Chemistry : The Central Science

by Brown, Theodore L.; Lemay, H. Eugene; Bursten, Bruce E.

• ISBN13: 9780135334805
• ISBN10: 0135334802
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The #1 best-selling general chemistry text. Known for the solid basics that comprise its core: engaging and clear writing; a comprehensive and balanced problem-solving program; and an emphasis on showing that chemistry is the central science by introducing students to interesting and relevant chemical applications. The 7/e introduces a dynamic new illustration program, new problem-solving material, and the most innovative and integrated suite of multimedia products available today.

Table of Contents

Chemical Applications and Essays	xvii
Preface	xix
A Student's Guide to Using this Text	xxvii
About the Authors	xxxi
Introduction: Matter and Measurement	1	(36)
The Study of Chemistry	1	(4)
The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry	1	(1)
Why Study Chemistry?	2	(3)
Classification of Matter	5	(6)
States of Matter	5	(1)
Pure Substances and Mixtures	6	(2)
Separation of Mixtures	8	(1)
Elements	9	(1)
Compounds	10	(1)
Properties of Matter	11	(3)
Physical and Chemical Changes	11	(3)
Units of Measurement	14	(7)
SI Units	14	(1)
Length and Mass	15	(1)
Temperature	15	(2)
Derived SI Units	17	(1)
Volume	17	(1)
Density	17	(4)
Uncertainty in Measurement	21	(4)
Precision and Accuracy	22	(1)
Significant Figures	22	(1)
Significant Figures in Calculations	23	(2)
Dimensional Analysis	25	(12)
Summary of Dimensional Analysis	27	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	30	(1)
Exercises	31	(6)
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions	37	(34)
The Atomic Theory of Matter	37	(1)
The Discovery of Atomic Structure	38	(5)
Cathode Rays and Electrons	39	(2)
Radioactivity	41	(1)
The Nuclear Atom	41	(2)
The Modern View of Atomic Structure	43	(3)
Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers	45	(1)
The Periodic Table	46	(3)
Molecules and Molecular Compounds	49	(3)
Molecules and Chemical Formulas	49	(1)
Molecular and Empirical Formulas	50	(1)
Picturing Molecules	51	(1)
Ions and Ionic Compounds	52	(5)
Predicting Ionic Charges	53	(1)
Ionic Compounds	54	(3)
Naming Inorganic Compounds	57	(14)
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds	58	(4)
Names and Formulas of Acids	62	(1)
Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds	63	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	64	(1)
Exercises	65	(6)
Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations	71	(36)
Chemical Equations	71	(3)
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity	74	(4)
Using the Periodic Table	74	(1)
Combustion in Air	75	(1)
Combinations and Decomposition Reactions	76	(2)
Atomic and Molecular Weights	78	(3)
The Atomic Mass Scale	78	(1)
Average Atomic Masses	78	(1)
Formula and Molecular Weights	79	(1)
Percentage Composition from Formulas	80	(1)
The Mole	81	(5)
Molar Mass	82	(2)
Interconverting Masses, Moles, and Numbers of Particles	84	(2)
Empirical Formulas from Analyses	86	(4)
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula	88	(1)
Combustion Analysis	89	(1)
Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations	90	(3)
Limiting Reactants	93	(14)
Theoretical Yields	97	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	98	(1)
Exercises	99	(8)
Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry	107	(38)
Solution Composition	107	(5)
Molarity	107	(3)
Dilution	110	(2)
Properties of Solutes in Aqueous Solution	112	(3)
Ionic Compounds in Water	113	(1)
Molecular Compounds in Water	114	(1)
Strong and Weak Electrolytes	115	(1)
Acids, Bases, and Salts	115	(4)
Acids	116	(1)
Bases	116	(1)
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases	117	(1)
Neutralization Reactions and Salts	118	(1)
Ionic Equations	119	(2)
Metathesis Reactions	121	(7)
Precipitation Reactions	122	(1)
Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds	122	(2)
Reactions in Which a Weak Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte Forms	124	(2)
Reactions in Which a Gas Forms	126	(2)
Introduction to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	128	(5)
Oxidation and Reduction	129	(1)
Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts	129	(1)
The Activity Series	130	(3)
Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis	133	(12)
Titrations	136	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	138	(1)
Exercises	139	(6)
Thermochemistry	145	(38)
The Nature of Energy	145	(2)
Kinetic and Potential Energy	146	(1)
Energy Units	146	(1)
Systems and Surroundings	147	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	147	(4)
Internal Energy	148	(1)
Relating ΔE to Heat and Work	148	(1)
Endothermic and Exothermic Processes	149	(1)
State Functions	150	(1)
Enthalpy	151	(3)
Enthalpies of Reactions	154	(2)
Calorimetry	156	(6)
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat	157	(2)
Constant-Pressure Calorimetry	159	(1)
Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)	160	(2)
Hess's Law	162	(2)
Enthalpies of Formation	164	(6)
Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction	165	(5)
Foods and Fuels	170	(13)
Foods	172	(1)
Other Energy Sources	173	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	174	(1)
Exercises	175	(8)
Electronic Structure of Atoms	183	(40)
The Wave Nature of Light	183	(2)
Quantized Energy and Photons	185	(4)
The Photoelectric Effect	187	(2)
Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom	189	(5)
Line Spectra	189	(1)
Bohr's Model	190	(4)
The Wave Behavior of Matter	194	(1)
The Uncertainty Principle	195	(1)
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals	195	(4)
Orbitals and Quantum Numbers	197	(2)
Representations of Orbitals	199	(3)
The s Orbitals	200	(1)
The p Orbitals	201	(1)
The d and f Orbitals	201	(1)
Orbitals in Many-Electron Atoms	202	(4)
Effective Nuclear Charge	203	(1)
Energies of Orbitals	203	(1)
Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle	204	(2)
Electron Configurations	206	(5)
Periods 1, 2, and 3	206	(4)
Period 4 and Beyond	210	(1)
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table	211	(12)
Summary and Key Terms	215	(2)
Exercises	217	(6)
Periodic Properties of the Elements	223	(32)
Development of the Periodic Table	223	(2)
Electron Shells and the Sizes of Atoms	225	(4)
Electron Shells in Atoms	225	(1)
Atomic Sizes	226	(3)
Ionization Energy	229	(3)
Periodic Trends in Ionization Energies	230	(2)
Electron Affinities	232	(2)
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids	234	(5)
Metals	235	(2)
Nonmetals	237	(1)
Metalloids	238	(1)
Group Trends for the Active Metals	239	(4)
The Alkali Metals	239	(2)
The Alkaline Earth Metals	241	(2)
Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals	243	(12)
Hydrogen	243	(1)
The Oxygen Family	244	(1)
The Halogens	245	(1)
The Noble Gases	246	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	248	(1)
Exercises	249	(6)
Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding	255	(40)
Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule	255	(1)
Ionic Bonding	256	(7)
Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation	258	(1)
Electron Configuration of Ions of the Representative Elements	259	(3)
Transition-Metal Ions	262	(1)
Polyatomic Ions	262	(1)
Size of Ions	263	(1)
Covalent Bonding	264	(2)
Multiple Bonds	266	(1)
Bond Polarity and Electronegativity	266	(3)
Electronegativity	267	(1)
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity	268	(1)
Drawing Lewis Structures	269	(4)
Formal Charge	271	(2)
Resonance Structures	273	(3)
Resonance in Benzene	275	(1)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	276	(3)
Odd Number of Electrons	276	(1)
Less Than an Octet	276	(1)
More Than an Octet	277	(2)
Strengths of Covalent Bonds	279	(5)
Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions	280	(2)
Bond Strength and Bond Length	282	(2)
Oxidation Numbers	284	(11)
Oxidation Numbers and Nomenclature	287	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	287	(2)
Exercises	289	(6)
Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories	295	(48)
Molecular Shapes	295	(1)
The VSEPR Model	296	(9)
Predicting Molecular Geometries	297	(3)
The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles	300	(3)
Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells	303	(1)
Molecules with More than One Central Atom	304	(1)
Polarity of Molecules	305	(4)
Dipole Moments of Polyatomic Molecules	307	(2)
Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap	309	(2)
Hybrid Orbitals	311	(6)
sp Hybrid Orbitals	311	(2)
sp2 and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals	313	(1)
Hybridization Involving d Orbitals	314	(1)
Summary	315	(2)
Multiple Bonds	317	(7)
Delocalized π Bonding	320	(3)
General Conclusions	323	(1)
Molecular Orbitals	324	(3)
The Hydrogen Molecule	324	(2)
Bond Order	326	(1)
Second-Row Diatomic Molecules	327	(16)
Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2	327	(2)
Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals	329	(1)
Electron Configurations for B2 through Ne2	330	(2)
Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties	332	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	335	(1)
Exercises	336	(7)
Gases	343	(40)
Characteristics of Gases	343	(1)
Pressure	344	(5)
Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer	344	(2)
Properties of Enclosed Gases and Manometers	346	(3)
The Gas Laws	349	(3)
The Pressure-Volume Relationship: Boyle's Law	349	(1)
The Temperature-Volume Relationship: Charles's Law	350	(1)
The Quantity-Volume Relationship: Avogadro's Law	351	(1)
The Ideal-Gas Equation	352	(5)
Relationship Between the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws	354	(3)
Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation	357	(3)
Gas Densities and Molar Mass	357	(2)
Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions	359	(1)
Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures	360	(4)
Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions	361	(1)
Collecting Gases Over Water	362	(2)
Kinetic-Molecular Theory	364	(3)
Application to the Gas Laws	366	(1)
Molecular Effusion and Diffusion	367	(3)
Graham's Law of Effusion	368	(2)
Diffusion and Mean Free Path	370	(1)
Real Gases: Deviations From Ideal Behavior	370	(13)
The van der Waals Equation	372	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	374	(1)
Exercises	375	(8)
Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids	383	(40)
A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids	383	(2)
Intermolecular Forces	385	(8)
Ion-Dipole Forces	385	(1)
Dipole-Dipole Forces	386	(1)
London Dispersion Forces	386	(3)
Hydrogen Bonding	389	(3)
Comparing Intermolecular Forces	392	(1)
Some Properties of Liquids	393	(1)
Viscosity	394	(1)
Surface Tension	394	(1)
Phase Changes	394	(5)
Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes	395	(1)
Heating Curves	396	(2)
Critical Temperature and Pressure	398	(1)
Vapor Pressure	399	(3)
Explaining Vapor Pressure on the Molecular Level	399	(1)
Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Temperature	400	(1)
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point	401	(1)
Phase Diagrams	402	(2)
The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2	403	(1)
Structures of Solids	404	(7)
Unit Cells	405	(1)
The Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride	406	(2)
Close Packing of Spheres	408	(3)
Bonding in Solids	411	(12)
Molecular Solids	411	(1)
Covalent-Network Solids	412	(1)
Ionic Solids	413	(1)
Metallic Solids	414	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	415	(1)
Exercises	416	(7)
Modern Materials	423	(30)
Liquid Crystals	423	(5)
Types of Liquid-Crystalline Phases	424	(4)
Polymers	428	(9)
Types of Polymers	432	(1)
Structures and Physical Properties of Polymers	432	(3)
Crosslinking Polymers	435	(2)
Ceramics	437	(5)
Processing of Ceramics	438	(1)
Ceramic Composites	439	(1)
Applications of Ceramics	440	(1)
Superconducting Ceramics	440	(2)
Thin Films	442	(11)
Uses of Thin Films	443	(1)
Formation of Thin Films	444	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	447	(1)
Exercises	447	(6)
Properties of Solutions	453	(38)
The Solution Process	453	(5)
Energy Changes and Solution Formation	454	(2)
Solution Formation, Spontaneity, and Disorder	456	(1)
Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions	457	(1)
Ways of Expressing Concentration	458	(4)
Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality	459	(3)
Saturated Solutions and Solubility	462	(1)
Factors Affecting Solubility	463	(6)
Solute-Solvent Interactions	463	(2)
Pressure Effects	465	(2)
Temperature Effects	467	(2)
Colligative Properties	469	(10)
Lowering the Vapor Pressure	469	(1)
Raoult's Law	470	(2)
Boiling-Point Elevation	472	(1)
Freezing-Point Depression	473	(2)
Osmosis	475	(1)
Determination of Molar Mass	476	(3)
Colloids	479	(12)
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids	480	(1)
Removal of Colloidal Particles	481	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	483	(1)
Exercises	484	(7)
Chemical Kinetics	491	(48)
Reaction Rates	492	(5)
Rates in Terms of Concentrations	494	(2)
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry	496	(1)
The Dependence of Rate on Concentration	497	(4)
Reaction Order	499	(1)
Units of Rate Constants	499	(1)
Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws	500	(1)
The Change of Concentration with Time	501	(6)
First-Order Reactions	502	(2)
Half-life	504	(1)
Second-Order Reactions	505	(2)
Temperature and Rate	507	(6)
The Collision Model	507	(1)
Activation Energy	508	(3)
The Arrhenius Equation	511	(2)
Reaction Mechanisms	513	(8)
Elementary Steps	515	(1)
Rate Laws of Elementary Steps	516	(2)
Rate Laws of Multistep Mechanisms	518	(1)
Mechanisms with an Initial Fast Step	519	(2)
Catalysis	521	(18)
Homogeneous Catalysis	521	(1)
Heterogeneous Catalysis	522	(2)
Enzymes	524	(5)
Summary and Key Terms	529	(1)
Exercises	530	(9)
Chemical Equilibrium	539	(34)
The Concept of Equilibrium	540	(3)
The Equilibrium Constant	543	(5)
Expressing Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure, Kp	546	(1)
The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants	546	(1)
The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K	547	(1)
Heterogeneous Equilibria	548	(2)
Calculating Equilibrium Constants	550	(3)
Relating Kc and Kp	552	(1)
Applications of Equilibrium Constants	553	(4)
Predicting the Direction of Reaction	553	(1)
Calculation of Equilibrium Concentrations	554	(3)
Le Chatelier's Principle	557	(16)
Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations	557	(1)
Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes	558	(2)
Effect of Temperature Changes	560	(3)
The Effect of Catalysts	563	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	565	(1)
Exercises	566	(7)
Acid-Base Equilibria	573	(48)
Acids and Bases: A Brief Review	573	(1)
The Dissociation of Water	574	(2)
The Proton in Water	575	(1)
The pH Scale	576	(4)
Other ``p'' Scales	579	(1)
Measuring pH	579	(1)
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases	580	(5)
Proton-Transfer Reactions	580	(1)
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs	581	(2)
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases	583	(2)
Strong Acids and Bases	585	(2)
Strong Acids	585	(1)
Strong Bases	586	(1)
Weak Acids	587	(9)
Calculating pH for Solutions of Weak Acids	590	(4)
Polyprotic Acids	594	(2)
Weak Bases	596	(4)
Types of Weak Bases	598	(2)
Relationship Between Ka and Kb	600	(3)
Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions	603	(2)
Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure	605	(6)
Factors That Affect Acid Strength	605	(1)
Binary Hydrides	606	(1)
Oxyacids	606	(3)
Carboxylic Acids	609	(2)
Lewis Acids and Bases	611	(10)
Hydrolysis of Metal Ions	612	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	613	(1)
Exercises	614	(7)
Additional Aspects of Equilibria	621	(42)
The Common-Ion Effect	621	(3)
Buffered Solutions	624	(8)
Composition and Action of Buffered Solutions	624	(2)
Buffer Capacity and pH	626	(2)
Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers	628	(4)
Acid-Base Titrations	632	(9)
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations	632	(2)
The Addition of a Strong Base to a Weak Acid	634	(3)
Titration Curves for Weak Acids or Weak Bases	637	(3)
Titrations of Polyprotic Acids	640	(1)
Solubility Equilibria	641	(3)
The Solubility-Product Constant, Ksp	641	(1)
Solubility and Ksp	642	(2)
Factors that Affect Solubility	644	(7)
Common-Ion Effect	644	(2)
Solubility and pH	646	(1)
Formation of Complex Ions	647	(3)
Amphoterism	650	(1)
Precipitation and Separation of Ions	651	(3)
Selective Precipitation of Ions	653	(1)
Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements	654	(9)
Summary and Key Terms	656	(1)
Exercises	657	(6)
Chemistry of the Environment	663	(28)
Earth's Atmosphere	663	(3)
Composition of the Atmosphere	664	(2)
The Outer Regions of the Atmosphere	666	(2)
Photodissociation	666	(1)
Photoionization	667	(1)
Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere	668	(4)
Depletion of the Ozone Layer	670	(2)
Chemistry of the Troposphere	672	(7)
Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain	673	(1)
Carbon Monoxide	674	(2)
Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog	676	(1)
Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate	677	(2)
The World Ocean	679	(2)
Seawater	679	(1)
Desalination	680	(1)
Fresh Water	681	(10)
Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality	682	(2)
Treatment of Municipal Water Supplies	684	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	685	(1)
Exercises	686	(5)
Chemical Thermodynamics	691	(32)
Spontaneous Processes	691	(3)
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	694	(5)
Entropy	694	(4)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	698	(1)
A Molecular Interpretation of Entropy	699	(4)
Calculation of Entropy Changes	703	(3)
Gibbs Free Energy	706	(4)
Standard Free-Energy Changes	707	(3)
Free Energy and Temperature	710	(1)
Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant	711	(12)
Summary and Key Terms	714	(1)
Exercises	715	(8)
Electrochemistry	723	(48)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	723	(2)
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations	725	(5)
Half-Reactions	725	(1)
Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions	725	(4)
Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution	729	(1)
Voltaic Cells	730	(3)
Cell EMF	733	(7)
Standard Reduction Potentials	734	(4)
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents	738	(2)
Spontaneity of Redox Reactions	740	(3)
EMF and Free-Energy Change	742	(1)
Effect of Concentration on Cell EMF	743	(4)
The Nernst Equation	743	(2)
Equilibrium Constants for Redox Equations	745	(2)
Commercial Voltaic Cells	747	(3)
Lead Storage Battery	748	(1)
Dry Cell	749	(1)
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries	749	(1)
Fuel Cells	750	(1)
Electrolysis	750	(4)
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions	751	(2)
Electrolysis with Active Electrodes	753	(1)
Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis	754	(4)
Electrical Work	755	(3)
Corrosion	758	(13)
Corrosion of Iron	758	(1)
Prevention of Corrosion	759	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	761	(2)
Exercises	763	(8)
Nuclear Chemistry	771	(36)
Radioactivity	771	(3)
Nuclear Equations	772	(1)
Types of Radioactive Decay	773	(1)
Patterns of Nuclear Stability	774	(5)
Neutron-to-Proton Ratio	775	(2)
Radioactive Series	777	(1)
Further Observations	777	(2)
Nuclear Transmutations	779	(2)
Using Charged Particles	779	(1)
Using Neutrons	780	(1)
Transuranium Elements	780	(1)
Rates of Radioactive Decay	781	(4)
Dating	783	(1)
Calculations Based on Half-Life	784	(1)
Detection of Radioactivity	785	(2)
Radiotracers	786	(1)
Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions	787	(4)
Nuclear Binding Energies	789	(2)
Nuclear Fission	791	(4)
Nuclear Reactors	792	(3)
Nuclear Fusion	795	(1)
Biological Effects of Radiation	796	(11)
Radiation Doses	798	(1)
Radon	799	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	801	(1)
Exercises	802	(5)
Chemistry of the Nonmetals	807	(62)
General Concepts: Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions	807	(3)
Chemical Reactions	809	(1)
Hydrogen	810	(5)
Isotopes of Hydrogen	811	(1)
Properties of Hydrogen	812	(1)
Preparation of Hydrogen	812	(1)
Uses of Hydrogen	813	(1)
Binary Hydrogen Compounds	814	(1)
Group 8A: The Noble Gases	815	(2)
Noble-Gas Compounds	815	(2)
Group 7A: The Halogens	817	(8)
Properties and Preparation of the Halogens	818	(2)
Uses of the Halogens	820	(1)
The Hydrogen Halides	820	(2)
Interhalogen Compounds	822	(1)
Oxyacids and Oxyanions	823	(2)
Oxygen	825	(5)
Properties of Oxygen	825	(1)
Preparation of Oxygen	825	(1)
Uses of Oxygen	826	(1)
Ozone	826	(2)
Oxides	828	(1)
Peroxides and Superoxides	829	(1)
The Other Group 6A Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po	830	(6)
General Characteristics of the Group 6A Elements	830	(1)
Occurrences and Preparation of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium	831	(1)
Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium	832	(1)
Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur	833	(2)
Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Se and Te	835	(1)
Sulfides, Selenides, and Tellurides	835	(1)
Nitrogen	836	(5)
Properties of Nitrogen	836	(1)
Preparation and Uses of Nitrogen	837	(1)
Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen	837	(2)
Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen	839	(2)
The Other Group 5A Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi	841	(7)
General Characteristics of the Group 5A Elements	841	(2)
Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus	843	(1)
Phosphorus Halides	843	(1)
Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus	844	(3)
Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth	847	(1)
Carbon	848	(6)
Elemental Forms of Carbon	848	(2)
Oxides of Carbon	850	(1)
Carbonic Acid and Carbonates	851	(1)
Carbides	852	(1)
Other Inorganic Compounds of Carbon	853	(1)
The Other Group 4A Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb	854	(5)
General Characteristics of the Group 4A Elements	854	(1)
Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon	855	(1)
Silicates	856	(1)
Glass	857	(2)
Silicones	859	(1)
Boron	859	(10)
Summary and Key Terms	860	(2)
Exercises	862	(7)
Metals and Metallurgy	869	(32)
Occurrence and Distribution of Metals	869	(3)
Minerals	870	(1)
Metallurgy	871	(1)
Pyrometallurgy	872	(3)
The Pyrometallurgy of Iron	873	(2)
Formation of Steel	875	(1)
Hydrometallurgy	875	(2)
The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum	877	(1)
Electrometallurgy	877	(4)
Electrometallurgy of Sodium	878	(1)
Electrometallurgy of Aluminum	878	(1)
Electrorefining of Copper	879	(2)
Metallic Bonding	881	(5)
Physical Properties of Metals	882	(1)
Electron-Sea Model for Metallic Bonding	882	(1)
Molecular-Orbital Model for Metals	883	(3)
Alloys	886	(2)
Intermetallic Compounds	888	(1)
Transition Metals	888	(4)
Physical Properties	888	(2)
Electron Configurations and Oxidation States	890	(1)
Magnetism	891	(1)
Chemistry of Selected Transition Metals	892	(9)
Chromium	892	(1)
Iron	893	(1)
Copper	894	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	895	(1)
Exercises	896	(5)
Chemistry of Coordination Compounds	901	(32)
The Structure of Complexes	901	(3)
Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries	902	(2)
Chelates	904	(4)
Metals and Chelates in Living Systems	906	(2)
Nomenclature	908	(5)
Isomerism	913	(3)
Structural Isomerism	913	(1)
Stereoisomerism	914	(2)
Color and Magnetism	916	(3)
Color	917	(1)
Magnetism	918	(1)
Crystal-Field Theory	919	(14)
Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes	924	(1)
Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes	925	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	927	(1)
Exercises	928	(5)
The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry	933
Introduction to Hydrocarbons	933
Alkanes	934
Structure of Alkanes	935
Structural Isomers	936
Nomenclature of Alkanes	936
Cycloalkanes	939
Reactions of Alkanes	941
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	941
Alkenes	941
Alkynes	943
Additional Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes	944
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	946
Functional Groups: Alcohols and Ethers	947
Alcohols (R-OH)	948
Ethers (R-O-R')	950
Compounds with a Carbonyl Group	951
Aldehydes and Ketones	951
Carboxylic Acids	952
Esters	953
Introduction to Biochemistry	955
Proteins	956
Amino Acids	956
Polypeptides and Proteins	958
Protein Structure	960
Carbohydrates	962
Disaccharides	963
Polysaccharides	964
Nucleic Acids	966
Summary and Key Terms	969
Exercises	971
APPENDICES
A Mathematical Operations	976
B Properties of Water	983
C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25°C)	984
D Aqueous-Equilibrium Constants	988
E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C	990
Answers to Selected Exercises	A-1
Glossary	G-1
Photo/Art Credits	C-1
Index	I-1