This book provides a detailed summary of bridge loads from an international perspective. The authors cover all aspects from the methodology behind the calculation of bridge loads and the complex interactions between loads and bridges.

Colin O'Connor, Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering, the University of Queensland, Australia Peter A. Shaw, Senior Engineer, Brisbane City Council, Australia

Acknowledgements

viii

Introduction

1

(13)

Failure

14

(45)

The nature of failure

14

(2)

The collapse of a building frame

16

(11)

Failure under moving loads

27

(9)

Case studies

36

(15)

Brittle fracture

51

(5)

Fatigue

56

(3)

Design philosophies

59

(13)

Design at working loads

59

(1)

Design for collapse

60

(1)

Limit states design

61

(11)

Codes of practice

72

(42)

Introduction

72

(1)

British codes for highway bridges

72

(6)

Standard specifications for American highway bridges

78

(5)

Ontario and Canadian highway bridge design codes

83

(7)

Some European codes for highway bridges

90

(4)

Eurocode for highway bridges

94

(2)

Australian codes for highway bridges

96

(4)

British Standards for railway bridges

100

(4)

American Railway Engineering Association

104

(2)

Eurocode for railway bridges

106

(1)

Australian code for railway bridges

107

(2)

South African Bridge Code

109

(1)

Review

109

(5)

Selection of primary loads and load factors

114

(50)

Probability models

114

(8)

Probability of failure for non-normal distributions

122

(2)

Code calibration

124

(6)

Selection of the primary live loads

130

(16)

Legal limits and costs

146

(9)

Bridge life and acceptable risk

155

(3)

Reserves of strength

158

(1)

Bridge evaluation and proof testing

159

(2)

Serviceability loads

161

(3)

Multiple presence, progressive failure and fatigue

164

(18)

Multiple presence

164

(10)

Progressive failure

174

(2)

Fatigue loading

176

(6)

Dynamic vehicle loads

182

(43)

Introduction

182

(1)

Measured impact values

183

(11)

Road and rail roughness

194

(4)

Analyses for bridge-vehicle interaction

198

(18)

Code provisions for horizontal dynamic loads

216

(9)

Light rail

225

(9)

Pedestrian and cycle loads

234

(10)

Nature of pedestrian loading

234

(5)

Periodic and impulsive loads

239

(2)

Perception of vibration

241

(3)

Barrier and railing loads

244

(15)

Vehicle barriers

244

(10)

Pedestrian and bicycle barriers

254

(1)

Light rail barriers

255

(1)

Railway barriers

256

(3)

Stream loads

259

(30)

Introduction

259

(3)

Stream flows

262

(10)

Scour

272

(7)

Flow loads on piers and bridges

279

(4)

Debris and ship-impact loads

283

(3)

Effects of ice

286

(3)

Wind, earthquake and temperature effects

289

(38)

Wind velocities

289

(9)

Wind forces

298

(6)

Buffeting

304

(3)

Aerodynamic instability

307

(9)

Earthquake loads

316

(7)

Temperature effects

323

(4)

Bibliography

327

(16)

Index

343

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