Cell Adhesion

by Berx, G.; Borradori, L. (CON); Brabletz, T. (CON); Bradfield, P. F. (CON); Choi, H. J. (CON); Getsios, S. (CON)

• ISBN13: 9783540209416
• ISBN10: 3540209417
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-09-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book provides an overview of the main topics of current cell adhesion research including structural analyses of cell adhesion molecules and studies to their functional role in vitro and in vivo. The present volume focuses on the four major families of cell-adhesion receptors, i.e. the cadherins, the integrins, the Ig-superfamily and the selectin-based adhesion system which are discussed in detail by numerous experts in the field.

Table of Contents

Part I. Cadherins
Cadherin Adhesion: Mechanisms and Molecular Interactions	3	(20)
T.D. Perez
W.J. Nelson
Introduction	3	(3)
Ca++ and Cadherin Adhesion	6	(1)
Cadherin Adhesion Structure: Trans-Dimer	7	(8)
Early Studies	7	(4)
Recent Studies, Evolving Models	11	(2)
Further Functional Studies of EC Domains in Adhesion	13	(2)
Cadherin Adhesion Structure: Cis-Dimer	15	(8)
References	19	(4)
Structural Aspects of Adherens Junctions and Desmosomes	23	(30)
H.-J. Choi
W.I. Weis
Overview	24	(1)
Cadherins	25	(2)
Classical Cadherin Cytoplasmic Domain	25	(1)
Desmosomal Cadherins	26	(1)
β-Catenin and Plakoglobin	27	(10)
Structure of the β-Catenin Arm Repeat Domain and Implications for Other Arm Proteins	28	(2)
The β-Catenin/E-Cadherin Complex	30	(3)
Role of Non-arm Repeat Regions	33	(1)
Desmosomal Cadherin--Plakoglobin Interactions	34	(3)
α-Catenin	37	(7)
α-Catenin Homodimerization and β-Catenin Binding Region	37	(3)
α-Catenin M Region	40	(2)
Actin Binding by α-Catenin	42	(1)
Regulation of α-Catenin Interactions	43	(1)
Intermediate Filament Binding by Desmoplakin	44	(9)
References	46	(7)
Cadherins in Development	53	(16)
H. Semb
Introduction	53	(2)
Cell Adhesion	55	(2)
Cell and Tissue Polarity	57	(1)
Cell Sorting	58	(1)
Cell Migration	59	(2)
Cell Survival	61	(1)
Tube Formation	62	(2)
Future	64	(5)
References	65	(4)
Cadherins in Cancer	69	(36)
K. Strumane
G. Berx
F. Van Roy
E-Cadherin Function in Cancer Cells	70	(3)
E-Cadherin Expression in Human Carcinomas	73	(2)
Genetic Alterations of the E-Cadherin Gene in Cancer	75	(2)
Transcriptional Downregulation of E-Cadherin	77	(4)
E-Cadherin Gene Silencing by Promoter Hypermethylation	78	(1)
Transacting Regulators	79	(2)
Post-translational E-Cadherin Inactivation	81	(2)
Tyrosine Phosphorylation	81	(1)
E-Cadherin Protein Truncations	82	(1)
Cell Surface Proteoglycans and Mucin-Like Glycoproteins	82	(1)
Other Cadherins in Cancer	83	(2)
Upregulation of E-Cadherin and Tumor Therapy	85	(20)
References	86	(19)
In Vivo Functions of Catenins	105	(32)
T. Brabletz
The E-Cadherin/Catenin Complex	106	(1)
β-Catenin	107	(16)
The Wnt/Wingless Pathway	109	(1)
Physiological Roles of β-Catenin and Wnt Signaling: Embryonic Development and Adult Tissue Homeostasis	109	(2)
Roles of β-Catenin in Disease	111	(1)
β-Catenin and Cancer	111	(1)
Colorectal Cancer	112	(9)
Other Cancers Associated with β-Catenin or Wnt Pathway Components	121	(1)
Other Diseases Associated with β-Catenin	122	(1)
Neurodegenerative Diseases	122	(1)
Therapeutical Options	122	(1)
Physiological and Pathological Roles of Other Catenins	123	(4)
α-Catenin	123	(1)
γ-Catenin	124	(2)
p120 Catenin	126	(1)
Conclusions	127	(10)
References	128	(9)
The Molecular Composition and Function of Desmosomes	137	(60)
L.M. Godsel
S. Getsios
A.C. Huen
K.J. Green
Desmosome Ultrastructure, Tissue Distribution, and Composition	138	(3)
The Desmosomal Cadherins	141	(5)
Armadillo Proteins of the Desmosome	146	(4)
Plakoglobin	146	(2)
Plakophilins	148	(1)
p0071 (Plakophilin 4)	149	(1)
Plakins	150	(5)
Desmoplakin	151	(2)
Plectin	153	(1)
Envoplakin and Periplakin	154	(1)
Other Desmosome Proteins	155	(1)
Diseases Involving Desmosomes	156	(7)
Autoimmune and Infectious Disease	156	(3)
Pemphigus Vulgaris and Pemphigus Foliaceus	159	(1)
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome	160	(1)
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus	160	(1)
Genetic Diseases	161	(1)
Mutations in the Desmosomal Cadherins	161	(1)
Involvement of Armadillo Proteins in Genetic Disease	162	(1)
Mutations in Desmoplakin	162	(1)
Animal Models Involving Desmosomes	163	(7)
Desmosomal Cadherin Models	166	(2)
Armadillo Protein Models	168	(1)
Desmoplakin Models	169	(1)
Regulation of Desmosomes	170	(7)
Desmosome Assembly	171	(2)
Dependence of Desmosomes on Adherens Junction Formation	173	(1)
Transcriptional and Post-translational Mechanisms for Modulating Desmosome Assembly State	174	(1)
The Role of Desmosome Components in Signaling and Transcriptional Regulation	175	(2)
Future Directions and Concluding Remarks	177	(20)
References	178	(19)
Part II. Integrins and Extracellular Matrix
Regulation of Signal Transduction by Integrins	197	(20)
Y. Miyamoto
P. Reddig
R.L. Juliano
Overview	197	(1)
Direct Signaling by Integrins	198	(7)
Focal Adhesion Kinase and Other Focal Contact Proteins	198	(3)
Direct Activation of MAP Kinase Cascades by Integrins	201	(1)
Integrins and Rho GTPases	202	(3)
Integrin Regulation of RTK Signaling Cascades	205	(4)
Integrin Regulation of Signaling by GPCRs	209	(1)
Summary	210	(7)
References	210	(7)
Integrins and Extracellular Matrix in Animal Models	217	(26)
U. Muller
Introduction	218	(4)
Integrin--ECM Interactions and Early Embryonic Development	222	(1)
Integrin--ECM Interactions During Mesoderm Formation and in the Heart	223	(1)
Integrin--ECM Interactions During Epithelial Tubulogenesis	224	(1)
Integrin--ECM Interactions and Angiogenesis	225	(1)
Integrin--ECM Interactions During Skin Development	226	(1)
Integrin--ECM Interactions in Skeletal Development	227	(1)
Integrins, ECM Molecules, and Inner Ear Development	227	(1)
Integrin--ECM Interactions in Skeletal Muscle Development	228	(2)
Integrin--ECM Interactions in Peripheral Nerve and at the Neuromuscular Junction	230	(2)
Integrin--ECM Interactions in the CNS	232	(2)
Summary	234	(9)
References	234	(9)
Hemidesmosomes: Molecular Organization and Their Importance for Cell Adhesion and Disease	243	(40)
J. Koster
L. Borradori
A. Sonnenberg
Hemidesmosomes	245	(8)
General Introduction	245	(1)
The α6β4 Integrin	246	(4)
BP180	250	(1)
CD151	251	(1)
Keratins	252	(1)
Laminins	252	(1)
Plakins	253	(9)
General Introduction	253	(2)
Plectin	255	(3)
BP230	258	(1)
Desmoplakin	259	(1)
Microtubule--Actin Cross-Linking Factor	260	(1)
Envoplakin	260	(1)
Periplakin	261	(1)
Epiplakin	261	(1)
Molecular Interactions Involved in Hemidesmosome Assembly	262	(3)
The Role of β4 in HD Assembly	262	(1)
The Role of BP180 in HD Assembly	263	(1)
The Linkage of Keratins to Hemidesmosomes	264	(1)
A Hierarchical Interaction Model for the Assembly of HDs	265	(1)
General Conclusions and Future Perspectives	266	(17)
References	267	(16)
Part III. Immunoglobulin Superfamily
CEA-Related CAMs	283	(60)
A.K. Horst
C. Wagener
Introduction	284	(3)
Genomic Organization and Regulation of Transcription	287	(1)
Gene Structure	287	(1)
Regulation of Transcription	288	(1)
Three-Dimensional Structure	288	(3)
Expression Pattern	291	(8)
Expression of CEACAMs in Healthy Adult Tissues	291	(3)
Expression of CEACAMs in Healthy Adult Colon	294	(1)
Expression of CEACAMs During Gestation and Embryonic Development	295	(1)
Dysregulation of the Expression of CEACAMs in Human Tumors	296	(3)
Biological Functions of CEACAMs	299	(23)
CEACAMs Are Cellular Adhesion Molecules	299	(2)
CEACAMs Display Versatile Signal Transduction Properties	301	(1)
Mechanisms of Signal Transduction by CEACAM1	301	(2)
CEACAM1 Interacts with Components of the Cytoskeleton	303	(1)
CEACAM1 Acts as a Tumor Suppressor	304	(2)
CEACAM1 Promotes Invasion	306	(1)
CEACAM1 Is a Substrate for the Insulin Receptor and Regulates Insulin Clearance	307	(2)
CEACAMs Are Modulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response	309	(1)
CEACAM1 Is a Positive Regulator of Neutrophil Effector Function	309	(2)
CEACAM1 Regulates T and B Lymphocyte Function	311	(1)
CEACAM1 Is a Novel Co-inhibitory Receptor on Human Natural Killer Cells	312	(1)
CEACAMs Are Receptors for Microbes and Viruses	313	(1)
CEACAMs Are Receptors for Salmonellae and Escherichia coli	313	(1)
CEACAMs Are Receptors for Neisseria	314	(2)
CEACAMs Are Receptors for Haemophilus Influenzae	316	(1)
CEACAMs Are Receptors for Murine Hepatitis Virus	317	(2)
CEACAM1 Modulates Angiogenesis	319	(1)
CEACAM1 Is an Angiogenic Growth Factor	319	(2)
CEACAM1 Induces Secretion of Angiostatic Factors in CEACAM1-Transfected Prostate Carcinoma Cells	321	(1)
Perspectives	322	(21)
References	324	(19)
Roles of Nectins in Cell Adhesion, Signaling and Polarization	343	(30)
K. Irie
K. Shimizu
T. Sakisaka
W. Ikeda
Y. Takai
Introduction	345	(2)
General Properties of Nectins as CAMs	347	(3)
Molecular Structures of Nectins	347	(1)
Cell--Cell Adhesion Activity of Nectins	348	(1)
Tissue Distribution and Subcellular Localization of Nectins	349	(1)
Roles of Nectins in Cell--Cell Adhesion	350	(9)
Cooperative Roles of Nectins with Cadherins	350	(1)
Role of Nectins in Organization of AJs and TJs	350	(2)
Role of Nectins in Formation of Synapses	352	(2)
Association Mechanisms of Nectins, Cadherins, and TJ Components	354	(1)
Cadherin-Independent Roles of Nectins	355	(1)
Possible Roles of Nectins in Axonal Pathfinding	355	(2)
Role of Nectins in Organization of Sertoli Cell--Spermatid Junctions	357	(2)
Association of Nectins with the Actin Cytoskeleton	359	(1)
Role of Nectins in Cell Signaling	359	(2)
Activation of Cdc42 and Rac by Nectins	359	(2)
Activation of JNK by Nectins	361	(1)
Role of Nectins in Cell Polarization	361	(3)
Nectins as Viral Receptors	364	(1)
Conclusions and Perspectives	365	(8)
References	366	(7)
Ig Superfamily Cell Adhesion Molecules in the Brain	373	(32)
E.T. Stoeckli
Introduction	374	(2)
The Role of IgSF CAMs in Axon Guidance	376	(6)
IgSF CAMs, the Vanguard of Axon Guidance Cues	376	(1)
Axon Guidance Across the Midline of the Nervous System	377	(3)
Midline Contact Elicits a Switch in Growth Cones' Response from Attraction to Repulsion	380	(1)
The Interaction Between Dcc and Unc-5 Induces a Switch from Short- to Long-Range Effects	381	(1)
IgSF CAMs Play a Role in Subpopulation-Specific Guidance of Sensory Afferents	381	(1)
IgSF CAMs in Cell Migration	382	(2)
IgSF CAMs in Cerebellar Development	384	(1)
IgSF CAMS in Synaptogenesis	385	(1)
IgSF CAMs in Synaptic Maintenance and Plasticity	386	(1)
Intracellular Signaling Associated with IgSF CAMs	387	(5)
Intracellular Signaling Associated with Transmembrane IgSF CAMs	387	(1)
Intracellular Signaling Associated with Glycosylphosphatidyl-Inositol Anchored IgSF CAMs	388	(1)
Conformational Changes Are Sufficient to Induce a Switch in Intracellular Signaling Associated with IgSF CAMs	389	(1)
Changes in Signaling by Removal of IgSF CAMs from the Membrane	389	(2)
Silencing of IgSF CAM-Derived Signals	391	(1)
Outlook	392	(13)
References	392	(13)
Part IV. Physiology and Pathology of Cell Adhesion
Adhesion Mechanisms of Endothelial Cells	405	(32)
P.F. Bradfield
B.A. Imhof
Immune Surveillance and Homeostasis: The Role of the Endothelium	406	(1)
Cell Adhesion Molecules	406	(2)
Targeting Leukocyte Adhesion	408	(5)
Primary Adhesion	409	(1)
Activation	410	(1)
Secondary Adhesion	410	(1)
Diapedesis	410	(3)
Regulation of Cell Trafficking by Distinct Populations of Endothelial Cells	413	(3)
Recirculation of Leukocytes: Deciphering the Role of the Lymphatic Endothelium	415	(1)
Inflammation and Wound Healing: Synergy Between the Endothelium and the Extra-vasculature	416	(2)
Cell Adhesion Molecules, the Players in Mediating Endothelial Function	418	(19)
Selectins and Their Ligands	418	(1)
Selectins	418	(1)
Selectin Ligands: Sialomucins and Carbohydrate Moieties	419	(1)
Function and Patterns of Expression	420	(1)
Integrins	421	(3)
The Immunoglobulin Superfamily	424	(1)
ICAM and VCAM	425	(1)
Mucosal Adressin Cell Adhesion Molecule 1	426	(1)
CD31	426	(1)
Junctional Adhesion Molecules	427	(1)
CD99	428	(1)
CD44	428	(1)
Vascular Adhesion Protein-1	429	(1)
References	429	(8)
Pharmacology of Platelet Adhesion and Aggregation	437	(36)
B. Nieswandt
S. Offermanns
Introduction	438	(1)
Adhesion of Platelets to the Extracellular Matrix	439	(10)
von Willebrand Factor	440	(1)
Glycoprotein Ib-V-IX	441	(1)
Collagen	442	(1)
Glycoprotein VI	443	(2)
Integrin α2β1	445	(2)
Integrins α5β1/α6β1	447	(1)
Integrin αIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa)	447	(2)
Platelet Aggregation	449	(6)
Integrin αIIbβ3 in Aggregation	449	(1)
Inside-Out Activation	450	(4)
Outside-In Activation	454	(1)
Stabilization of Platelet Aggregates	454	(1)
Platelet-Endothelial Cell Interaction	455	(1)
Pharmacological Strategies to Interfere with Platelet Adhesive Functions	456	(5)
Inhibition of Platelet Adhesion	456	(2)
Inhibition of Integrin αIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa) Activation	458	(1)
Inhibition of TXA2 Production or Action	458	(1)
Inhibition of ADP-Dependent Platelet Activation	459	(1)
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists	460	(1)
Conclusions	461	(12)
References	462	(11)
Subject Index	473