Brief Introduction to Probability and Statistics

by Mendenhall, William; Beaver, Robert J.; Beaver, Barbara M.

• ISBN13: 9780534387778
• ISBN10: 0534387772
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-09-07
• Publisher: Cengage Learning
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This brief version of the authors' classic text retains the traditional outline for the coverage of descriptive and inferential statistics. The user-friendly presentation includes features such as Key Concepts and Formulas, and helps students grasp the material while not sacrificing the statistical integrity of the subject. MINITAB'„¢ (Versions 12 and 13) is used exclusively as the computer package for statistical analysis in this text.

Table of Contents

Introduction: An Invitation to Statistics	1	(2)
The Population and the Sample	3	(1)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	3	(1)
Achieving the Objective of Inferential Statistics: The Necessary Steps	4	(3)
Describing Data with Graphs	7	(40)
Variables and Data	8	(2)
Types of Variables	10	(1)
Graphs for Categorical Data	11	(7)
Graphs for Quantitative Data	18	(7)
Relative Frequency Histograms	25	(22)
Introduction to Minitab	34	(11)
How Is Your Blood Pressure?	45	(2)
Describing Data with Numerical Measures	47	(46)
Describing a Set of Data with Numerical Measures	48	(1)
Measures of Center	48	(7)
Measures of Variability	55	(7)
On the Practical Significance of the Standard Deviation	62	(4)
A Check on the Calculation of s	66	(6)
Measures of Relative Standing	72	(5)
The Box Plot	77	(16)
Numerical Descriptive Measures	84	(7)
The Boys of Summer	91	(2)
Describing Bivariate Data	93	(25)
Bivariate Data	94	(1)
Graphs for Qualitative Variables	94	(4)
Scatterplots for Two Quantitative Variables	98	(2)
Numerical Measures for Quantitative Bivariate Data	100	(18)
Describing Bivariate Data	108	(8)
Do You Think Your Dishes Are Really Clean?	116	(2)
Probability and Probability Distributions	118	(61)
The Role of Probability in Statistics	119	(1)
Events and the Sample Space	119	(4)
Calculating Probabilities Using Simple Events	123	(7)
Useful Counting Rules (Optional)	130	(8)
Event Composition and Event Relations	138	(3)
Conditional Probability and Independence	141	(11)
Bayes' Rule (Optional)	152	(6)
Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions	158	(21)
Discrete Probability Distributions	169	(8)
Probability and Decision Making in the Congo	177	(2)
Several Useful Discrete Distributions	179	(35)
Introduction	180	(1)
The Binomial Probability Distribution	180	(13)
The Poisson Probability Distribution	193	(6)
The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution	199	(15)
Binomial and Poisson Probabilities	203	(9)
A Mystery: Cancers Near a Reactor	212	(2)
The Normal Probability Distribution	214	(30)
Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables	215	(2)
The Normal Probability Distribution	217	(1)
Tabulated Areas of the Normal Probability Distribution	218	(10)
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Probability Distribution (Optional)	228	(16)
Normal Probabilities	236	(6)
The Long and the Short of It	242	(2)
Sampling Distributions	244	(42)
Introduction	245	(1)
Sampling Plans and Experimental Designs	245	(5)
Statistics and Sampling Distributions	250	(3)
The Central Limit Theorem	253	(3)
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean	256	(7)
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion	263	(5)
A Sampling Application: Statistical Process Control (Optional)	268	(18)
The Central Limit Theorem at Work	276	(8)
Sampling the Roulette at Monte Carlo	284	(2)
Large-Sample Estimation	286	(50)
Where We've Been	287	(1)
Where We're Going---Statistical Inference	287	(2)
Types of Estimators	289	(1)
Point Estimation	289	(9)
Interval Estimation	298	(10)
Estimating the Difference Between Two Population Means	308	(6)
Estimating the Difference Between Two Binomial Proportions	314	(5)
One-Sided Confidence Bounds	319	(1)
Choosing the Sample Size	320	(16)
How Reliable Is That Poll?	334	(2)
Large-Sample Tests of Hypotheses	336	(46)
Testing Hypotheses about Population Parameters	337	(1)
A Statistical Test of Hypothesis	337	(4)
A Large-Sample Test about a Population Mean	341	(13)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for the Difference between Two Population Means	354	(7)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for a Binomial Proportion	361	(5)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for the Difference between Two Binomial Proportions	366	(6)
Some Comments on Testing Hypotheses	372	(10)
An Aspirin a Day...?	379	(3)
Inference from Small Samples	382	(69)
Introduction	383	(1)
Student's t Distribution	383	(4)
Small-Sample Inferences Concerning a Population Mean	387	(8)
Small-Sample Inferences for the Difference between Two Population Means: Independent Random Samples	395	(11)
Small-Sample Inferences for the Difference between Two Means: A Paired-Difference Test	406	(10)
Inferences Concerning a Population Variance	416	(8)
Comparing Two Population Variances	424	(8)
Revisiting the Small-Sample Assumptions	432	(19)
Small-Sample Testing and Estimation	434	(15)
How Would You Like a Four-Day Work Week?	449	(2)
The Analysis of Variance	451	(33)
The Design of an Experiment	452	(1)
What Is an Analysis of Variance?	453	(1)
The Assumptions for an Analysis of Variance	454	(1)
The Completely Randomized Design: A One-Way Classification	454	(1)
The Analysis of Variance for a Completely Randomized Design	455	(13)
Ranking Population Means	468	(4)
Revisiting the Analysis of Variance Assumptions	472	(5)
A Brief Summary	477	(7)
Analysis of Variance Procedures	478	(4)
``Are You at Risk?''	482	(2)
Linear Regression and Correlation	484	(49)
Introduction	485	(1)
A Simple Linear Probabilistic Model	485	(3)
The Method of Least Squares	488	(3)
An Analysis of Variance for Linear Regression	491	(4)
Testing the Usefulness of the Linear Regression Model	495	(8)
Estimation and Prediction Using the Fitted Line	503	(7)
Revisiting the Regression Assumptions	510	(5)
Correlation Analysis	515	(18)
Linear Regression Procedures	522	(8)
Is Your Car ``Made in the U.S.A.''?	530	(3)
Analysis of Categorical Data	533	(36)
A Description of the Experiment	534	(1)
Pearson's Chi-Square Statistic	535	(1)
Testing Specified Cell Probabilities: The Goodness-of-Fit Test	536	(5)
Contingency Tables: A Two-Way Classification	541	(7)
Comparing Several Multinomial Populations: A Two-Way Classification with Fixed Row or Column Totals	548	(6)
The Equivalence of Statistical Tests	554	(1)
Other Applications of the Chi-Square Test	555	(14)
The Chi-Square Test	557	(10)
Can a Marketing Approach Improve Library Services?	567	(2)
Appendix I Tables	569	(27)
Table 1 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities	569	(7)
Table 2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities	576	(2)
Table 3 Normal Curve Areas	578	(1)
Table 4 Critical Values of t	579	(1)
Table 5 Critical Values of Chi-Square	580	(2)
Table 6 Percentage Points of the F Distribution	582	(8)
Table 7 Random Numbers	590	(2)
Table 8 Percentage Points of the Studentized Range, q(k, df)	592	(4)
Answers to Selected Exercises	596	(19)
Index	615