Chemistry for Changing Times

by Hill, John W.; Kolb, Doris K.

• ISBN13: 9780131402461
• ISBN10: 0131402463
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This popular book, now in its 10th edition, is a useful and interesting read for the layperson, as it is colorful, conversational in tone, and easily understandable. Knowledge of chemistry leads to better understanding about the hazards and benefits of this world, enabling better personal decision-making. This comprehensive yet simply written book covers the gamut of chemistry topics, including: drugs, biocides, food additives, fertilizers, fuels, detergents, cosmetics, plastics, toxic wastes, polluted air and water, and dwindling petroleum reserves. By introducing current and timely topics, this book enables the reader to relate chemistry to themselves. For anyone interested in learning about chemistry and its effect upon our everyday lives.

Table of Contents

(Note:Each chapter concludes with a Summary, Key Terms, Review Questions, Problems, Additional Problems, Group Projects, and References and Readings.)

Chemistry: A Science for All Seasons

Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge

The Baconian Dream and the Carsonian Nightmare

Science: Testable, Reproducible, Explanatory, Predictive, and Tentative

Limitations of Science

Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits

Chemistry: Its Central Role

Solving Society's Problems: Scientific Research

Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes

Classification of Matter

Measurement of Matter

Density

Energy: Heat and Temperature

Critical Thinking

Atoms: Are They for Real? Atoms: The Greek Idea

Lavoisier: The Law of Conservation of Mass

Proust: The Law of Definite Proportions

John Dalton and the Atomic Theory of Matter

Out of Chaos: The Periodic Table

Atoms: Real and Relevant

Leucippus Revisited: Molecules

Atomic Structure: Images of the Invisible

Electricity and the Atom

Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity

Three Types of Radioactivity

Rutherford's Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the Atom

Structure of the Nucleus

Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model

Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model

Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Which Model to Choose?

Nuclear Chemistry: The Heart of the Matter

Natural Radioactivity

Nuclear Equations

Half-Life

Radioisotopic Dating

Artificial Transmutation

Uses of Radioisotopes

Nuclear Medicine

Penetrating Power of Radiation

Energy from the Nucleus

Building the Bomb

Radioactive Fallout

Nuclear Power Plants

Thermonuclear Reactions

The Nuclear Age

Chemical Bonds: The Ties That Bind

The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configurations

Electron-Dot Structures

Sodium Reacts with Chlorine: The Facts

Sodium Reacts with Chlorine: The Theory

Using Electron-Dot Symbols: More Ionic Compounds

Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds

Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pairs

Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds

Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane

Polyatomic Ions

Rules for Writing Electron-Dot Formulas

Odd-Electron Molecules: Free Radicals

Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory

Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

Intermolecular Forces and States of Matter

A Chemical Vocabulary

Chemical Accounting: Mass and Volume Relationships

Chemical Sentences: Equations

Volume Relationships in Chemical Equations

Avogadro's Number: 6.02 X 1023

The Mole: ldquo;A Dozen Eggs and a Mole of Sugar, Please.rdquo;

Mole and Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations

The Gas Laws

Solutions

Acids and Bases: Please Pass the Protons

Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acidic and Basic Anhydrides

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

The pH Scale

Acid Rain

Antacids: A Basic Remedy

Acids and Bases in Industry and in Us

Oxidation and Reduction: Burn and Unburn

Oxidation and Reduction: Three Views

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries

Corrosion

Explosive Reactions

Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent

Other Common Oxidizing Agents

Some Reducing Agents of Interest

A Closer Look at Hydrogen

Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things

Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds

The Unique Carbon Atom

Alkanes

Cyclic Hydrocarbons: Rings and Things

Unsaturated and H

Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

Chemistry for Changing Timesis now in its tenth edition. Times have indeed changed since the first edition appeared in 1972, and they are now changing more rapidly than ever. The book is changing accordingly. Our knowledge base has expanded enormously since that first edition, never more so than in the last few years. We have faced tough choices in deciding what to include and what to leave out. We live in what has been called the "information age." Unfortunately, information is not knowledge. It may or may not be valid. Our focus, more than ever, is on helping students evaluate information. We hope that some day we all will gain the gift of wisdom. A major premise is that a chemistry course for students who are not majoring in science should be quite different from the course we offer our science majors. It must present basic chemical concepts with intellectual honesty, but it should not focus on esoteric theories or rigorous mathematics. It should include lots of modern everyday applications. The textbook should be appealing to look at, easy to understand, and interesting to read. Three-fourths of the legislation considered by the U.S. Congress involves questions having to do with science or technology, yet only rarely does a scientist or engineer enter politics. Most of the people who make important decisions regarding our health and our environment are not trained in science, but it is critical that these decision makers be scientifically literate. A chemistry course for students who are not science majors should emphasize practical applications of chemistry to problems involving such things as environmental pollution, radioactivity, energy sources, and human health. The students who take our liberal arts chemistry courses include future teachers, lawyers, accountants, journalists, and judges. There are probably some future legislators, too. Objectives Our main objectives in a chemistry course for students who are not majoring in science are as follows: To attract a lot of students. If students are not enrolled in the course, we can't teach them. To use topics of current interest to illustrate chemical principles. We want students to appreciate the importance of chemistry in the real world. To relate chemical problems to the everyday lives of our students. Chemical problems seem more significant to students if they can see a personal connection. To instill in students an appreciation for chemistry as an open-ended learning experience. We hope that our students will develop a curiosity about science, and will want to continue learning throughout their lives. To acquaint students with scientific methods. We want students to be able to read about science and technology with some degree of critical judgment. This is especially important because many of the scientific problems discussed are complex and controversial. To help students become literate in science. We want our students to develop a comfortable knowledge of science so that they find news articles relating to science interesting rather than intimidating. New Features in the Tenth Edition In preparing this new edition, we have responded to suggestions from users and reviewers of the ninth edition as well as using our own writing and teaching experience. The text is fully revised and updated to reflect the latest scientific developments in a fast-changing world. Planning the Course The organization of the text makes it easier for the instructor to skip sections or (in some cases) whole chapters. At most institutions, the course for nonscience majors brings together a tremendously heterogeneous group of students, with regard to both their science backgrounds and their academic interests. A major challenge to the instructor is to find the balance between these needs and interests. As authors we have tried to create a text that is flexible and tha