Brain Mapping: The Disorders

by Mazziotta; Toga; Frackowiak

• ISBN13: 9780124814608
• ISBN10: 0124814603
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780080528267
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-05-16
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Brain Mapping: The Disorders is the first comprehensive text to describe the uses of the latest brain mapping technologies in the evaluation of patients with neurological, neurosurgical and psychiatric disorders. With contributions from the leading figures in the field, this heavily illustrated text is organized by disorders of brain systems, with specific examples of how one should use current neuroimaging techniques to evaluate patients with specific cerebral disorders. Comprehensive in scope, the text discusses patient evaluations using the wide range of modern magnetic resonance imaging techniques, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, optical intrinsic signal imaging, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. The third in this brain mapping series, Brain Mapping: The Disorders, is the ultimate text for anyone interested in the use of brain mapping techniques to study patients with disorders of the central nervous system. Key Features * Provides a comprehensive, in-depth view of the current brain mapping techniques as they are used in the evaluation of patients with cerebral disorders * Heavily illustrated to provide actual examples of the use of the specific techniques * Includes contributions from the leaders in the field ensure authoritative and up-to-date material * Completes the trilogy of three brain mapping texts dealing, respectively, with the methods, the applications of these methods in the normal brain and in patients with neurological, neurosurgical, and psychiatric disorders

Table of Contents

Contributors	xi
Foreword	xv
Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
I Background and Technical Issues
The Study of Human Disease with Brain Mapping Methods
John C. Mazziotta
Richard S. J. Frackowiak
Diagnostic Methods	6	(13)
Surgical Strategies	19	(1)
Atlases	20	(4)
Plasticity	24	(2)
References	26	(7)
Experimental Design and Statistical Issues
Karl J. Friston
Introduction	33	(1)
Functional Specialization and Integration	34	(2)
Spatial Realignment and Anatomical Normalization	36	(1)
Statistical Parametric Mapping and Functional Specialization	37	(5)
Experimental Design	42	(3)
Designing fMRI Experiments: A Signal-Processing Perspective	45	(3)
Epoch-and Event-Related Studies	48	(3)
Inferences about Subjects and Populations	51	(2)
Effective Connectivity and Functional Integration	53	(1)
Specialization, Integration, and the Lesion-Deficit Model	54	(6)
References	56	(4)
Preoperative Brain Mapping
John C. Mazziotta
Lesion Localization and Characterization	60	(7)
Targeting	67	(3)
Cortical Mapping	70	(2)
Surgical Planning	72	(5)
References	73	(4)
Intraoperative Brain Mapping
Arthur W. Toga
George A. Ojemann
Jeffrey G. Ojemann
Andrew F. Cannestra
Introduction	77	(1)
Electrical Stimulation Mapping (ESM)	78	(5)
Relation between ESM and Functional Imaging	83	(1)
Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognition Derived Intraoperatively	83	(1)
Optical Imaging Intraoperatively	84	(7)
Intraoperative Structural Maps	91	(9)
Summary	100	(7)
References	100	(7)
Intraoperative Visualization
Ron Kikinis
Neerav R. Mehta
Arya Nabavi
Emmanouel Chatzidakis
Simon Warfield
David Gering
Neil Weisenfeld
Richard S. Pergolizzi, Jr.
Richard B. Schwartz
Nobuhiko Hata
William Wells III
Eric Grimson
Peter McL. Black
Ferenc A. Jolesz
Background and Introduction	107	(1)
Surgical Planning	108	(8)
Intraoperative MRI	116	(10)
Concluding Remarks	126	(5)
References	127	(4)
Disease-Specific Brain Atlases
Paul M. Thompson
Michael S. Mega
Arthur W. Toga
Challenges in Population-Based Brain Mapping	131	(3)
Types of Brain Atlases	134	(3)
Analyzing Brain Data	137	(1)
Individualized Brain Atlases	138	(5)
Model-Driven Deformable Atlases	143	(3)
Probabilistic Atlases	146	(4)
Atlas-Based Pathology Detection	150	(5)
Cortical Modeling	155	(2)
Cortical Averaging	157	(7)
Brain Averaging	164	(4)
Dynamic (4D) Brain Atlases	168	(1)
Conclusion	168	(13)
References	170	(11)
II Neurological Disorders
Functional Imaging Studies of Aphasia
Cathy J. Price
Neurological and Neuropsychological Models of Language	181	(3)
Neuroimaging Studies of Aphasic Patients	184	(2)
Examples of How Neuroimaging Experiments on Aphasic Patients Have Contributed to Normal and Abnormal Models of Language	186	(10)
Conclusions	196	(6)
References	198	(4)
The Functional Neuroimaging of Memory Disorders
P. C. Fletcher
Functional and Structural Studies: Major Conceptual Differences	202	(2)
Exploring Memory Impairment with PET and fMRI: Conceptual Difficulties	204	(2)
Overcoming the Difficulties: Making Functional Neuroimaging Useful to the Study of Memory Impairment	206	(8)
Summary	214	(4)
References	214	(4)
Brain Mapping in Dementia
Michael S. Mega
Paul M. Thompson
Arthur W. Toga
Jeffrey L. Cummings
Structural Imaging	218	(8)
Functional Imaging	226	(6)
Summary	232	(9)
References	234	(7)
Movement Disorders: Parkinson's Disease
D. Eidelberg
C. Edwards
M. Mentis
V. Dhawan
J. R. Moeller
Introduction	241	(1)
Dopamine System Imaging in Parkinsonism	242	(3)
Functional Brain Imaging in the Resting State	245	(4)
Brain Activation Studies: Motor Execution and Learning	249	(1)
Functional Brain Imaging in the Assessment of Therapeutic Interventions	250	(7)
Conclusion	257	(6)
References	257	(6)
Movement Disorders: Other Hypokinetic Disorders
David J. Brooks
Multiple-System Atrophy	263	(5)
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy	268	(7)
Corticobasal Degeneration	275	(3)
Dopa-Responsive Dystonia	278	(1)
Akinetic-Rigid Huntington's Disease	279	(2)
Conclusions	281	(4)
References	281	(4)
Functional Imaging in Hyperkinetic Disorders
Guy Sawle
Tremor	285	(2)
Dystonia	287	(3)
Tics	290	(2)
Chorea	292	(2)
Tardive Dyskinesia	294	(1)
Restless Legs Syndrome	295	(4)
References	295	(4)
Functional Imaging in Vascular Disorders
J. C. Baron
G. Marchal
Brief Overview of Methods Employed	299	(1)
Normal Physiology and Basic Pathophysiology of Brain Perfusion and Metabolism	300	(3)
Long-Standing Arterial Obstruction: Mapping Hemodynamic Failure	303	(1)
Acute Ischemic Stroke: Mapping the Core, the Penumbra, and the Reperfused Tissue	303	(5)
Remote Metabolic Effects of Stroke	308	(3)
Receptor Studies in Vascular Disorders	311	(6)
References	312	(5)
The Epilepsies
John S. Duncan
Introduction	317	(1)
Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism	318	(5)
Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Specific Ligands	323	(7)
Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography	330	(4)
Functional MRI	334	(2)
Diffusion-Weighted MRI	336	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	336	(6)
Electrophysiological Imaging	342	(15)
References	343	(14)
MRI in Multiple Sclerosis
Guojun Zhao
David K. B. Li
Donald Paty
Imaging in the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis	357	(7)
MRI in Natural History Studies of Multiple Sclerosis	364	(8)
Clinical Correlations with MRI Findings	372	(2)
MRI-Pathological Correlation	374	(1)
Application of MRI in Monitoring of Clinical Trials	375	(4)
Evaluation of in Vivo Pathology with Newer MR Techniques	379	(2)
Summary	381	(7)
References	381	(7)
Structural and Functional Imaging of Cerebral Neoplasia
Jeffry R. Alger
Timothy F. Cloughesy
Introduction	388	(1)
The Clinical Challenges	388	(15)
Recent Neuroimaging Progress Related to Intracranial Neoplasms	403	(8)
Summary and a Look into the Crystal Ball	411	(6)
References	412	(5)
Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Cerebellum
Sid Gilman
Mary Heumann
Larry Junck
Introduction	417	(1)
Friedreich's Ataxia	418	(3)
The Hereditary Cerebellar Degenerations	421	(11)
The Sporadic Cerebellar Degenerations	432	(28)
References	447	(13)
III Pediatric Disorders
Dyslexia and Related Learning Disorders: Recent Advances from Brain Imaging Studies
Michel Habib
Jean-Francois Demonet
Brain Mechanisms in Dyslexia: An Overview, with Special Emphasis on Morphological Brain Imaging	460	(5)
Event-Related Potentials and Developmental Language Disorders	465	(1)
Functional Brain Imaging in Dyslexia	466	(12)
Conclusion	478	(7)
References	479	(6)
IV Psychiatric Disorders
Depression
Helen S. Mayberg
Introduction	485	(1)
Depression in Neurological Disease	486	(5)
Idiopathic Depression	491	(6)
Parallel Studies of Normal Sadness	497	(1)
Working Model of Depression	498	(11)
References	500	(9)
The Neurobiology of Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Functional Neuroimaging Perspective
P. Chua
R. J. Dolan
Introduction	509	(1)
Conceptual Issues in Neurobiological Accounts of Anxiety	510	(1)
Fear and Emotional Processing in the Brain	511	(1)
Neuroimaging Studies of Fear Processing	512	(1)
Classical Conditioning as a Model of Fear Learning	512	(2)
Processing Learned Fear Responses with and without Awareness	514	(1)
Amygdala Interactions Related to Processing Aware and Nonaware Fear-Relevant Stimuli	515	(1)
Induction of Anxiety in Volunteer Subjects	516	(1)
Psychopathological Studies of Anxiety Disorders	517	(1)
A Neuroanatomical Model of Anxiety	518	(1)
Outstanding Issues in Understanding Mechanisms of Anxiety	519	(1)
A Model of Emotional Processing	519	(1)
Conclusions	520	(3)
References	520	(3)
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Schizophrenia
Sarah-J. Blakemore
Chris D. Frith
Introduction	523	(2)
Neuropathology	525	(1)
Structural Studies	525	(3)
Neuroreceptor Imaging of Antipsychotics Using PET	528	(1)
Cognitive Activation Studies	529	(8)
Imaging Symptoms	537	(2)
Obstacles to Functional Neuroimaging and Schizophrenia Studies	539	(2)
Conclusion	541	(4)
References	541	(4)
Addictive States
Frank W. Telang
Nora D. Volkow
Introduction	545	(1)
Pharmacological Properties of Drugs of Abuse in the Human Brain	546	(3)
Imaging and Addictive Processes: Evaluation of the Addicted Subject	549	(1)
Studies with Abused Drugs	550	(12)
Conclusions	562	(7)
References	562	(7)
V Therapeutics and Recovery of Function
Plasticity
Mark Hallett
Introduction	569	(1)
Methods	570	(1)
Peripheral Lesions	571	(4)
Spinal Cord Lesions	575	(1)
Brain Lesions	575	(2)
Activity/Learning	577	(4)
Blind, Cross-Modal Plasticity	581	(1)
Severe Sensory Neuropathy	582	(1)
Maladaptive Plasticity	582	(6)
References	584	(4)
Recovery of Neurological Function
Francois Chollet
Cornelius Weiller
Evidence for Spontaneous Cerebral Reorganization during Recovery in Stroke Patients	588	(2)
Learning Processes and Recovery of Neurological Function	590	(2)
Pharmacological Approach to Recovery of Neurological Function: Neuromodulation of Brain Networks	592	(7)
References	594	(5)
Therapeutics: Pharmacologic
William H. Theodore
Introduction	599	(1)
Imaging Studies of the Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs	600	(6)
Drugs in Basal Ganglia and Movement Disorders	606	(1)
Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia	606	(1)
Imaging Studies of ``Antipsychotic'' Drugs	607	(2)
Conclusion: The Possibility of Individualizing Therapy	609	(4)
References	609	(4)
Therapeutics: Surgical
Robert S. Turner
Thomas Henry
Scott T. Grafton
Introduction	613	(2)
Surgical Therapies for Parkinson's Disease	615	(17)
Surgical Therapies for Tremor	632	(1)
Surgical Therapies for Epilepsy	632	(14)
Summary	646	(9)
References	646	(9)
Index	655