Cases And Materials On Federal Indian Law

by Getches, David H.

• ISBN13: 9780314144225
• ISBN10: 0314144226
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-31
• Publisher: West Academic

Summary

Part I covers the history of federal Indian law and policy, including material on the history of the European "Doctrine of Discovery" and American Indian rights; the formative years (1789?1871); and a century of shifting policy (1871?present). Part II covers federal Indian law in its contemporary perspective, including material on the following topics: the federal tribal relationship; tribal sovereignty, federal supremacy, and states' rights; the jurisdictional framework; criminal and civil court jurisdiction; taxation and regulation of reservation economic development; Indian religion and culture; water rights; fishing and hunting rights; rights of Alaska natives and native Hawaiians; and comparative and international legal perspectives.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Acknowledgments	ix
Table of Cases	xxxi
Introduction: Indians and Indian Law	1	(40)
The Study of Indian Law	1	(8)
What is Federal Indian Law?	1	(6)
Why Study Indian Law?	7	(2)
American Indians Today---An Overview	9	(21)
Perspectives on Indian Law	30	(11)
Charles F. Wilkinson, American Indians, Time and the Law	30	(3)
David H. Getches, A Philosophy of Permanence: The Indians' Legacy for the West	33	(3)
Robert A. Williams, Jr., Columbus's Legacy: The Rehnquist Court's Perpetuation of European Cultural Racism Against American Indian Tribes	36	(5)
PART I. THE HISTORY OF FEDERAL INDIAN LAW AND POLICY
The European Doctrine of Discovery and American Indian Rights	41	(31)
Medieval and Renaissance Origins	42	(10)
The Crusading Legal Tradition	42	(2)
The Crusading Legal Tradition and Europe's ``Age of Discovery''	44	(2)
Spanish Colonial Law and the Rights of American Indians	46	(2)
Spanish Legal Theory and Indian Rights	48	(4)
Notes	52	(1)
The English North American Colonial Era Influence on United States Federal Indian Law and Policy	52	(10)
Early Precedents	53	(2)
Early English Colonial Practice Respecting Indian Rights	55	(1)
Chester E. Eisinger, The Puritan's Justification for Taking the Land	55	(2)
Note	57	(1)
British Imperial Policy and Indian Lands	58	(2)
The Founders' Debates on Indian Lands	60	(2)
United States Colonizing Legal Theory	62	(10)
Johnson v. McIntosh	63	(5)
Notes	68	(4)
The Federal--Tribal Treaty Relationship: The Formative Years (1789--1871)	72	(68)
Colonial Era Origins	72	(12)
Dorothy V. Jones, British Colonial Indian Treaties	73	(2)
Treaty of Peace Between the French, The Iroquois, and Other Nations	75	(4)
Robert A. Williams, Jr., Linking Arms Together: American Indian Treaty Visions of Law and Peace, 1600--1800	79	(4)
Note: The Virginia Colony's Treaty Relations With Powhatan's Confederacy	83	(1)
``The Savage as the Wolf'': The Founders' First Indian Policy	84	(4)
George Washington to James Duane	85	(1)
Note	86	(1)
Treaty of Hopewell With the Cherokees	87	(1)
Note	88	(1)
Legislative Enforcement of the Treaty Policy: Trade and Intercourse Acts	88	(5)
Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Policy in the Formative Years: Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 1790--1834	89	(2)
Note	91	(1)
Charles F. Wilkinson, American Indians Time and the Law	92	(1)
Removal	93	(34)
The Justifications for Indian Removal	93	(2)
The Cherokee Cases	95	(3)
Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Policy in the Formative Years: Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 1790--1834	98	(3)
Notes	101	(3)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	104	(6)
Note	110	(2)
Worcester v. Georgia	112	(10)
Notes	122	(3)
The Legacy of the Cherokee Cases	125	(1)
D'arcy McNickle, They Came Here First	125	(1)
Notes	126	(1)
The Status of Indian Treaties in United States Law	127	(13)
Canons of Construction	127	(1)
Charles F. Wilkinson & John M. Volkman, Judicial Review of Indian Treaty Abrogation: ``As Long as Water Flows or Grass Grows Upon the Earth''---How Long a Time is That?	127	(3)
Notes	130	(1)
United States v. Washington	131	(4)
Notes	135	(1)
Treaties and Reserved Rights	135	(1)
United States v. Winans	136	(2)
Notes	138	(2)
A Century of Shifting Policy	140	(118)
Allotments and Assimilation (1871--1928)	141	(45)
``Civilizing'' The Indian: The BIA and the Reservation System	142	(1)
S. Lyman Tyler, A History of Indian Policy	142	(2)
Note	144	(1)
Indian Commissioner Medill on Indian Colonies	144	(2)
Indian Commissioner Mix on Reservation Policy	146	(1)
Indian Commissioner Taylor on Indian Civilization	147	(1)
Reforms and the End of Treaty--Making	148	(1)
Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners	149	(1)
Indian Commissioner Parker on the Treaty System	150	(1)
President Grant's Peace Policy	151	(1)
Notes	151	(2)
Expansion of Federal Power Over the Reservation	153	(1)
Ex Parte Crow Dog	153	(4)
Note	157	(1)
United States v. Kagama	158	(2)
Notes	160	(1)
United States v. Sandoval	160	(2)
Notes	162	(1)
Note: Indian Citizenship and Tribalism	163	(2)
The General Allotment Act	165	(1)
Delos Sacket Otis, History of the Allotment Policy, Hearings On H.R. 7902 Before the House Comm. on Indian Affairs	166	(5)
John Collier, Memorandum, The Purposes and Operation of the Wheeler--Howard Indian Rights Bill, Hearings on H.R. 7902 Before the Senate and House Committees on Indian Affairs	171	(2)
Notes	173	(3)
Ann Laquer Estin, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock: The Long Shadow, in the Aggressions of Civilization: Federal Indian Policy Since the 1880's	176	(6)
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock	182	(2)
Notes	184	(1)
Assimilationist Policies	184	(2)
The Period of Indian Reorganization (1928--1945)	186	(13)
The Indian Reorganization Act: Design for Modern Tribal Governments	187	(1)
Comment, Tribal Self--Government and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934	188	(5)
Edward H. Spicer, Cycles of Conquest	193	(1)
Notes	194	(2)
The Contributions of Felix Cohen	196	(1)
Felix S. Cohen, Handbook of Federal Indian Law	197	(1)
Note	198	(1)
The Termination Period (1945--1961)	199	(17)
Passage of the Termination Program	200	(1)
Gary Orfield, A Study of the Termination Policy	200	(4)
Note	204	(1)
The Effects of Termination: Some Rights Lost; Some Retained	205	(1)
Charles F. Wilkinson & Eric R. Biggs, The Evolution of the Termination Policy	205	(2)
Menominee Tribe of Indians v. United States	207	(5)
Notes	212	(3)
Repealing the Act Terminating Federal Supervision Over the Property and Members of the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin	215	(1)
Notes	216	(1)
The Era of Self--Determination (1961--Present)	216	(42)
A Reaction to Termination	216	(2)
President Nixon's Message to Congress	218	(1)
Message From the President of the United States Transmitting Recommendations for Indian Policy	218	(2)
Note	220	(1)
Congressional Response and New Tribal Responsibilities	221	(5)
The Supreme Court as Defender of ``Special'' Indian Tribal Rights	226	(1)
Morton v. Mancari	227	(5)
Notes	232	(3)
Rice v. Cayetano	235	(9)
Notes	244	(1)
David C. Williams, The Borders of the Equal Protection Clause: Indians as Peoples	245	(4)
Carole Goldberg--Ambrose, Not ``Strictly'' Racial: A Response to ``Indians as Peoples''	249	(3)
Note	252	(3)
Charles F. Wilkinson, To Feel the Summer in the Spring: The Treaty Fishing Rights of the Wisconsin Chippewa	255	(3)
PART II. FEDERAL INDIAN LAW AND POLICY IN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
The Federal--Tribal Relationship	258	(119)
Tribal Property Interests	258	(57)
United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians	259	(3)
Notes	262	(1)
Sioux Tribe v. United States	263	(3)
Notes	266	(1)
Montana v. United States	267	(4)
Notes	271	(2)
Tee--Hit--Ton Indians v. United States	273	(7)
Notes	280	(1)
Note: Tribal Property Rights, the Indian Claims Commission, and Contemporary International Human Rights Law	281	(8)
Case of Mary and Carrie Dann v. United States, Case No. 11.140 (Judgment on the Merits)	289	(5)
Notes	294	(1)
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation	295	(10)
Notes	305	(4)
Note: Tribal Recognition	309	(6)
The Federal--Tribal Relationship as a Source of Federal Power	315	(25)
Congressional Plenary Power in Indian Affairs: A Doctrine Rooted in Prejudice?	316	(1)
Robert A. Williams, Jr., The Algebra of Federal Indian Law: The Hard Trail of Decolonizing and Americanizing the White Man's Indian Jurisprudence	317	(1)
Robert Laurence, Learning to Live With the Plenary Power of Congress Over the Indian Nations: An Essay in Reaction to Professor Williams' Algebra	318	(3)
Robert A. Williams, Jr., Learning not to Live With Eurocentric Myopia: A Reply to Professor Laurence's Learning to Live With the Plenary Power of Congress Over the Indian Nations	321	(2)
Notes	323	(1)
Treaty Abrogation	323	(1)
United States v. Dion	323	(6)
Note: Indian Treaty Abrogation and Congressional Intent	329	(11)
The Federal--Tribal Relationship as a Source of Indian Rights	340	(37)
Executive Accountability Under the Trust Relationship	340	(1)
Seminole Nation v. United States	340	(2)
Notes	342	(3)
United States v. Navajo Nation	345	(5)
Notes	350	(3)
Note: The Cobell Litigation	353	(3)
Executive Agency Conflicts in the Administration of the Federal Trust Responsibility to Indians	356	(1)
Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of Indians v. Morton	357	(4)
Notes	361	(4)
Congressional Accountability Under the Trust Relationship	365	(1)
United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians	365	(10)
Notes	375	(2)
Tribal Sovereignty and the Administration of Justice in Indian Country	377	(79)
Tribal Governments as Independent Sovereigns	378	(10)
Note: North American Indian Legal Systems: The Role of Kinship and Clan Relations in Defining Tribal Customary Law	379	(2)
Talton v. Mayes	381	(2)
Notes	383	(1)
United States v. Wheeler	384	(4)
The Contemporary Scope of Tribal Sovereignty Under the Indian Civil Rights Act	388	(17)
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez	391	(6)
Notes	397	(2)
Note: Santa Clara, Feminist Legal Theory, and the Definition of ``Membership'' in a Traditional Tewa Society	399	(6)
Tribal Sovereign Immunity	405	(9)
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.	406	(4)
Notes	410	(4)
Tribal Justice Systems in Historical and Cultural Context	414	(42)
Tribal Courts in the Modern Era: Origins, Growth and Development	414	(2)
Williams v. Lee	416	(2)
Notes	418	(1)
Tribal Courts in the Contemporary United States Legal System	418	(1)
United States Commission on Civil Rights, The Indian Civil Rights Act	419	(1)
Note	420	(1)
Tribal Law Making in Modern Tribal Legal Systems	420	(1)
The Courts of the Navajo Nation	421	(1)
Raymond D. Austin, ADR and the Navajo Peacemaker Court	421	(4)
Howard L. Brown, Esq., The Navajo Nation's Peacemaker Division: An Integrated, Community--Based Dispute Resolution Forum	425	(3)
Note	428	(1)
In re Certified Question II: Navajo Nation v. MacDonald	428	(3)
Notes	431	(3)
In re: Validation of Marriage of Francisco	434	(3)
Notes	437	(6)
The Development of Tribal Law in Other Tribal Justice Systems	443	(1)
Village of Mishongnovi v. Humeyestewa	443	(6)
Note: Tribal Customary Law in Contemporary Tribal Courts	449	(2)
Protection of Individual Rights by Tribal Courts	451	(1)
Johnson v. Mashantucket Pequot Gaming Enterprise	451	(3)
Notes	454	(2)
Tribal Sovereignty and Jurisdiction: Congressional and Judicial Recognition and Limitations	456	(86)
The Arena of Federal and Tribal Jurisdiction: ``Indian Country''	457	(18)
Robert N. Clinton, Criminal Jurisdiction Over Indian Lands: A Journey Through a Jurisdictional Maze	458	(3)
Notes	461	(2)
Solem v. Bartlett	463	(5)
Notes	468	(6)
Note: Dependent Indian Community	474	(1)
Federal Criminal Jurisdiction	475	(17)
The Indian Country Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1152	477	(2)
Notes	479	(1)
The Major Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1153	479	(3)
United States v. Antelope	482	(2)
Notes	484	(2)
The Assimilative Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. § 13	486	(1)
Notes	487	(1)
An Analytical Approach to Criminal Jurisdiction in Indian Country	488	(4)
``Public Law 280''---A Congressional Transfer of Jurisdiction to Some States	492	(17)
Carole E. Goldberg, Public Law 280: The Limits of State Jurisdiction Over Reservation Indians	492	(6)
Notes	498	(1)
Bryan v. Itasca County	499	(5)
Notes	504	(2)
Carole Goldberg--Ambrose, Public Law 280 and the Problem of Lawlessness in California Indian Country	506	(1)
Notes	507	(2)
Judicially--Imposed Limitations on Tribal Jurisdiction in Indian Country	509	(33)
Implied Limitations on Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction	510	(1)
Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe	510	(7)
Notes	517	(3)
United States v. Lara	520	(14)
Notes	534	(2)
Implied Limitations on Tribal Civil Regulatory Jurisdiction	536	(1)
Montana v. United States	537	(3)
Notes	540	(2)
Tribal and State Conflicts Over Civil Regulatory and Adjudicatory Jurisdiction	542	(137)
Taxation and Regulation	542	(53)
Tribal Authority to Tax and Regulate in Indian Country	543	(1)
Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe	543	(5)
Notes	548	(6)
State Authority to Tax in Indian Country: The Scope of Federal Preemption Over Reservation Economic Development	554	(2)
McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission	556	(5)
Notes	561	(1)
Note: Preemption in Indian Law	561	(5)
Washington v. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation	566	(9)
Notes	575	(2)
Note: Tribal Sovereign Immunity and Enforcing the Collection of ``Concededly Lawful'' State Taxes from Non-Members of the Tribe in Indian Country	577	(2)
White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker	579	(6)
Note	585	(1)
State Taxation of Land And Natural Resource Development in Indian Country	586	(1)
Montana v. Blackfeet Tribe of Indians	586	(2)
Notes	588	(4)
Note: Resolving Jurisdictional Disputes by Cooperative Agreement	592	(3)
Federal Environmental Regulation in Indian Country: Treating Tribes as States	595	(12)
The Clean Air Act	597	(2)
Clean Water Act	599	(1)
Resources Conservation and Recovery Act	600	(2)
Other Federal Environmental Statutes	602	(3)
Note: Fulfilling Trust Responsibilities over Indian Lands as ``Federal Action''	605	(2)
Civil Adjudicatory Jurisdiction in Indian Country	607	(46)
Suits Against Tribal Members	607	(2)
Note	609	(1)
Suits Against Non--Members of the Tribe	609	(1)
National Farmers Union Insurance Companies v. Crow Tribe of Indians	609	(5)
Notes	614	(4)
Note: The Role of Federal Courts in Indian Country Civil Litigation	618	(1)
Strate v. A--1 Contractors	619	(7)
Notes	626	(1)
Nevada v. Hicks	627	(12)
Notes	639	(4)
Personal Jurisdiction	643	(1)
William C. Canby, Jr., Civil Jurisdiction and the Indian Reservation	644	(2)
Joe v. Marcum	646	(2)
Notes	648	(1)
Comity and Full Faith and Credit	649	(4)
Judicial Jurisdiction By Congressional Statute: The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978	653	(26)
Barbara Ann Atwood, Flashpoints Under the Indian Child Welfare Act: Toward a New Understanding of State Court Resistance	654	(2)
Manuel P. Guerrero, Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978	656	(7)
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield	663	(5)
Notes	668	(3)
Note: Criticisms of the ICWA's Racial ``Matching Policy'' and the ``Existing Indian Family'' Exception as Judicial Response	671	(8)
Reservation Economic Development	679	(59)
Managing Reservation Resources	683	(20)
Land Leasing in Indian Country	683	(1)
Reid Peyton Chambers & Monroe E. Price, Regulating Sovereignty: Secretarial Discretion and the Leasing of Indian Lands	684	(1)
Notes	685	(4)
Mineral Development	689	(1)
Notes	690	(6)
Note: Problems in Federal Management of Indian Mineral Resources and Revenues	696	(3)
Timber Management	699	(2)
Note: Federal Income Taxation of Reservation Enterprises	701	(2)
Reservation Development: Challenges and Problems	703	(19)
The Keys to Successful Economic Development in Indian Country: The Role of Tribal Structures and Institutions	704	(1)
Stephen Cornell, Sovereignty, Prosperity and Policy in Indian Country Today	704	(7)
Notes	711	(1)
The Role of Tribal Sovereignty in Reservation Economic Development: Indian Tribes and the Endangered Species Act	711	(2)
Testimony of Ronnie Lupe, Chairman of the White Mountain Apache Tribe Prepared for the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries and Wildlife	713	(3)
Note	716	(1)
Statement of the Relationship Between the White Mountain Apache Tribe and The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	716	(2)
Note: The Secretarial Order on ``American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal--Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act''	718	(2)
The Role of Federal Indian Law in Reservation Economic Development	720	(2)
Indian Gaming	722	(16)
The Supreme Court's Application of Public Law 280's Regulatory--Prohibitory Distinction	724	(1)
California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians	724	(5)
Notes	729	(1)
The Congressional Response to Cabazon: The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act	730	(3)
Notes	733	(5)
Indian Religion and Culture	738	(35)
Protection of American Indian Sacred Lands	739	(17)
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association	739	(9)
Notes	748	(1)
Note: Federal Regulatory Responses to Protection of Indian Sacred Sites on Public Lands: The Move Toward Tribal Consultation	748	(8)
Protection of American Indian Religious Practices and Beliefs	756	(11)
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith	756	(6)
Notes	762	(5)
Protection of American Indian Cultural Resources	767	(6)
The Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)	767	(1)
The National Museum of the American Indian Act	768	(1)
The Archeological Resources Protection Act	769	(1)
Other Federal, State, and Tribal Laws Protective of Indian Culture	769	(1)
Note	770	(1)
Intellectual Property Rights	770	(1)
Note	771	(2)
Water Rights	773	(71)
Water Law in the West	774	(4)
Harold A. Ranquist, The Winters Doctrine and How It Grew: Federal Reservation of Rights to the Use of Water	775	(3)
Nature and Extent of Indian Reserved Water Rights	778	(21)
Winters v. United States	778	(2)
Notes	780	(2)
Arizona v. California	782	(4)
Notes	786	(4)
United States v. Adair	790	(7)
Notes	797	(2)
Quantification	799	(39)
Jurisdiction	799	(1)
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States	800	(5)
Notes	805	(2)
Adjudication	807	(1)
In re General Adjudication of All Rights to Use Water in the Big Horn River System	807	(7)
Notes	814	(2)
Note: Reservation Purposes and the Quantification Process	816	(4)
Finality of Adjudication	820	(1)
Nevada v. United States	820	(6)
Notes	826	(3)
Non--Judicial Quantification	829	(7)
Marketing Tribal Water	836	(2)
Regulation and Administration of Water in Indian Country	838	(6)
United States v. Anderson	839	(3)
Notes	842	(2)
Fishing and Hunting Rights	844	(49)
Regulation of On--Reservation Fishing and Hunting	846	(10)
New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe	846	(6)
Notes	852	(1)
Note: Cooperative Wildlife Management Agreements	853	(3)
Regulation of Off-Reservation Fishing and Hunting	856	(37)
United States v. Winans	857	(1)
Notes	857	(6)
Washington v. Washington State Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Association	863	(9)
Notes	872	(4)
Note: Indian Treaty Rights Litigation in the Great Lakes	876	(4)
Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians	880	(9)
Note	889	(4)
PART III. THE FRONTIERS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' RIGHTS
Rights of Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians	893	(54)
Alaska Natives: Looking Forward to the Past?	894	(23)
Historical Background	894	(1)
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act	895	(4)
Native Lands in Alaska	899	(1)
Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie	899	(3)
Notes	902	(2)
Alaska Native Self-Governing Rights and Status	904	(2)
John v. Baker	906	(4)
Note	910	(1)
Native Culture and Native Corporations	911	(1)
Survival of Alaska Native Subsistence Rights Under ANILCA and Alaska State Law	912	(5)
Hawaii: Islands of Neglect	917	(30)
Historic Claims and Contemporary Wrongs	917	(7)
Native Hawaiians as Native Americans	924	(1)
Rice v. Cayetano	924	(1)
Notes	924	(1)
Note: Toward Federal Recognition of Native Hawaiians	925	(3)
Enforcing Native Rights Under Federal Legislation	928	(1)
Price v. State of Hawaii	928	(4)
Notes	932	(3)
Native Rights Under Hawaiian Common and Statutory Law	935	(1)
Public Access Shoreline Hawaii (PASH) v. Hawai'i County Planning Commission	935	(9)
Notes	944	(3)
Comparative and International Legal Perspectives on Indigenous Peoples' Rights	947	(84)
Native Law in Other Nations	948	(54)
J.G.A. Pocock, Law, Sovereignty and History in a Divided Culture: The Case of New Zealand and the Treaty of Waitangi	948	(1)
Canada	949	(1)
Douglas Sanders, Aboriginal Rights in Canada: An Overview	949	(3)
Notes	952	(3)
Guerin v. The Queen	955	(5)
Notes	960	(1)
Delgamuukw v. British Columbia	961	(11)
Notes	972	(7)
New Zealand	979	(1)
J.G.A Pocock, Law, Sovereignty, and History in a Divided Culture: The Case of New Zealand and the Treaty of Waitangi	979	(5)
Notes	984	(4)
Australia	988	(1)
Mabo v. Queensland	988	(9)
Notes	997	(5)
Emerging Voices: Indigenous Rights and International Law	1002	(29)
The Protection of Indigenous Peoples' Rights Over Lands and Natural Resources Under the Inter-American Human Rights System	1002	(13)
Notes	1015	(2)
Note: Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights	1017	(4)
Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua	1021	(6)
Notes	1027	(4)
Index	1031