Cellular Microbiology Bacteria-Host Interactions in Health and Disease

by Henderson, Brian; Wilson, Michael; McNab, Rod; Lax, Alistair J.

• ISBN13: 9780471986812
• ISBN10: 047198681X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-06-18
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Cellular Microbiology is a new area of microbiology research, bridging the gap between the disciplines of microbiology and cell biology. It is the study of the interaction between cells and microbes, especially mammalian or plant cells and bacteria. Cellular Microbiology is an advanced textbook for students of microbiology and medical microbiology, presenting a comprehensive introduction to the current molecular and cellular biology of the interactions between bacteria and eukaryotic cells, and their relevance to human diseases. * Covers an exciting new area of research and is an ideal introduction for the subject * The only textbook to cover this rapidly-growing field of research * Authored by well-renowned experts in the field

Author Biography

Brian Henderson is Professor of Biochemistry at University College London. He started his research career as a cell biologist, migrating to become an immunologist then pharmacologist with six years experience in the pharmaceutical industry. In the early 1990s studies of bacteria-host interactions identified a bacterial molecular chaperone, chaperonin 60, as a potent signalling molecule able to induce osteoclast formation and bone remodelling. This was Henderson's introduction to protein moonlighting and he has spent the past twenty years exploring the roles of bacterial and human moonlighting proteins in human health and disease.

Michael Wilson is a Professor of Microbiology in the Faculty of Biomedical Sciences at University College London and is Director of the Eastman Centre for Microbial Diseases within this university. He holds a PhD in Microbiology from University College Galway, Ireland, a Doctor of Science from the National University of Ireland and is a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists. He has written and/or edited eight books and published more than 270 scientific papers in the fields of microbiology and infectious diseases.

Rod McNab is the author of Cellular Microbiology: Bacteria-Host Interactions in Health and Disease, published by Wiley.

Alistair J. Lax is the author of Cellular Microbiology: Bacteria-Host Interactions in Health and Disease, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Abbreviations Used in this Book	xi
Bacterial Taxonomy and Nomenclature	xix
Introduction	xxiii
Part 1 Background to Cellular Microbiology
An Introduction to Cellular Microbiology	3	(20)
Introduction	3	(3)
A brief history of bacteriology	6	(3)
Bacterial diseases	9	(3)
Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism	10	(1)
How do bacteria cause disease?	10	(2)
Bacteria and idiopathic diseases	12	(1)
Emergence of the new discipline of cellular microbiology	12	(5)
An evolutionary history of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells	17	(4)
Conclusions	21	(2)
The Cellular Biology Underlying Prokaryotic-Eukaryotic Interactions	23	(66)
Introduction	23	(1)
Bacterial ultrastructure	23	(7)
The bacterial cell envelope	24	(3)
The periplasm	27	(1)
Cell surface appendages	27	(1)
Cell surface-associated components	28	(1)
The nuclear region	29	(1)
Cytoplasm	30	(1)
Bacterial gene transcription, operons, movable genetic elements	30	(3)
Adapt or perish	30	(1)
Gene transcription	30	(1)
Induction and repression	31	(1)
Mobile genetic elements	31	(2)
Pathogenicity islands	33	(4)
Bacterial protein secretion systems	37	(5)
The general secretory pathway	39	(2)
Other secretion pathways	41	(1)
The bacterial cell cycle	42	(2)
Eukaryotic cell structure	44	(2)
Prokaryotes within eukaryotes: mitochondria, peroxisomes and centrioles	46	(4)
Mitochondria	46	(2)
Peroxisomes	48	(1)
Centrioles	49	(1)
The plasma membrane	50	(3)
The cytoskeleton	53	(11)
The composition and nature of the cytoskeleton	53	(2)
Intermediate filaments	55	(1)
Microtubules	55	(2)
The actin cytoskeleton	57	(5)
Cell signalling and the actin cytoskeleton	62	(1)
Hijacking the actin cytoskeleton	63	(1)
Vesicular transport pathways: exocytosis and endocytosis	64	(10)
Role of the ER in protein synthesis and sorting	64	(4)
Vesicular transport	68	(3)
Endocytosis and exocytosis: bacterial involvement	71	(3)
Nuclear structure and gene organization	74	(5)
Organization and transcription of eukaryotic DNA	75	(4)
The cell cycle and apoptosis	79	(8)
The cell cycle	81	(4)
Apoptosis	85	(2)
Conclusions	87	(2)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Signalling Mechanisms	89	(74)
Introduction	89	(2)
Eukaryotic cell-to-cell signalling	91	(19)
Endocrine hormone signalling	92	(1)
Cytokines: early evolved intercellular signals	93	(17)
Prokaryotic cell-to-cell signalling: quorum sensing and bacterial pheromones	110	(7)
Signals controlling conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis	111	(1)
Signals controlling sporulation in Myxococcus xanthus	111	(1)
Quorum sensing	112	(3)
Formylated peptides in bacterial--eukaryotic signalling	115	(2)
Intracellular signalling: an overview	117	(43)
A complex signalling system is built using a limited number of basic principles	118	(1)
The basic building blocks used in signalling	119	(17)
Prokaryotic signalling mechanisms	136	(6)
Eukaryotic signalling pathways	142	(16)
Outcomes of the activation of signalling pathways	158	(2)
Conclusion	160	(3)
Molecular Techniques Defining Bacterial Virulence Mechanisms	163	(28)
Introduction	163	(1)
Molecular techniques defining bacterial virulence	164	(18)
Basic molecular biology protocols	164	(3)
Mutational analysis	167	(4)
Gene transfer	171	(1)
Protein expression approaches	171	(3)
cDNA approaches	174	(1)
In vivo expression technology	175	(3)
Gene reporter systems	178	(1)
Genome-based approaches	179	(3)
Molecular biological techniques applied to eukaryotic cells	182	(4)
Yeast two-hybrid or interactive trap cloning in yeast	183	(1)
Generation of transgenic animals	183	(3)
Conclusions	186	(5)
Part 2 Prokaryotic--Eukaryotic Interactions in Infection
Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells	191	(32)
Introduction	191	(3)
Basic principles of microbial adhesion	194	(9)
Pre-adhesion events	194	(1)
Molecular mechanisms of adhesion	195	(1)
Bacterial structures involved in adhesion	196	(2)
Bacterial adhesins	198	(3)
Nature of the host cell surface	201	(2)
Effects of adhesion on bacteria	203	(3)
Growth	204	(1)
Structures involved in adhesion or invasion of host cells	204	(2)
Siderophone production	206	(1)
Effects of adhesion on host cells	206	(14)
Effect on epithelial cells	207	(10)
Adhesion to fibroblasts	217	(1)
Adhesion to vascular endothelial cells	218	(1)
Adhesion to phagocytic cells	219	(1)
Conclusions	220	(3)
Bacterial Invasion of Host Cells	223	(50)
Introduction	223	(1)
Invasion mechanisms	224	(26)
Invasion of epithelial cells	224	(18)
Invasion of endothelial cells	242	(5)
Invasion of macrophages	247	(3)
Consequences of invasion	250	(9)
Effect on host cells	250	(6)
Effect on bacteria	256	(3)
Bacterial survival and growth subsequent to invasion	259	(10)
Intracellular lifestyle	259	(8)
Extracellular lifestyle	267	(2)
In vitro and in vivo models of tissue invasion	269	(2)
Conclusions	271	(2)
Bacterial Protein Toxins: Agents of Disease and Probes of Eukaryotic Cell Behaviour	273	(38)
Introduction	273	(1)
Bacterial toxins: past and present killers	274	(1)
History of research	274	(2)
Classification of toxins by their activity	276	(20)
Toxins that damage membranes	276	(7)
Membrane transducing toxins	283	(1)
Intracellular toxins	283	(12)
Intracellular toxins that gain intracellular access via type III secretion	295	(1)
Structure explains function	296	(3)
Diphtheria toxin	297	(1)
The AB5 toxin structure	298	(1)
Aerolysin	299	(1)
Biological effects of toxin action	299	(4)
Cell death	300	(1)
Nerve transmission	300	(1)
Signal transduction	300	(2)
Bacterial protein toxins and cancer?	302	(1)
Interactions with cytokines	303	(1)
The bacterial perspective	303	(2)
The advantage to the bacterium	303	(2)
Origin and evolution of toxin genes	305	(1)
Therapeutic uses of toxins	305	(4)
Vaccines	305	(2)
New uses	307	(2)
Summary and the future	309	(2)
The Innate Immune Response and Bacterial Infections	311	(44)
Introduction	311	(2)
How does innate immunity recognize bacteria and bacterial infection?	313	(7)
Recognition of lipopolysaccharide	318	(1)
Discrimination between different pathogens	319	(1)
Bacteria--host interactions at body surfaces	320	(8)
Natural `antibiotics' and host defence: a newly recognized system	325	(3)
Innate immunity and the acute-phase response	328	(8)
Cell populations of the acute-phase response	328	(2)
Bacterial killing	330	(4)
Antiphagocytic mechanisms of bacteria	334	(2)
Complement and antibacterial defence	336	(5)
Bacterial defences against complement	340	(1)
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp)	341	(1)
Cytokines: the integrators of immunity	342	(10)
Cytokines in the control of the innate response to infection	342	(2)
Bacterial components and their role in controlling inflammation	344	(3)
Modulation of cytokines as an immune evasion mechanism	347	(5)
Conclusions	352	(3)
Acquired Immunity in the Defence Against Bacteria	355	(52)
Introduction	355	(1)
A brief description of acquired immunity	356	(3)
Cell populations involved in acquired immunity	359	(6)
Subpopulations of T lymphocytes	360	(3)
Subpopulations of B lymphocytes	363	(2)
Generation of diversity: the secret weapon of acquired immunity	365	(6)
Generation of antibody synthesis	368	(2)
The T cell receptor	370	(1)
Antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation	371	(7)
B cell activation	371	(2)
The T cell: a complex of activation	373	(5)
Acquired immunity in antibacterial defence	378	(16)
Antigen processing and presentation on MHC class I/class II proteins	379	(3)
B cell immunity to bacteria	382	(4)
T cell defences against bacteria	386	(1)
Viral strategies to combat immune responses	387	(5)
Role of specialized B and T cells in antibacterial defence	392	(2)
Bacterial products influencing acquired immunity	394	(9)
Superantigens	395	(3)
Bacterial exotoxins	398	(1)
Heat shock proteins (Hsps)	399	(4)
Acyl homoserine lactones	403	(1)
Conclusions	403	(4)
Future Developments in Cellular Microbiology	407	(30)
Introduction	407	(2)
Prokaryotic/eukaryotic interactions in bacterial growth	409	(3)
Effect of bacteria on eukaryotic cell growth and survival	412	(8)
Bacterial control of the eukaryotic cell cycle	414	(5)
Bacterial control of apoptosis	419	(1)
The commensal microflora: an example of close cellular conversation?	420	(8)
The commensal paradox	423	(1)
A hypothesis to explain the commensal paradox	423	(5)
Cellular microbiology and idiopathic diseases	428	(3)
The application of cellular microbiology to the generation of novel therapeutics	431	(1)
Antibacterial agents	431	(1)
Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs	432	(1)
Anticancer therapy	432	(1)
The future of cellular microbiology	432	(5)
Index	437