Cardiac Nursing

by Woods, Susan L.; Froelicher, Erika Sivarajan; Motzer, Sandra Adams (Underhill); Bridges, Elizabeth

• ISBN13: 9780781747189
• ISBN10: 078174718X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-02
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

Now thoroughly updated with current, evidence-based material, Cardiac Nursing is recognized as "The Red Reference Book" for nurses caring for patients who have, or are at risk for developing, cardiac diseases. Organized within the framework of the nursing process, this comprehensive clinical reference provides complete information on the assessment, pathophysiology, management, and prevention of heart diseases and details the rationale and evidence for interventions. This edition has seven brand-new chapters on inflammation, atherosclerosis, genetics, heart rate variability, complementary and alternative medicine, disease management models, and nuclear and other scans. Boxes of evidence-based content have been added within chapters where appropriate.

Table of Contents

PART I Anatomy and Physiology	1	(108)
Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology	3	(46)
Eleanor F. Bond
General Anatomic Description	3	(3)
Cardiac Structures	6	(3)
Cardiac Tissue	9	(3)
Coronary Circulation	12	(4)
Cardiac Innervation	16	(1)
Myocardial Cell Structure	16	(1)
Myocardial Cell Electrical Characteristics	17	(5)
Cardiac Action Potential	22	(4)
Sarcolemmal Ionic Currents	26	(2)
Factors Modifying Electrophysiologic Function	28	(1)
Propagation of the Cardiac Impulse	29	(3)
Mechanical Characteristics of Cardiac Cells	32	(3)
Mechanical Properties of the Myocardium	35	(6)
Myocardial Metabolism	41	(1)
Physiology of the Coronary Circulation	41	(2)
The Cardiac Cycle	43	(6)
Systemic Circulation	49	(22)
Elizabeth J. Bridges
Structural Characteristics of the Vasculature and Lymphatics	49	(4)
Local Regulation	53	(5)
Neurohumoral Stimulation	58	(2)
Calcium	60	(1)
Volume and Flow Distribution	61	(2)
The Arterial System	63	(1)
The Venous System	64	(1)
Microcirculatory Exchange	65	(2)
The Lymphatic System	67	(4)
Pulmonary Circulation and Gas Transport	71	(10)
Joseph O. Schmelz
Polly E. Gardner
Structural/Anatomic	71	(1)
Physiology	72	(3)
Gas Transport	75	(2)
Oxygen Delivery, Consumption, Extraction and Cardiac Output	77	(1)
Oxygen Consumption-Delivery Relationship	78	(1)
Monitoring Oxygenation	78	(3)
Regulation of Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure	81	(28)
Elizabeth J. Bridges
Afferent Input and Receptor	81	(2)
Central Nervous System Regulation	83	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System Regulation	84	(5)
Systemic Hormones	89	(3)
Heart Rate	92	(1)
Intrinsic Cardiac Control	93	(1)
Extrinsic Control: Pericardial Limitation	94	(1)
Long-Term Control of Blood Pressure	94	(2)
Local Regulation of Systemic Microvascular Beds	96	(2)
Venous System	98	(1)
Models of Cardiac Performance	99	(3)
Additional Effects of Respiration	102	(1)
Overall Control	102	(7)
PART II Physiologic and Pathologic Responses	109	(118)
Genetics	111	(16)
Bradley Aouizerat
DNA	111	(2)
DNA and Human Diversity	113	(1)
Genetic Variation	113	(1)
Gene Testing	114	(1)
The Human Genome Project	114	(1)
Pharmacogenomics	114	(1)
Biochemical Basis of Genetic Disease	115	(1)
Overview: Heart Disease	115	(1)
The Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease	116	(2)
Evidence for a Genetic Basis of Coronary Artery Disease	118	(2)
Diagnosis and Risk Assessment: Application of Genetic Susceptibility Information in the Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease	120	(1)
Ethical Considerations	121	(1)
Summary	121	(6)
Inflammation	127	(12)
Bradley Aouizerat
Introduction	127	(1)
Overview of the Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease	128	(1)
Brain Natriuretic Peptide	129	(1)
Circulating Adhesion Molecules	129	(1)
Fibrinogen	130	(1)
High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein	130	(1)
Homocysteine	131	(1)
Interleukin 6	132	(1)
Serum Amyloid A	133	(1)
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha	133	(1)
von Willebrand Factor	134	(1)
Conclusion	134	(5)
Atherosclerosis	139	(11)
Bradley Aouizerat
American Heart Association Lesion Classification System	139	(4)
Cells and Extracellular Matrix of Lesions	143	(2)
Vascular Surface Defects and Hematoma	145	(1)
Lesion Types and Morphology: Correlation with Clinical Syndromes	146	(1)
Conclusion	146	(4)
Hematopoiesis, Coagulation, and Bleeding	150	(23)
Nancy Munro
Hematopoietic Cells	150	(4)
Hemostasis	154	(3)
Coagulation-Inflammation Link	157	(1)
Bleeding Disorders	158	(4)
Clotting Disorders	162	(11)
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Imbalance	173	(16)
Linda Felver
Principles of Fluid Balance	173	(2)
Extracellular Fluid Volume Balance	175	(1)
Osmolality Balance	176	(1)
Principles of Electrolyte Balance	177	(2)
Electrolyte Imbalances	179	(7)
Summary	186	(3)
Acid-Base Balance and Imbalances	189	(8)
Linda Felver
Principles of Acid-Base Balance	189	(2)
Acid-Base Imbalances	191	(4)
Summary	195	(2)
Sleep	197	(23)
Kathy P. Parker
Sandra B. Dunbar
Normal Sleep	197	(5)
The Regulation of Sleeping and Waking	202	(1)
Physiology During Sleep	202	(2)
Impaired Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness	204	(1)
Sleep in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease	205	(3)
Cardiac Events in Sleep	208	(1)
Sleep-Related Disordered Breathing	209	(1)
Sleep-Related Adverse Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease	210	(1)
Nursing Management	211	(2)
The Health Care Providers' Sleep	213	(1)
Summary	213	(7)
Physiologic Adaptations with Aging	220	(7)
Barbara S. Levine
Ruth F. Craven
General Physiologic Changes	221	(1)
Cardiovascular Changes	222	(1)
Respiratory Changes	223	(1)
Renal Changes	224	(1)
Hepatic Changes	225	(1)
Effects of Aging on Pharmacokinetics	225	(1)
Summary	225	(2)
PART III Assessment of Heart Disease	227	(312)
History Taking and Physical Examination	229	(36)
Barbara S. Levine
Cardiovascular History	229	(5)
Physical Assessment	234	(31)
Laboratory Tests Using Blood	265	(31)
Susan L. Reed
Blood Specimen Collection	265	(4)
Cardiac Markers	269	(7)
Blood Lipids	276	(2)
Additional Laboratory Tests Associated with Cardiac Disease	278	(3)
Hematologic Studies	281	(2)
Blood Cultures	283	(1)
Coagulation Studies	283	(3)
Arterial Blood Gases	286	(1)
Blood Chemistries	286	(2)
Selected Chemistries	288	(3)
Serum Concentration of Selected Drugs	291	(5)
Radiologic Examination of the Chest	296	(11)
Jon S. Huseby
Denise Ledoux
How X-Rays Work	296	(1)
Interpretation of Chest Radiographs	297	(1)
Chest Film Findings in Acute Care Determining Line, Tube, and Catheter Placement	297	(1)
Chest Film Findings in Cardiovascular Disease	297	(10)
Echocardiography	307	(12)
Margaret L. Hall
Technical Aspects	308	(1)
Special Techniques	309	(3)
Echocardiography of Cardiac Structures in Health and Disease	312	(5)
Newer Techniques	317	(1)
Conclusion	318	(1)
Nuclear and Other Imaging Studies	319	(7)
Laurie Soine
Margaret Hanrahan
Nuclear Studies of the heart	319	(7)
Electrocardiography	326	(35)
Carol Jacobson
Electrical Conduction Through the Heart	326	(2)
Basic Electrocardiography	328	(2)
The 12-Lead Electrocardiogram	330	(6)
Axis Determination	336	(1)
Intraventricular Conduction Abnormalities	337	(5)
Ischemia, Injury, and Infarction	342	(7)
Atrial and Ventricular Enlargement	349	(4)
Electrolyte Imbalances	353	(3)
Wellens Syndrome	356	(1)
Brugada Syndrome	357	(4)
Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances	361	(64)
Carol Jacobson
Mechanisms of Arrhythmias	361	(4)
Basic Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances	365	(26)
Complex Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances	391	(34)
Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures	425	(14)
Susan Blancher
Diagnostic Electrophysiology Studies	425	(5)
Interventional Electrophysiology and Catheter Ablation	430	(6)
Nursing Care of the Patient Undergoing Electrophysiology Procedures	436	(3)
Exercise Testing	439	(20)
Jonathan Myers
Indications and Objectives	439	(1)
Safety and Personnel	439	(1)
Pretest Considerations	440	(2)
Exercise Test Selection	442	(3)
Interpretation of Exercise Test Responses	445	(5)
Test Termination	450	(2)
Recovery Period	452	(1)
Assessing Test Accuracy	452	(1)
Ancillary Methods for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease	453	(1)
Gas Exchange Techniques	454	(1)
Prognosis	455	(1)
Exercise Testing in Special Populations	455	(1)
Summary	456	(3)
Cardiac Catheterization	459	(19)
Michaelene Hargrove Deelstra
Carol Jacobson
Indications	459	(1)
Contraindications	460	(1)
Patient Preparation	461	(2)
Procedure	463	(9)
The Nurse in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory	472	(2)
Interpretation of Data	474	(4)
Hemodynamic Monitoring	478	(49)
Elizabeth J. Bridges
Technical Aspects of Invasive Pressure Monitoring	478	(5)
Direct Arterial Pressure Monitoring	483	(5)
Central Venous Pressure Monitoring	488	(1)
Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring	489	(11)
Functional Hemodynamic Indices	500	(3)
Cardiac Output Measurement	503	(2)
Ventricular Function Curves	505	(1)
Continuous Cardiac Output	506	(1)
Less Invasive Methods for Cardiac Output Monitoring	507	(5)
Oxygen Supply and Demand	512	(15)
Heart Rate Variability	527	(12)
Diana McMillan
Robert Burr
Mechanisms of Heart Rate Variability	527	(1)
Heart Rate Variability Measurement	527	(3)
HRV Patterns in Common Cardiovascular Conditions	530	(2)
Factors Influencing Heart Rate Variability	532	(3)
Impact of Interventions on HRV	535	(1)
Summary	536	(3)
PART IV Pathophysiology and Management of Heart Disease	539	(268)
Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome	541	(9)
Polly Gardner
Gaylene Altman
Introduction	541	(1)
Mechanisms That Regulate Coronary Blood Flow	542	(1)
Causes of Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction	542	(1)
Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease	543	(1)
Incidence of Myocardial Ischemia	543	(2)
Incidence of Myocardial Infarction	545	(2)
Implications for Nurses	547	(3)
Acute Coronary Syndromes	550	(35)
Sherri Del Bene
Anne Vaughan
Angina Pectoris	550	(6)
Myocardial Infarction	556	(29)
Interventional Cardiology Techniques	585	(16)
Michaelene Hargrove Deelstra
Percutaneous Coronary Interventions	585	(2)
Percutaneous Coronary Procedures	587	(5)
Complications Associated with PCI	592	(2)
Late Complications of PCI	594	(1)
Adjuctive Modalities	595	(1)
Anticoagulation Options for PCI	596	(1)
Noncoronary Devices	596	(1)
Nursing Management	597	(4)
Heart Failure	601	(27)
Debra Laurent
Etiologies and Definitions	601	(2)
Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis	603	(7)
Clinical Manifestations	610	(2)
Classification	612	(1)
Medical Management	613	(8)
Nursing Management	621	(7)
Cardiac Surgery	628	(31)
Denise Ledoux
Helen Luikart
Evolving Trends in Cardiac Surgery	628	(1)
Preoperative Assessment and Preparation	628	(1)
Surgical Techniques	629	(2)
Cardiac Surgery Procedures for Coronary Artery Revascularization	631	(3)
Cardiac Surgery Procedures for Acquired Structural Heart Disease	634	(8)
Cardiac Transplantation	642	(17)
Acute Heart Failure and Shock	659	(30)
Debra Laurent
Julie A. Shinn
Database for Nursing Management	659	(15)
Nursing Management Plan for the Patient in Shock	674	(15)
Sudden Cardiac Death and Cardiac Arrest	689	(20)
Donna Gerity
Definition of Sudden Death	689	(1)
Pathophysiology and Cause of Sudden Cardiac Arrest	689	(2)
Management of Sudden Cardiac Arrest	691	(13)
Survivors of Cardiac Arrest	704	(3)
Summary	707	(2)
Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators	709	(47)
Carol Jacobson
Donna Gerity
Pacemakers	709	(29)
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators	738	(16)
Conclusion	754	(2)
Acquired Valvular Heart Disease	756	(20)
Denise Ledoux
Database for Nursing Management	756	(20)
Pericardial, Myocardial, and Endocardial Disease	776	(18)
Margaret M. McNeill
Pericardial Disease	776	(6)
Cardiomyopathies	782	(5)
Endocardial Disease	787	(7)
Congenital Heart Disease	794	(13)
Mary M. Canobbio
Incidence and Prevalence	794	(1)
Congenital Heart Defects	794	(1)
Normal Pulmonary Blood Flow-Impairment or Obstruction to Ventricular Outflow	794	(4)
Left-to-Right Shunts with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow	798	(2)
Cyanotic Right-to-Left Shunts with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow	800	(1)
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow	801	(2)
Medical Management Plan	803	(4)
PART V Health Promotion and Disease Prevention	807	(190)
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors	809	(16)
Katherine M. Newton
Erika Sivarajan Froelicher
Demographic Characteristics	810	(1)
Family History of Cardiovascular Disease	810	(1)
Cigarette Smoking	811	(1)
Hypertension	812	(1)
Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins	812	(1)
Physical Activity	813	(2)
Diabetes Mellitus	815	(2)
Body Weight	817	(1)
Reproductive Hormones	818	(1)
Folate and Homocysteine	819	(1)
Antioxidants	820	(1)
Conclusions	820	(5)
Psychosocial Risk Factors: Assessment and Management Interventions	825	(13)
Simone K. Madan
Erika Sivarajan Froelicher
Psychosocial Risk Factors and CHD	825	(3)
Mechanisms for Psychosocial Risk Factors and CHD	828	(1)
Assessment of Psychosocial Risk Factors	829	(1)
Management Interventions for Psychosocial Risk Factors	830	(4)
Pharmacological Interventions	834	(1)
Summary	835	(3)
Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Approach to Managing Patients with Coronary Heart Disease	838	(18)
Kirsten Martin
Erika Sivarajan Froelicher
Harmful Effects of Smoking	839	(1)
Benefits of Smoking Cessation	840	(1)
Theoretical Framework for Smoking Cessation	840	(1)
Smoking Cessation Interventions in the Coronary Heart Disease Population	840	(1)
General Trends in Smoking Cessation Interventions	841	(1)
Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline	841	(8)
Special Areas on Which to Focus	849	(3)
Summary	852	(4)
Hypertension	856	(41)
Susanna Cunningham
Database for Management	856	(11)
Management of High BP	867	(30)
Lipid Management and Coronary Heart Disease	897	(19)
Joan M. Fair
Kathleen A. Berra
Blood Lipids: Structure and Functions	897	(1)
Lipid Metabolism and Transport	898	(1)
Reverse Cholesterol Transport	899	(1)
Low-Density Lipoprotein Variants	900	(1)
Cholesterol and Endothelial Function	900	(1)
Dyslipidemic Disorders	901	(1)
Hypercholesterolemia	901	(1)
The Management of High Blood Cholesterol	902	(3)
Evaluation of the Patient with Elevated Cholesterol	905	(1)
Lipoprotein Measurement	905	(1)
Dietary Management of Hyperlipidemia	905	(3)
Weight Control and Lipid Management	908	(1)
Alcohol and Lipoproteins	909	(1)
Physical Activity and Lipoproteins	909	(1)
Hormones and Lipoproteins	909	(1)
Pharmacologic Management of Hyperlipidemia	910	(6)
Exercise and Activity	916	(21)
Jonathan Myers
Role of Exercise in Cardiovascular Health	916	(5)
Cardiac Rehabilitation	921	(12)
Closing Comment	933	(4)
Obesity: An Overview of Assessment and Treatment	937	(11)
Lora E. Burke
Meghan A. Cartwright
Identification and Assessment of the Overweight or Obese Patient	938	(1)
Clinical Evaluation	939	(2)
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity	941	(1)
Components of the Treatment	942	(3)
Summary	945	(3)
Diabetes Mellitus	948	(13)
Margaret I. Wallhagen
Martha S. Nolte
Definition and Diagnosis	948	(1)
Prevalence and Consequences of Diabetes	948	(1)
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus	949	(2)
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus	951	(1)
Pathophysiology of Complications	952	(1)
Nursing Management of Diabetes	953	(5)
Health Screening and Monitoring	958	(1)
Summary	958	(3)
Adherence to Cardiovascular Treatment Regimens	961	(13)
Lora E. Burke
Dorothy Tschirpke
Therese A. Polakoski
Significance of Nonadherence	961	(1)
Methods of Measurement	962	(3)
Determinants of Adherence	965	(1)
Models of Behavior Change	966	(1)
Adherence-Enhancing Strategies	966	(3)
Educational Strategies to Improve Adherence	969	(1)
Questionnaires Relevant to Adherence-Enhancing Interventions	969	(1)
Building a Therapeutic Relationship with the Patient	970	(1)
Summary	971	(3)
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cardiac and Vascular Disease	974	(12)
Eleanor E. Bond
Margaret M. Heitkemper
CAM Definitions and Characteristics	974	(1)
CAM Domains	974	(1)
Prevalence of CAM	975	(1)
Alternative Medical Systems	975	(1)
Mind-Body Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease	976	(2)
Biologically Based Treatments	978	(4)
Manipulative and Body-Based Methods and Energy Therapies	982	(1)
Legal Aspects of CAM	982	(1)
Integration of CAM into Nursing Assessment and Clinical Management	982	(1)
Summary	983	(3)
Disease Management Models for Cardiovascular Care	986	(11)
Nancy Houston Miller
Erika Sivarajan Froelicher
Disease Management: Definition and Models	987	(1)
Various Models of Disease Management in Cardiovascular Care	987	(1)
Components of Disease Management Systems	988	(4)
Training and Job Qualifications for Disease Management	992	(1)
The Unresolved Issues for Disease Management	992	(5)
Index	997