Chemistry and Life: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

by John Hill; Dorothy M. Feigl; Stuart J. Baum

• ISBN13: 9780135692943
• ISBN10: 0135692946
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-11-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall Incorporated

Summary

Chemistry and life is an introduction to general, organic, and biological chemistry.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix	(3)
To the Student	xii
1 Matter and Measurement	1	(30)
1.1 Science and the Human Condition	2	(1)
1.2 Problems in Paradise	3	(1)
1.3 The Way Science Works--Sometimes	4	(1)
1.4 What Is Chemistry? Some Fundamental Concepts	5	(2)
1.5 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures	7	(2)
1.6 Energy and Energy Conversion	9	(3)
1.7 Electric Forces	12	(1)
1.8 Measurement: The Modern Metric System	12	(4)
1.9 Measuring Energy: Temperature and Heat	16	(3)
1.10 Density	19	(2)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	21	(5)
Special Topic A Unit Conversions	26	(5)
A.1 Conversions Within a System	26	(2)
A.2 Conversions Between Systems	28	(1)
A.3 Density Problems	29	(2)
2 Atoms	31	(23)
2.1 Dalton's Atomic Theory	32	(1)
2.2 The Nuclear Atom	33	(4)
2.3 Nuclear Arithmetic	37	(2)
2.4 The Bohr Model of the Atom	39	(3)
2.5 Electron Configurations	42	(3)
2.6 The Periodic Table	45	(4)
2.7 Which Model to Use?	49	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	50	(4)
3 Nuclear Processes	54	(26)
3.1 Discovery of Radioactivity	55	(1)
3.2 Types of Radioactivity	55	(3)
3.3 Penetrating Power of Radiation	58	(2)
3.4 Radiation Measurement	60	(1)
3.5 Half-Life	61	(2)
3.6 Radioisotopic Dating	63	(2)
3.7 Artificial Transmutation and Induced Radioactivity	65	(2)
3.8 Fission and Fusion	67	(2)
3.9 Nuclear Medicine	69	(2)
3.10 Medical Imaging	71	(3)
3.11 Other Applications	74	(1)
3.12 The Nuclear Age Revisited	75	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	76	(4)
4 Chemical Bonds	80	(33)
4.1 The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configurations	81	(1)
4.2 Lewis (Electron Dot) Structures	82	(1)
4.3 Sodium Reacts with Chlorine: The Facts	83	(1)
4.4 The Sodium-Chlorine Reaction: Theory	84	(1)
4.5 Ionic Bonds: Some General Considerations	85	(1)
4.6 Names of Simple Ions and Ionic Compounds	86	(4)
4.7 Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pairs	90	(1)
4.8 Multiple Covalent Bonds	91	(1)
4.9 Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds	92	(2)
4.10 Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane	94	(1)
4.11 Names for Covalent Compounds	94	(1)
4.12 Polyatomic Ions	95	(3)
4.13 Electronegativity	98	(1)
4.14 Rules for Writing Lewis Formulas	98	(3)
4.15 Exceptions to the Octet Rule	101	(2)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	103	(4)
Special Topic B Molecular Shapes and Properties	107	(6)
B.1 The VESPR Theory	107	(2)
B.2 Polar and Nonpolar Molecules	109	(4)
5 Chemical Reactions	113	(31)
5.1 Balancing Chemical Equations	114	(3)
5.2 Volume Relationships in Chemical Equations	117	(2)
5.3 Avogadro's Number: 6.02 x 10 23	119	(1)
5.4 Molecular Weights and Formula Weights	119	(2)
5.5 Chemical Arithmetic and the Mole	121	(2)
5.6 Mole and Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations	123	(4)
5.7 Structure, Stability, and Spontaneity	127	(1)
5.8 Reversible Reactions	128	(2)
5.9 Reaction Rates: Collisions, Orientation, and Energy	130	(1)
5.10 Reaction Rates: The Effect of Temperature	131	(2)
5.11 Reaction Rates: Catalysis	133	(1)
5.12 Reaction Rates: The Effect of Concentration	134	(1)
5.13 Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions	135	(3)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	138	(6)
6 Oxidation and Reduction	144	(20)
6.1 Oxygen: Abundant and Essential	145	(1)
6.2 Chemical Properties of Oxygen: Oxidation	146	(2)
6.3 Hydrogen: A Reactive Lightweight Element	148	(2)
6.4 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions	150	(5)
6.5 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents	155	(1)
6.6 Some Common Oxidizing Agents	156	(2)
6.7 Some Reducing Agents of Interest	158	(2)
6.8 Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things	160	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	161	(3)
7 Gases	164	(26)
7.1 Air: A Mixture of Gases	165	(1)
7.2 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory	165	(2)
7.3 Atmospheric Pressure	167	(1)
7.4 Boyle's Law: The Pressure-Volume Relationship	168	(5)
7.5 Charles's Law: The Temperature-Volume Relationship	173	(3)
7.6 Avogadro's Law: The Molar Volume of a Gas	176	(1)
7.7 The Combined Gas Law	177	(2)
7.8 The Ideal Gas Law	179	(1)
7.9 Henry's Law: The Pressure-Solubility Relationship	180	(1)
7.10 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	181	(2)
7.11 Partial Pressures and Respiration	183	(2)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	185	(5)
8 Liquids and Solids	190	(23)
8.1 Sticky Molecules: Intermolecular Forces	191	(1)
8.2 Ionic Bonds as Forces Between Particles	192	(1)
8.3 Dipole Forces	193	(1)
8.4 Hydrogen Bonds	194	(2)
8.5 Dispersion Forces	196	(1)
8.6 The Liquid State	197	(1)
8.7 From Liquid to Gas: Vaporization	198	(4)
8.8 The Solid State	202	(3)
8.9 From Solid to Liquid: Melting (Fusion)	205	(2)
8.10 Water: A Most Unusual Liquid	207	(3)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	210	(3)
9 Solutions	213	(26)
9.1 Solutions: Definitions and Types	214	(1)
9.2 Qualitative Aspects of Solubility	214	(1)
9.3 Solubility of Ionic Compounds	215	(1)
9.4 Solubility of Covalent Compounds	216	(2)
9.5 Dynamic Equilibria	218	(3)
9.6 Solutions of Gases in Water	221	(1)
9.7 Molarity	222	(2)
9.8 Percent Concentrations	224	(2)
9.9 Colligative Properties of Solutions	226	(1)
9.10 Solutions and Cell Membranes: Osmosis	227	(4)
9.11 Colloids	231	(2)
9.12 Dialysis	233	(2)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	235	(4)
10 Acids and Bases I	239	(19)
10.1 Acids and Bases: Definitions and Properties	240	(2)
10.2 Strong and Weak Acids	242	(2)
10.3 Names of Some Common Acids	244	(1)
10.4 Some Common Bases	245	(2)
10.5 Acidic and Basic Anhydrides	247	(1)
10.6 Neutralization Reactions	248	(1)
10.7 Reactions of Acids with Carbonates and Bicarbonates	249	(2)
10.8 Antacids: A Basic Remedy	251	(3)
10.9 Acids, Bases, and Human Health	254	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	255	(3)
11 Acids and Bases II	258	(25)
11.1 Concentrations of Acids and Bases	259	(1)
11.2 Acid-Base Titrations	260	(3)
11.3 The pH Scale	263	(4)
11.4 Salts in Water: Acidic, Basic, or Neutral?	267	(2)
11.5 Buffers: Control of pH	269	(2)
11.6 Buffers in Blood	271	(1)
11.7 Acidosis and Alkalosis	272	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	273	(3)
Special Topic C Equilibrium Calculations	276	(7)
C.1 Equilibrium Constant Expressions	276	(1)
C.2 Ionization of Weak Acids	277	(2)
C.3 Equilibria Involving Weak Bases	279	(1)
C.4 Calculations Involving Buffers	279	(4)
12 Electrolytes	283	(33)
12.1 Early Electrochemistry	284	(1)
12.2 Electrical Conductivity	285	(1)
12.3 The Theory of Electrolytes: Ionization and Dissociation	286	(1)
12.4 Electrolysis: Chemical Change Caused by Electricity	287	(2)
12.5 Electrochemical Cells: Batteries	289	(5)
12.6 The Activity Series	294	(4)
12.7 Precipitation: The Solubility Product Relationship	298	(4)
12.8 The Salts of Life: Minerals	302	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	303	(3)
Special Topic D Inorganic Chemistry	306	(10)
D.1 Group 8A: The Noble Gases	306	(1)
D.2 Group 1A: The Alkali Metals	307	(1)
D.3 Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Elements	308	(1)
D.4 Group 3A: Boron and Aluminum	308	(1)
D.5 Group 4A: Some Compounds of Carbon	308	(2)
D.6 Group 5A: Some Nitrogen Compounds	310	(1)
D.7 Group 6A: Compounds of Oxygen and Sulfur	311	(1)
D.8 Group 7A: The Halogens	312	(1)
D.9 The B Groups: Some Typical Transition Elements	313	(3)
13 Hydrocarbons	316	(45)
13.1 Organic Versus Inorganic	317	(1)
13.2 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons	318	(3)
13.3 Condensed Structural Formulas	321	(1)
13.4 Alkyl Groups	322	(1)
13.5 The Universal Language: IUPAC Nomenclature	323	(3)
13.6 Physical Properties of Alkanes	326	(2)
13.7 Physiological Properties of Alkanes	328	(1)
13.8 Chemical Properties of Alkanes: Little Affinity	329	(1)
13.9 Halogenated Hydrocarbons	329	(4)
13.10 Cycloalkanes	333	(1)
13.11 Alkenes: Structure and Nomenclature	334	(5)
13.12 Alkenes and Living Things	339	(1)
13.13 Chemical Properties of Alkenes	339	(2)
13.14 Polymerization	341	(4)
13.15 Alkynes	345	(1)
13.16 Benzene	345	(2)
13.17 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Structure and Nomenclature	347	(3)
13.18 Uses of Benzene and Benzene Derivatives	350	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	351	(6)
Special Topic E Petroleum	357	(4)
E.1 Natural Gas and Gasoline	357	(2)
E.2 The Octane Rating of Gasoline	359	(2)
14 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers	361	(28)
14.1 The Functional Group	362	(2)
14.2 Classification and Nomenclature of Alcohols	364	(2)
14.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols	366	(3)
14.4 Preparation of Alcohols	369	(3)
14.5 Physiological Properties of Alcohols	372	(3)
14.6 Chemical Properties of Alcohols	375	(2)
14.7 Multifunctional Alcohols: Glycols and Glycerol	378	(2)
14.8 Phenols	380	(2)
14.9 Ethers	382	(2)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	384	(5)
15 Aldehydes and Ketones	389	(20)
15.1 The Carbonyl Group: A Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond	389	(1)
15.2 How to Name the Common Aldehydes	390	(3)
15.3 Naming the Common Ketones	393	(2)
15.4 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones	395	(1)
15.5 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones	396	(2)
15.6 Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones	398	(5)
15.7 Some Common Carbonyl Compounds	403	(2)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	405	(4)
16 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives	409	(37)
16.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: The Functional Groups	410	(1)
16.2 Some Common Carboxylic Acids: Structures and Names	411	(2)
16.3 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids	413	(1)
16.4 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids	414	(1)
16.5 Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids: Neutralization	415	(2)
16.6 An Ester by Any Other Name...	417	(2)
16.7 Physical Properties of Esters	419	(1)
16.8 Preparation of Esters: Esterification	420	(2)
16.9 Chemical Properties of Esters: Hydrolysis	422	(1)
16.10 Esters of Phosphoric Acid	423	(2)
16.11 Amides: Structures and Names	425	(2)
16.12 Physical Properties of Amides	427	(1)
16.13 Synthesis of Amides	428	(1)
16.14 Chemical Properties of Amides: Hydrolysis	429	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	430	(3)
Special Topic F Drugs: Some Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides	436	(10)
F.1 Aspirin and Other Salicylates	436	(2)
F.2 Aspirin Substitutes and Combination Pain Relievers	438	(1)
F.3 Opium Alkaloids	439	(1)
F.4 Synthetic Narcotics: Analgesia and Addiction	440	(1)
F.5 A Natural High: The Brain's Own Opiates	441	(1)
F.6 LSD: A Hallucinogenic Drug	442	(1)
F.7 Marijuana: Some Chemistry of Cannabis	443	(3)
17 Amines and Derivatives	446	(27)
17.1 Structure and Classification of Amines	447	(1)
17.2 Naming Amines	448	(3)
17.3 Physical Properties of Amines	451	(1)
17.4 Amines as Bases	452	(1)
17.5 Other Chemical Properties of Amines	453	(2)
17.6 Heterocyclic Amines	455	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	456	(5)
Special Topic G Brain Amines and Related Drugs	461	(12)
G.1 Some Chemistry of the Nervous System	461	(1)
G.2 Brain Amines	462	(1)
G.3 Stimulant Drugs: Amphetamines	463	(2)
G.4 Caffeine, Nicotine, and Cocaine	465	(1)
G.5 Local Anesthetics	466	(1)
G.6 Barbiturates: Sedation, Sleep, and Synergism	467	(1)
G.7 Dissociative Anesthetics: Ketamine and PCP	468	(1)
G.8 Antianxiety Agents	469	(1)
G.9 Antipsychotic Agents	470	(1)
G.10 Antidepressants	470	(3)
18 Stereoisomerism	473	(28)
18.1 Polarized Light and Optical Activity	474	(3)
18.2 Chiral Centers	477	(5)
18.3 Multiple Chiral Centers	482	(3)
18.4 Geometric Isomerism (Cis-Trans Isomerism)	485	(4)
18.5 Biochemical Significance	489	(3)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	492	(5)
Special Topic H Molecules to See and Smell	497	(4)
H.1 Vision: Cis-Trans Isomerism	497	(1)
H.2 Odors: The Shapes of Things We Smell	498	(3)
19 Carbohydrates	501	(24)
19.1 Carbohydrates: Definitions and Classifications	502	(1)
19.2 Monosaccharides: General Terminology	503	(1)
19.3 Stereochemistry	503	(2)
19.4 Hexoses	505	(2)
19.5 Monosaccharides: Cyclic Structures	507	(2)
19.6 Properties of Some Monosaccharides	509	(2)
19.7 Disaccharides	511	(5)
19.8 Polysaccharides	516	(4)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	520	(5)
20 Lipids	525	(37)
20.1 What Is a Lipid?	526	(1)
20.2 Fatty Acids	527	(1)
20.3 Fats and Oils	528	(2)
20.4 Properties of Fats and Oils	530	(2)
20.5 Soaps	532	(3)
20.6 Waxes	535	(1)
20.7 Phospholipids and Glycolipids	536	(3)
20.8 Cell Membranes	539	(3)
20.9 Steroids: Cholesterol and Bile Salts	542	(2)
20.10 Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease	544	(4)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	548	(4)
Special Topic I Hormones	552	(10)
I.1 The Endocrine System	552	(1)
I.2 Adrenocortical Hormones	553	(2)
I.3 Sex Hormones and Anabolic Steroids	555	(2)
I.4 Conception and Contraceptives	557	(2)
I.5 Estrogen Replacement Therapy	559	(1)
I.6 Prostaglandins	560	(2)
21 Proteins	562	(33)
21.1 Amino Acids	563	(4)
21.2 General Properties of Amino Acids	567	(1)
21.3 Reactions of Amino Acids	568	(2)
21.4 The Peptide Bond	570	(3)
21.5 The Sequence of Amino Acids	573	(1)
21.6 Some Peptides of Interest	573	(2)
21.7 Classification of Proteins	575	(1)
21.8 Structure of Proteins	576	(2)
21.9 Secondary Structure of Proteins	578	(1)
21.10 Tertiary Structure of Proteins	579	(4)
21.11 Quaternary Structure of Proteins	583	(3)
21.12 Electrochemical Properties of Proteins	586	(1)
21.13 Denaturation of Proteins	587	(4)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	591	(4)
22 Enzymes	595	(36)
22.1 Classification and Naming of Enzymes	596	(1)
22.2 Characteristics of Enzymes	597	(1)
22.3 Mode of Enzyme Action	598	(4)
22.4 Specificity of Enzymes	602	(1)
22.5 Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity	603	(3)
22.6 Enzyme Inhibition: Poisons	606	(5)
22.7 Chemotherapy	611	(5)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	616	(3)
Special Topic J Vitamins	619	(12)
J.1 What Are Vitamins?	619	(1)
J.2 Vitamin A	620	(1)
J.3 Vitamin D	621	(1)
J.4 Vitamin E	622	(1)
J.5 Vitamin K	623	(1)
J.6 The B Complex	623	(5)
J.7 Vitamin C	628	(3)
23 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis	631	(42)
23.1 The Building Blocks: Sugars, Phosphates, and Bases	632	(5)
23.2 The Base Sequence: Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids	637	(2)
23.3 Base Pairing and the Double Helix: Secondary Structure of DNA	639	(1)
23.4 DNA: Self-Replication	640	(3)
23.5 RNA: The Different Ribonucleic Acids	643	(3)
23.6 Protein Synthesis	646	(5)
23.7 The Genetic Code	651	(1)
23.8 Mutations and Genetic Diseases	652	(5)
23.9 Genetic Engineering: Biotechnology	657	(4)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	661	(4)
Special Topic K Viruses and Cancer	665	(8)
K.1 The Nature of Viruses	665	(1)
K.2 Antiviral Drugs	666	(1)
K.3 Cancer and Its Causes	667	(1)
K.4 Chemical Carcinogens	668	(2)
K.5 Testing for Carcinogens	670	(1)
K.6 Chemicals Against Cancer	670	(1)
K.7 Miscellaneous Anticancer Agents	671	(2)
24 Carbohydrate Metabolism I	673	(30)
24.1 ATP: Universal Energy Currency	675	(3)
24.2 Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates	678	(2)
24.3 Blood Glucose	680	(1)
24.4 Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar Level	681	(4)
24.5 Embden-Meyerhof Pathway	685	(8)
24.6 Glycolysis	693	(2)
24.7 Fermentation	695	(2)
24.8 Reversal of Glycolysis and Fermentation	697	(1)
24.9 Bioenergetics of Glycolysis and Fermentation	697	(1)
24.10 Storage of Chemical Energy	698	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	699	(4)
25 Carbohydrate Metabolism II	703	(19)
25.1 The Krebs Cycle	704	(5)
25.2 Respiratory Chain: Electron-Transport Chain	709	(4)
25.3 Oxidative Phosphorylation	713	(1)
25.4 Energy Yield of Carbohydrate Metabolism	714	(2)
25.5 Muscle Power	716	(3)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	719	(3)
26 Lipid Metabolism	722	(22)
26.1 Fats as Fuels	723	(1)
26.2 Digestion and Absorption of Lipids	724	(2)
26.3 Fat Depots	726	(1)
26.4 Fatty Acid Oxidation	727	(5)
26.5 Bioenergetics of Fatty Acid Oxidation	732	(1)
26.6 Glycerol Metabolism	733	(2)
26.7 Ketosis	735	(1)
26.8 Obesity, Exercise, and Diets	736	(5)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	741	(3)
27 Protein Metabolism	744	(19)
27.1 Digestion and Absorption of Proteins	745	(2)
27.2 Nitrogen Balance	747	(1)
27.3 The Essential Amino Acids	747	(2)
27.4 The Chemistry of Starvation	749	(2)
27.5 Amino Acid Metabolism	751	(7)
27.6 Storage of Nitrogen	758	(1)
27.7 Excretion of Nitrogen	758	(1)
27.8 Relationships Among the Metabolic Pathways	759	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	760	(3)
28 Body Fluids	763
28.1 Blood: An Introduction	764	(1)
28.2 Electrolytes in Plasma and Erythrocytes	764	(2)
28.3 Proteins in the Plasma	766	(1)
28.4 The Formed Elements	766	(3)
28.5 The Immune Response	769	(1)
28.6 Osmotic Pressure	770	(2)
28.7 Blood Pressure	772	(1)
28.8 Clotting of Blood	773	(2)
28.9 Hemoglobin: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport	775	(4)
28.10 Blood Buffers	779	(1)
28.11 Lymph: A Secondary Transport System	780	(1)
28.12 Urine: Formation and Composition	780	(2)
28.13 Sweat	782	(1)
28.14 Tears: The Chemistry of Crying	782	(1)
28.15 The Chemistry of Mother's Milk	783	(1)
Summary, Review Questions, Problems	784
Appendix I The International System of Measurement	A-1	(1)
Appendix II Exponential Notation	A-2	(3)
Appendix III Significant Figures	A-5	(3)
Appendix IV Glossary	A-8	(12)
Answers to Practice Exercises, Selected Review Questions, and Selected Problems	A-20	(12)
Credits for Photographs	A-32
Index	I-1