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9781119722854

Building Services Engineering Smart and Sustainable Design for Health and Wellbeing

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781119722854

  • ISBN10:

    1119722853

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2021-02-01
  • Publisher: Wiley
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Summary

Building Services Engineering: Smart and Sustainable Design for Health and Wellbeing covers the design practices of existing engineering building services and how these traditional methods integrate with newer, smarter developments. These new developments include areas such as smart ventilation, smart glazing systems, smart batteries, smart lighting, smart soundproofing, smart sensors and meters. Combined, these all amount to a healthier lifestyle for the people living within these indoor climates. With over one hundred fully worked examples and tutorial questions, Building Services Engineering: Smart and Sustainable Design for Health and Wellbeing encourages the reader to consider sustainable alternatives within their buildings in order to create a healthier environment for users.

Author Biography

Professor Tarik Al-Shemmeri is an Independent Consultant and a Visiting Lecturer to the School of Chemical Engineering at the University of Birmingham, UK. He has lectured, researched and published many research papers and text books in the area of thermo-fluids, renewable energy, and power generation.

Neil Packer is a Chartered Engineer who has taught Mechanical Engineering to students in the Higher Education sector for over 25 years. He has acted as an Energy Consultant on a range of low carbon projects in the UK, mainland Europe, and North Africa.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii

Structure of the Book xv

Notation xxi

1 Ambient Air1

1.1 Overview 1

Learning Outcomes 1

1.2 Why Ambient Air Is Important? 1

1.3 Air Composition 2

1.4 Gas Mixtures 3

1.4.1 Mixture Laws 3

1.4.2 Dalton’s Law 4

1.4.3 Gibbs–Dalton Law 5

1.4.4 Ideal Gas Behaviour and the Equation of State 6

1.5 Air Thermodynamic and Transport Properties 7

1.5.1 Gas Density 7

1.5.2 Dynamic Viscosity 7

1.5.3 Specific Heat Capacity 9

1.5.4 Thermal Conductivity 10

1.5.5 Heat Transfer Coefficient 10

1.5.6 Combinations of Properties 11

1.6 Important Energy Concepts 12

1.6.1 First Law of Thermodynamics 12

1.6.2 Thermal Energy 13

1.6.3 Rate of Thermodynamic Work 14

1.6.4 Nonthermal Energy 14

1.6.5 Non-flow Conditions 15

1.6.6 Entropy 15

1.7 Worked Examples 16

1.8 Tutorial Problems 21

2 The Thermodynamics of the Human Machine and Thermal Comfort 25

2.1 Overview 25

Learning Outcomes 25

2.2 Thermal Comfort of Human Beings 26

2.3 Energy Balance of the Human Body 26

2.4 Metabolism ( ̇ M) and Physical Work ( ̇ W) 27

2.4.1 Latent Heat Loss 28

2.4.1.1 Heat Loss by Perspiration 28

2.4.1.2 Heat Loss by Respiration 29

2.4.2 Sensible Heat Loss 29

2.4.2.1 Heat Loss by Conduction 29

2.4.2.2 Heat Loss by Convection 30

2.4.2.3 Heat Loss by Radiation 30

2.5 Optimum Comfort Temperature 31

2.6 Estimation of Thermal Comfort 31

2.7 Worked Examples 33

2.8 Tutorial Problems 41

3 Ventilation 45

3.1 Overview 45

Learning Outcomes 45

3.2 Concentrations, Contaminants, and the Decay Equation 46

3.2.1 Concentrations 46

3.2.2 The Decay Equation 47

3.3 Natural Ventilation 48

3.3.1 Stack Effect Ventilation 48

3.3.2 Wind Effect Ventilation 50

3.3.3 Combined Wind and Stack Effect Ventilation 51

3.3.4 Infiltration 52

3.4 Mechanical Ventilation 52

3.5 Fan Types and Selection 53

3.5.1 Selection of Fans 54

3.6 Duct Sizing and Fan Matching 56

3.6.1 Duct Pressure Losses 56

3.6.2 Selecting Duct Sizes 57

3.6.3 Fan Sizing 60

3.6.4 Fan-System Characteristics and Matching 61

3.6.5 Fan Laws 62

3.7 Worked Examples 63

3.8 Tutorial Problems 73

 

4 Psychrometry and Air Conditioning 75

4.1 Overview 75

Learning Outcomes 75

4.2 Psychrometric Properties 75

4.2.1 Pressure 75

4.2.2 Temperature 76

4.2.3 Water Content 76

4.2.4 Condensation 77

4.2.5 Energy Content 77

4.2.6 Mass Flow and Volume 78

4.3 The Psychrometric Chart 78

4.4 Air-Conditioning Processes 80

4.5 Air-Conditioning Cycles 86

4.5.1 Air-Conditioning Plant Variations 87

4.6 Worked Examples 91

4.7 Tutorial Problems 103

5 The Building Envelope 107

5.1 Overview 107

Learning Outcomes 107

5.2 Variation in Meteorological Conditions 107

5.2.1 Temperature and Humidity 108

5.2.2 Wind 108

5.2.3 Solar Irradiation 108

5.3 Heat Transfer 109

5.3.1 Conduction 109

5.3.2 Convection 111

5.3.3 Radiation 112

5.4 Solar Irradiation 113

5.4.1 Solar Time 114

5.4.2 Solar Angles 115

5.4.3 Surface Irradiation 117

5.5 Heat Losses/Gains Across the Envelope 118

5.5.1 Opaque Elements, i.e. Walls, Doors, Roofs, Floors, and Cavities 118

5.5.2 Transparent Elements, i.e. Windows, Roof Lights, Light Wells, Atria 119

5.5.3 Unsteady State Heat Transfer 122

5.6 Moisture and Air Transfer 125

5.6.1 Water Vapour Generation and Control 125

5.6.2 Vapour Pressure Gradients and Moisture Transfer 125

5.6.3 Prediction of Interstitial Building Fabric Condensation 126

5.6.4 Air Transfer 127

5.7 Internal Heat Gains 128

5.8 Worked Examples 128

5.9 Tutorial Problems 139

6 Refrigeration and Heat Pumps 143

6.1 Overview 143

Learning Outcomes 143

6.2 Choice of Refrigerants 144

6.2.1 Choice of Refrigerant for Vapour Compression Systems 146

6.2.2 Choice of Refrigerant–Absorbent Pairings for Vapour Absorption Systems 147

6.3 Heat Pump, Refrigeration, and Vapour Compression Cycles 147

6.3.1 Carnot Cycle 149

6.3.2 Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle 150

6.3.3 Practical Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle 151

6.3.4 Irreversibilities in Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles 152

6.3.5 Multistage-Vapour Compression Refrigeration 152

6.3.6 Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems with a Single Compressor 154

6.4 Absorption Refrigeration 155

6.4.1 Thermodynamic analysis 157

6.5 Adsorption Refrigeration 159

6.6 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration 159

6.7 Reverse Brayton–Air Refrigeration Cycle 162

6.8 Steam Jet Refrigeration Cycle 163

6.9 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 165

6.10 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 166

6.11 Worked Examples 167

6.12 Tutorial Problems 179

7 Acoustic Factors 185

7.1 Overview 185

Learning Outcomes 185

7.2 The Human Ear 185

7.3 SoundWaves 187

7.3.1 Wave Motion 187

7.3.2 Wave Characteristics 189

7.4 Power, Intensity, and Pressure 190

7.4.1 The Bel 190

7.4.2 Sound Levels 190

7.4.2.1 Sound Power Level (LW) 190

7.4.2.2 Sound Intensity Level (LI ) 191

7.4.2.3 Sound Pressure Level (Lp) 191

7.4.2.4 Sound-Level Interrelationships 192

7.5 Laws of Sound Combination 193

7.6 Sound Propagation 193

7.6.1 Sound Attenuation 194

7.7 Sound Fields 199

7.7.1 Free Field 200

7.7.2 Diffuse Field 200

7.7.3 Far-Field 201

7.7.4 Near Field 201

7.8 Acoustic Pollution or Noise 201

7.8.1 Effect on Humans 202

7.8.2 Noise Standards 202

7.9 Worked Examples 203

7.10 Tutorial Problems 208

 

8 Visual Factors 211

8.1 Overview 211

Learning Outcomes 211

8.2 The Human Eye 211

8.3 Light Sources and Receivers 212

8.4 Laws of Illumination 215

8.5 Lamp Types 217

8.5.1 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 218

8.5.2 Gas/Vapour Discharge Lamps 218

8.5.2.1 Tubular Fluorescents 218

8.5.2.2 Metal Vapour/Metal Halide Lamps 218

8.5.2.3 Sodium Lamps 219

8.5.3 Incandescent Lamps 220

8.5.3.1 Tungsten Filament 220

8.5.3.2 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 220

8.5.4 Luminous Efficacy 221

8.6 Luminaires and Directional Control 222

8.6.1 Reflection 222

8.6.2 Refraction 222

8.6.3 Diffusion 223

8.6.4 Directional Performance Ratios 223

8.6.5 Lumen Method 224

8.6.6 Glare 225

8.7 Worked Examples 226

8.8 Tutorial Problems 232

9 Cleaning the Air 235

9.1 Overview 235

Learning Outcomes 235

9.2 Concentration and Exposure 236

9.2.1 Concentration Conversions 236

9.2.2 Pollutant Exposure 236

9.3 Particulate Pollution 236

9.3.1 Nature of Particulates 236

9.3.2 Stokes Law and Terminal Velocity 237

9.4 Principles of Particulate Collection 240

9.4.1 Collection Surfaces 240

9.4.2 Collection Devices 241

9.4.3 Fractional Collection Efficiency 242

9.5 Control Technologies 242

9.5.1 Gravity Settlers 243

9.5.1.1 Model 1: Unmixed Flow Model 243

9.5.1.2 Model 2: Well-Mixed Flow Model 244

9.5.2 Centrifugal Separators or Cyclones 246

9.5.3 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) 250

9.5.4 Fabric Filters 254

9.6 Non-particulate Pollutants 257

9.6.1 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx, NO, NO2) 257

9.6.2 Ozone (O3) 257

9.6.3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 258

9.6.4 Radon 258

9.6.5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 258

9.6.6 Micro-organisms 259

9.7 Principles of Non-particulate Collection 259

9.7.1 Adsorption 259

9.7.2 Ultraviolet Technologies 259

9.7.3 Plasma Cleaning 260

9.8 Pressure Drop Considerations 260

9.9 Worked Examples 261

9.10 Tutorial Problems 268

10 Solar Energy Applications 271

10.1 Overview 271

Learning Outcomes 271

10.2 Solar Thermal Collector Technologies 271

10.2.1 Flat-Plate Glazed Collectors 271

10.2.2 Evacuated Tube Collectors 272

10.2.3 Solar Thermal Collector Efficiency (ηc) 273

10.2.4 Solar Thermal Air Heaters 275

10.3 Solar Electricity 276

10.3.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells 277

10.3.2 PV Cell Shading 278

10.3.3 PV Energy Production 279

10.4 Ground-Based Energy Sources 279

10.4.1 Direct Ground Heating/Cooling 281

10.4.2 Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) 281

10.5 Energy Storage 281

10.5.1 Thermal Energy Storage 281

10.5.1.1 Sensible Heat Storage 282

10.5.1.2 Latent Heat Storage 283

10.5.2 Electrical Energy Storage 284

10.5.3 Battery Technologies 286

10.6 Daylighting 288

10.7 Worked Examples 289

10.8 Tutorial Problems 297

11 Measurements and Monitoring 301

11.1 Overview 301

Learning Outcomes 301

11.2 Compositional Parameters 302

11.2.1 Gaseous Concentration Measurement 302

11.2.1.1 Matter–Photon Interaction 302

11.2.2 Particulates Concentration Measurement 303

11.3 Physical Parameters 303

11.3.1 Pressure Measurement Principles 303

11.3.2 Temperature Measurement Principles 304

11.3.2.1 Resistance Thermometers 306

11.3.2.2 Thermocouples 306

11.3.2.3 Thermistor 307

11.3.3 Humidity Measurement Principles 309

11.3.3.1 Wet- and Dry-Bulb Hygrometer (Relative humidity) 310

11.3.4 Velocity Measurement Principles 311

11.3.4.1 Differential Pressure Meters 311

11.3.4.2 Anemometers 312

11.3.4.3 Optical Methods 313

11.4 Visual and Aural Parameters 314

11.4.1 Light Measurement Principles 314

11.4.2 Sound Measurement Principles 314

11.5 Utility Measurement and Metering 315

11.5.1 Electricity Metering 315

11.5.2 Gas Metering 316

11.5.3 Water Flow Metering 317

11.5.4 Heat Metering 320

11.5.5 Energy and Building Management Systems 321

11.6 Worked Examples 321

11.7 Tutorial Problems 327

12 Drivers, Standards, and Methodologies 331

12.1 Overview 331

Learning Outcomes 331

12.2 Compliance Considerations 332

12.2.1 Energy Performance of Buildings (EPB) Standards and the Energy Performance

of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 332

12.2.2 UK Building Regulations and Approved Documents 333

12.2.3 SAP, RdSAP, and SBEM (UK) 333

12.2.4 Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) 334

12.2.5 Ecodesign and Energy Related Products (ErP) 335

12.2.6 Lamp and Lighting Standards 335

12.2.7 Noise Standards 335

12.2.8 Indoor Environmental Design Parameters 336

12.3 External Certification and Recognition 336

12.3.1 BREEAM 336

12.3.2 Passivhaus 337

12.3.3 WELL Standards 338

12.3.4 LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 338

12.4 Operational Considerations 338

12.4.1 Post Occupancy Evaluation 338

12.4.2 Building Owner Manuals and Building Logbooks 339

12.4.3 Display Energy Certificates (DECs) 339

12.4.4 Air-Conditioning Reports 340

12.4.5 F-Gas Regulations 340

12.4.6 Indoor Air Pollutants 340

12.4.7 Prevention of Legionellosis 342

13 Emerging Technologies 343

13.1 Overview 343

13.2 Smart Ventilation 343

13.3 Smart Active Glazing 344

13.4 Cooling Technologies 345

13.4.1 Elasto-Caloric Refrigeration 345

13.4.2 Magneto-Caloric Refrigeration 347

13.4.3 Electro-Caloric Refrigeration 348

13.4.4 Baro-Caloric Refrigeration 349

13.4.5 New and Re-Emerging Refrigerants 349

13.5 Smart Tuneable Acoustic Insulation 350

13.6 Smart (Human Centric) Lighting Design 351

13.7 Active Botanical Air Filtration 351

13.8 Peak Lopping Thermal Mass 352

13.9 Smart Batteries 353

13.10 Smart Sensors and Meters 353

13.11 Smart Microgrids 355

13.12 Hydrogen 356

13.12.1 Methane Combustion Chemistry 356

13.12.2 Hydrogen Combustion Chemistry 356

13.12.3 Fuel Property Comparison 357

13.12.4 Fuel Substitution 357

14 Closing Remarks 359

Appendix A The Psychrometric Chart 361

Appendix B Refrigerant Thermodynamic Properties 363

Bibliography 367

Index 369

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