Cardiopulmonary Anatomy and Physiology

by Des Jardins,Terry

• ISBN13: 9780766825338
• ISBN10: 0766825337
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-11-30
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This well-regarded text offers a thorough and innovative approach to the structure and function of the cardiopulmonary system. Written in an easy-to-understand style with a highly visual format, the text enhances the reader's comprehension of difficult concepts. Chapters were reorganized into sections to better structure the presentation of essential and more advanced topics. Section I describes the anatomic structures of the respiratory system and covers the major concepts and mechanisms of respiratory physiology across the lifespan, including fetal and newborn gas exchange and circulation. Section II includes three new chapters on electrophysiology of the heart, standard 12-ECG system, and ECG interpretation. The Section also covers hemodynamic measurements and interpretations and the structure and function of the renal system. Section III covers the cardiopulmonary system during unusual environmental conditions (including a thorough discussion of the effects of exercise, high altitude, and high-pressure environments).

Table of Contents

List of Tables	xiii
Foreword	xv
Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xx
SECTION ONE The Cardiopulmonary System--The Essentials	1	(346)
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System	3	(60)
The Airways	7	(1)
The Upper Airway	7	(15)
The Lower Airways	22	(12)
The Sites of Gas Exchange	34	(3)
The Pulmonary Vascular System	37	(4)
The Lymphatic System	41	(2)
Neural Control of the Lungs	43	(1)
The Lungs	44	(2)
The Mediastinum	46	(2)
The Pleural Membranes	48	(1)
The Thorax	49	(1)
The Diaphragm	50	(8)
Chapter Summary	58	(1)
Review Questions	59	(4)
Ventilation	63	(54)
Pressure Differences Across the Lungs	64	(3)
Role of the Diaphragm in Ventilation	67	(2)
Positive Pressure Ventilation	69	(2)
Static Characteristics of the Lungs	71	(15)
Dynamic Characteristics of the Lungs	86	(8)
Ventilatory Patterns	94	(6)
How Normal Intrapleural Pressure Differences Cause Regional Differences in Normal Lung Ventilation	100	(1)
The Effect of Airway Resistance and Lung Compliance on Ventilatory Patterns	101	(1)
Overview of Specific Ventilatory Patterns	102	(4)
Chapter Summary	106	(3)
Clinical Applications	109	(3)
Review Questions	112	(3)
Clinical Application Questions	115	(2)
The Diffusion of Pulmonary Gases	117	(26)
Gas Laws	118	(2)
The Partial Pressures of Atmospheric Gases	120	(2)
The Ideal Alveolar Gas Equation	122	(1)
The Diffusion of Pulmonary Gases	123	(1)
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Diffusion Across the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane	124	(4)
Gas Diffusion	128	(2)
Perfusion-Limited Gas Flow	130	(1)
Diffusion-Limited Gas Flow	131	(3)
How Oxygen Can Be Either Perfusion or Diffusion Limited	134	(2)
Chapter Summary	136	(1)
Clinical Applications	136	(3)
Review Questions	139	(2)
Clinical Application Questions	141	(2)
Pulmonary Function Measurements	143	(26)
Lung Volumes and Capacities	144	(4)
Pulmonary Mechanics	148	(9)
How the Effects of Dynamic Compression Decrease Expiratory Flow Rates	157	(4)
Chapter Summary	161	(1)
Clinical Applications	162	(4)
Review Questions	166	(2)
Clinical Application Questions	168	(1)
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System	169	(42)
The Blood	170	(5)
The Heart	175	(8)
The Pulmonary and Systemic Vascular Systems	183	(4)
Pressures in the Pulmonary and Systemic Vascular Systems	187	(1)
The Cardiac Cycle and Its Effect on Blood Pressure	188	(4)
The Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow	192	(11)
Chapter Summary	203	(2)
Clinical Applications	205	(3)
Review Questions	208	(2)
Clinical Application Questions	210	(1)
Oxygen Transport	211	(40)
Oxygen Transport	213	(3)
Oxygen Dissociation Curve	216	(13)
Oxygen Transport Studies	229	(11)
Tissue Hypoxia	240	(2)
Cyanosis	242	(1)
Polycythemia	243	(1)
Chapter Summary	244	(1)
Clinical Applications	244	(4)
Review Questions	248	(2)
Clinical Application Questions	250	(1)
Carbon Dioxide Transport and Acid-Base Balance	251	(26)
Carbon Dioxide Transport	252	(2)
Carbon Dioxide Elimination at the Lungs	254	(2)
Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve	256	(3)
Acid-Base Balance	259	(2)
The Role of the PCO2/HCO3- /pH Relationship in Acid-Base Balance	261	(9)
Chapter Summary	270	(1)
Clinical Applications	270	(3)
Review Questions	273	(2)
Clinical Application Questions	275	(2)
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships	277	(16)
Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio	277	(9)
Chapter Summary	286	(1)
Clinical Applications	287	(3)
Review Questions	290	(1)
Clinical Application Questions	291	(2)
Control of Ventilation	293	(20)
The Respiratory Components of the Medulla Oblongata	294	(2)
The Influence of the Pontine Respiratory Centers on the Respiratory Components of the Medulla Oblongata	296	(2)
Monitoring Systems That Influence the Respiratory Components of the Medulla Oblongata	298	(6)
Reflexes That Influence Ventilation	304	(2)
Chapter Summary	306	(1)
Clinical Applications	307	(2)
Review Questions	309	(2)
Clinical Application Questions	311	(2)
Fetal Development and the Cardiopulmonary System	313	(20)
Fetal Lung Development	314	(2)
Placenta	316	(3)
Fetal Circulation	319	(2)
Birth	321	(2)
Control of Ventilation in the Newborn	323	(1)
Clinical Parameters in the Normal Newborn	324	(2)
Chapter Summary	326	(1)
Clinical Applications	326	(3)
Review Questions	329	(1)
Clinical Application Questions	330	(3)
Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System	333	(14)
The Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System	335	(4)
Pulmonary Gas Exchange	339	(1)
Arterial Blood Gases	339	(1)
The Effects of Aging on the Cardiovascular System	340	(4)
Chapter Summary	344	(1)
Review Questions	344	(3)
SECTION TWO Advanced Cardiopulmonary Concepts and Related Areas--The Essentials	347	(94)
Electrophysiology of the Heart	349	(8)
The Five Phases of the Action Potential	351	(1)
Properties of the Cardiac Muscle	352	(3)
Chapter Summary	355	(1)
Review Questions	356	(1)
The Standard 12-ECG System	357	(16)
The Standard 12-ECG System	358	(6)
Normal ECG Configurations and Their Expected Measurements (Lead II)	364	(7)
Chapter Summary	371	(1)
Review Questions	371	(2)
ECG Interpretation	373	(30)
How to Analyze the Waveforms	374	(4)
Common Cardiac Dysrhythmias	378	(19)
Chapter Summary	397	(1)
Review Questions	398	(5)
Hemodynamic Measurements	403	(14)
Hemodynamic Measurements Directly Obtained by Means of the Pulmonary Artery Catheter	403	(2)
Hemodynamic Values Computed From Direct Measurements	405	(6)
Chapter Summary	411	(1)
Clinical Applications	412	(2)
Review Questions	414	(2)
Clinical Application Questions	416	(1)
Renal Failure and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System	417	(24)
The Kidneys	418	(2)
The Nephrons	420	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Kidneys	421	(1)
Urine Formation	421	(4)
Urine Concentration and Volume	425	(1)
Regulation of Electrolyte Concentration	426	(1)
Role of the Kidneys in Acid-Base Balance	427	(1)
Blood Volume	428	(1)
Renal Failure	429	(3)
Cardiopulmonary Disorders Caused by Renal Failure	432	(2)
Chapter Summary	434	(1)
Clinical Applications	434	(3)
Review Questions	437	(2)
Clinical Application Questions	439	(2)
SECTION THREE The Cardiopulmonary System During Unusual Environmental Conditions	441	(38)
Exercise and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System	443	(18)
Ventilation	444	(4)
Circulation	448	(5)
Interrelationships Between Muscle Work, Oxygen Consumption, and Cardiac Output	453	(1)
The Influence of Training on the Heart and Cardiac Activity	454	(1)
Stroke Volume Versus Heart Rate in Increasing Cardiac Output	455	(1)
Body Temperature/Cutaneous Blood Flow Relationship	456	(1)
Cardiovascular Rehabilitation	457	(1)
Chapter Summary	458	(1)
Review Questions	458	(3)
High Altitude and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System	461	(10)
High Altitude	461	(5)
Other Physiologic Changes	466	(3)
Chapter Summary	469	(1)
Review Questions	469	(2)
High-Pressure Environments and Their Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System	471	(8)
Diving	471	(4)
Hyperbaric Medicine	475	(2)
Chapter Summary	477	(1)
Review Questions	477	(2)
Glossary	479	(54)
Appendices
I Symbols and Abbreviations	499	(4)
II Units of Measurement	503	(6)
III Poiseuille's Law	509	(4)
IV DuBois Body Surface Chart	513	(2)
V Cardiopulmonary Profile	515	(2)
VI PCO2/HCO3-/pH Nomogram	517	(2)
VII Calculating Heart Rate by Counting the Number of Large ECG Squares	519	(2)
VIII Answers to Review Questions in Text	521	(12)
Bibliography	533	(8)
Index	541