetic Concerns	408	(1)
Metabolism	408	(1)
Growth	409	(2)
Age and Growth Studies	411	(1)
Nutrition	411	(3)
Dietary Requirements of Fishes	412	(1)
Role of Hormones	413	(1)
The Alimentary Canal: Anatomical Features	414	(7)
The Oral Cavity and Pharynx	414	(4)
Esophagus, Stomach, and Intestine	418	(3)
Foraging Activity and Feeding in Fishes	421	(5)
Feeding in the Ecological Context	421	(1)
Detection and Selection of Food	421	(2)
Dietary Diversity and Foraging Activity	423	(3)
Functional Morphology of the Feeding Apparatus	426	(4)
Agnathan Fishes	426	(1)
Chondrichthyan Fishes	426	(1)
Jaws and Branchial Apparatus in Bony Fishes	427	(2)
Preparation of Food for Digestion	429	(1)
Ecomorphology and Feeding in Fishes	430	(1)
Digestion	430	(11)
The Digestive Process	430	(3)
Rates and Efficiency of Digestion	433	(8)
Circulation and Gas Exchange	441	(28)
Architecture of the Gills	442	(4)
Agnathan Fishes	442	(1)
Gnathostome Fishes	443	(3)
Gills as Gas Exchange Surfaces	446	(5)
The Branchial Sieve	446	(3)
Branchial Irrigation	449	(2)
Extrabranchial and Aerial Oxygen Uptake	451	(2)
Cutaneous Respiration	451	(1)
Alternatives to Gills: Air Breathing	451	(2)
Circulation	453	(8)
Vascular Components	454	(5)
Secondary Circulation	459	(1)
Muscle and Choroid Retes	459	(2)
The Blood of Fishes	461	(8)
Blood Compounds Dissolved in Plasma	461	(1)
Blood Cells	461	(8)
Osmotic and Solute Regulation	469	(24)
Osmoregulation	470	(11)
Water and Solutes---Maintaining the Right Balance	470	(1)
Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Freshwater Fishes	471	(2)
Osmotic and Ion Regulation in Marine Fishes	473	(5)
Diadromous and Other Euryhaline Fishes	478	(1)
Eggs and Larvae	479	(1)
Applications of Studies on Osmoregulation to Fish Culture	480	(1)
Role of the Endocrine System in Osmotic Regulation	480	(1)
The Urinary System	481	(7)
The Kidney	481	(4)
Role of the Kidneys in Excretion and Osmoregulation	485	(3)
Evolutionary Considerations	488	(5)
Gills, Kidneys, and the Origins of Tetrapods	488	(5)
Nervous and Endocrine Systems	493	(21)
The Central and Peripheral Nervous System	494	(6)
The Brain	494	(3)
Cranial Nerves	497	(1)
Spinal Cord and Nerves	498	(2)
The Endocrine System	500	(8)
The Hypothalamus	500	(1)
The Pineal Organ	501	(1)
The Pituitary Gland	501	(4)
Thyroid Gland	505	(1)
Interrenal Tissue	505	(1)
Chromaffin Tissue	506	(1)
Ultimobranchial Gland	506	(1)
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)	506	(1)
Gastroenteric Mucosa	507	(1)
Gonads	507	(1)
Corpuscles of Stannius	507	(1)
Other Organs with Endocrine Function	508	(1)
Neurosecretory Cells	508	(1)
Caudal Neurosecretory System	508	(1)
Pseudobranchial Neurosecretory Gland	508	(1)
Paraneurons	509	(1)
Natriuretic Peptides	509	(1)
Evolutionary and Environmental Considerations	509	(5)
PART SIX GENERATIONS OF FISHES	514	(84)
Reproduction and Development	517	(34)
Anatomy of the Reproductive System	518	(2)
Hagfishes	518	(1)
Lampreys	518	(1)
Sharks	518	(1)
Chimaeras (Ratfishes)	519	(1)
Bony Fishes	519	(1)
Function and Reproductive Patterns	520	(14)
Reproductive Strategy	521	(1)
Role of the Endocrine System	522	(1)
Semelparity and Iteroparity	522	(2)
Finding Mates	524	(1)
Egg Production in Oviparous Fishes	524	(2)
Egg Retention, Internal Incubation, and Viviparity	526	(4)
Reproductive Guilds	530	(1)
Differences Between the Sexes	530	(3)
Hybridization	533	(1)
Selective Breeding	533	(1)
Embryonic and Early Development in Fishes	534	(17)
Embryology	534	(2)
Early Life History	536	(15)
The Genetics of Fishes	551	(47)
Introduction	552	(1)
Fundamental Concepts	552	(15)
Gene Expression	552	(3)
Mitosis and Meiosis	555	(1)
Mendelian Inheritance	555	(10)
Gene Mapping	565	(1)
Non-Mendelian Inheritance	565	(2)
Chromosomes	567	(5)
Chromosome and Arm Number in a Species	567	(3)
Induced Polyploidy	570	(1)
Hybrids	570	(2)
Sex Determination	572	(2)
Chromosomal Determination	572	(1)
Environmental Determination	573	(1)
Hermaphroditism	573	(1)
All-Female Species	574	(1)
Quantitative Genetics	574	(3)
Polygenic Traits	574	(1)
Heritability	575	(2)
Genetics and Phylogenetics	577	(7)
The ``Big'' Questions	579	(4)
Other Phylogenetic Applications	583	(1)
Detection and Study of Species	583	(1)
Evolution, Conservation, and Management	584	(5)
Population Genetics	584	(1)
Biogeography	585	(1)
Local Adaptation and Outbreeding Depression	586	(1)
Genetics and Fisheries Management	587	(2)
Conservation Genetics	589	(1)
Recent Directions	589	(9)
Fish as Model Systems	589	(1)
Genetic Engineering	590	(8)
PART SEVEN INTERACTIONS OF FISHES WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT	598	(200)
The Distribution of Fishes	601	(197)
Introduction	602	(3)
Historical Geology and Fish Distribution	605	(4)
Stream Capture	605	(1)
Continental Drift	606	(2)
Glaciation	608	(1)
Distribution of Freshwater or Inland Fishes	609	(15)
Biogeographical Realms	609	(15)
Distribution of Marine Fishes	624	(15)
Pelagic Fishes	625	(3)
Shore and Shelf Fishes	628	(5)
Deep-Sea Fishes	633	(6)
Ecology of Fishes I
An Introduction to Some Basic Ecological Concepts	639	(1)
Understanding Ecology	640	(1)
Methods of Ecological Study	640	(2)
The Abiotic Environment	641	(1)
The Biotic Environment	641	(1)
The Abiotic Environment of Fishes	642	(4)
Temperature	643	(1)
Density and Viscosity of Water	644	(1)
Hydrostatic Pressure	644	(1)
Dissolved Substances	644	(2)
Transparency of Water	646	(1)
The Biotic Environment of Fishes	646	(9)
Energy: The Driving Force of Ecological Interactions	646	(2)
Levels of Ecological Organization	648	(3)
Trophic Relationships in Fish Communities: Eating and Being Eaten	651	(4)
Structure and Continuity in Ecological Systems	655	(2)
Structuring the Fish Community	655	(1)
Spatial Integrity and Continuity	655	(1)
Temporal Continuity	656	(1)
Looking at the Big Picture: Landscape Ecology, Metapopulations, and Macroecology	657	(6)
Landscapes and Associated Metapopulations	657	(1)
Macroecology: The Unification of Ecology and Biogeography	657	(6)
Ecology of Fishes II
Freshwater Fishes in Flowing Waters	663	(1)
Water---Abundant and Essential	664	(1)
Stream Environments in Temperate Zones	665	(7)
Upland Stream Environments	665	(5)
Temperate Lowland Rivers and Streams: Habitat and Fish Assemblages	670	(2)
Tropical Rivers and Streams	672	(2)
Tropical Fish Assemblages	673	(1)
Energetics and Trophic Structure of Riverine Food Webs	674	(3)
Trophic Adaptations in Stream Fishes	674	(1)
Riverine Trophic Structure and the Role of Fishes	675	(2)
The Landscape Connection	677	(4)
Ecology of Fishes III
Freshwater Fishes in Still Waters	681	(1)
Environmental Features of Lentic Systems	682	(4)
Origins of Lakes	682	(1)
Lake Environments as Habitat for Fishes	682	(2)
Temperate Lentic Environments	684	(1)
Tropical Lentic Environments	685	(1)
Fish Assemblages of Lentic Waters	686	(2)
Temperate Lakes	686	(2)
Tropical Lakes	688	(1)
Trophic Adaptations	688	(3)
Ecomorphology and Dietary Versatility	688	(1)
Species Flocks	689	(1)
Optimal Foraging Theory	689	(2)
Hypogean Systems: An Unusual Aquatic Habitat	691	(4)
Inland Saline Waters and Associated Fish Assemblages	695	(6)
Ecology of Fishes IV
Coastal Marine Environments: The Continental Shelf	701	(1)
Introduction to the Marine Realm	702	(1)
Coastal Marine Environments	702	(11)
The Continental Shelf	702	(1)
Pelagic Fish Fauna	703	(1)
Benthic Fish Fauna	704	(1)
Coral Reefs	705	(8)
Ecology of Fishes V
Coastal Marine Environments: Beaches, Estuaries, and Rocky Intertidal Shores	713	(1)
The Nearshore Environment	714	(2)
Protected Inshore Environments: Bays and Estuaries	716	(6)
Temperate Estuarine Ecosystems and Associated Fish Assemblages	716	(1)
Tropical Estuarine Ecosystems and Associated Fish Assemblages	717	(5)
Exposed Inshore Environments: Surf Zones of Sandy Beaches and Rocky Shores	722	(4)
Fish Assemblages of Surf Zones	722	(1)
The Fish Fauna of Rocky Shores	722	(4)
Seasonal Variation in Coastal Fish Assemblages	726	(5)
Inshore Environments as Nurseries	726	(5)
Ecology of Fishes VI
The Pelagic and Benthic Realm Beyond the Continental Shelf; Polar Environments	731	(1)
Large Marine Ecosystems	732	(1)
The Open-Water Pelagic Realm	732	(5)
The Epipelagic Zone	733	(3)
The Mesopelagic Zone	736	(1)
The Bathypelagic Realm and Beyond	737	(6)
The Continental Slope and Abyssal Plain	740	(1)
Adaptations of Deep Benthic and Benthopelagic Fishes	741	(1)
Deep Benthic Fish Assemblages	742	(1)
Marine Fishes of Polar Environments	743	(12)
The Nature of Polar Environments	743	(1)
The Polar Fish Fauna	744	(11)
Behavior I
Getting Along in the Physical World	755	(1)
Behavior: The Ichthyological Perspective	756	(1)
Locomotor Responses to Stimuli	756	(5)
Phototaxis	757	(1)
Geotaxis	758	(1)
Electrotaxis and Magnetotaxis	758	(1)
Thigmotaxis	759	(1)
Rheotaxis	759	(1)
Chemotaxis	760	(1)
Homing and Migration	761	(12)
Homing Behavior	761	(1)
Migration	762	(11)
Behavior II
Feeding, Fooling Around, and Finding Your Friends: The Social World of Fishes	773	(1)
Feeding Behavior of Individuals	774	(2)
Detection of Food	774	(1)
Foraging Behavior	775	(1)
Application of Feeding Adaptations	775	(1)
Ecological Implications of Foraging Behavior	776	(1)
Fish with Other Fish: Social Interactions	776	(2)
Games Fishes Play	776	(1)
Communication: Signals and Social Behavior	777	(1)
Reproductive and Parental Behavior	778	(5)
Courtship and Breeding Behavior	779	(2)
Sexual Selection and Sexual Dynamics	781	(1)
Parental Care	782	(1)
Shoals and Schools	783	(4)
Formation of Schools	783	(1)
Sensory Facilitation of Schooling	784	(1)
Adaptive Advantage of Schooling	784	(2)
Mixed-Species Shoals and Schools	786	(1)
Symbiosis	787	(4)
Symbiotic Relationships Among Fishes	787	(1)
Symbiotic Relationships with Invertebrates	787	(4)
Learning in Fishes	791	(7)
Adaptive Behavioral Modification and Its Applications	791	(7)
PART EIGHT FISHES AND HUMANITY	798	(55)
Parasites and Diseases of Fishes	801	(52)
Parasites as Extremely Symbiotic Creatures	802	(1)
Evolution of Parasitic Forms and Life Histories	802	(2)
Evolutionary Considerations and Ecological Consequences	803	(1)
Parasite Communities	804	(1)
Survey of Parasitic Organisms and the Diseases They Cause	804	(6)
Viruses	804	(1)
Eubacteria (Monera)	805	(1)
Protista	805	(2)
Fungi	807	(1)
Animalia	807	(3)
Impact of Parasites on Evolution and Adaptation of Host Species	810	(4)
Dynamics of Host--Parasite Associations	810	(3)
Behavior and Susceptibility to Parasites	813	(1)
Parasites as Biological ``Tags'' of Fish Populations	813	(1)
Nonparasitic Fish Diseases	814	(1)
Environmentally Induced Diseases	814	(1)
Dietary Diseases	814	(1)
Genetic Disorders	814	(1)
Fishes as Carriers of Human Parasites and Diseases	815	(1)
Toxic Fishes	816	(7)
Ciguatera	816	(1)
Scombroid Poisoning	817	(1)
Tetrodotoxin Poisoning	817	(1)
Other Fish Poisons	818	(5)
Fishes and Fishery Resources
Their Use and Conservation	823	(1)
The Value of Fishes	824	(1)
Fishery Resources	824	(1)
A Chronology of Fishery Interests	824	(1)
Some Fishery Statistics	825	(1)
Freshwater and Anadromous Fisheries	825	(7)
The Great Lakes: Decline of a Temperate Lake Fishery	829	(1)
Anadromous Fisheries	830	(1)
Tropical Freshwater Fisheries	831	(1)
Marine Fisheries	832	(2)
Pelagic Fisheries	832	(1)
Demersal Fisheries	833	(1)
The Science and Technology of Fisheries	834	(1)
Scientific Management of Fisheries	835	(2)
Recreational Fisheries	837	(1)
The Ornamental Fish Trade	837	(1)
Aquaculture	838	(2)
Conservation of Habitat and Biodiversity	840	(4)
Chemical Pollutants	840	(1)
Extinctions and the Impact of Exotic Species	841	(2)
Hydrological Modifications	843	(1)
Global Environmental Perturbations	843	(1)
Are There Fish in Our Future?	844	(9)
Preserving Fish and Fisheries	844	(1)
Redefining Stewardship	845	(8)
Greek and Latin Word Roots and Terms	853	(2)
Glossary	855	(6)
Subject Index	861	(10)
Systematic Index	871